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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Hematological changes and athletic performance in horses in response to high altitude (3,800 m). This study had two goals: 1) measure hematologic changes with high-altitude acclimatization in horses; and 2) assess the effect of 9 days at high altitude on subsequent athletic performance at low altitude. Six horses performed standardized exercise tests on a dirt track (before and during time at altitude) and treadmill (pre- and postaltitude exposure). Resting and immediate postexercise blood samples were measured for blood volume, lactate, red cell number, packed cell volume, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentrations at 225 m, over a 9-day period at 3,800 m, and shortly after returnin...
[Intoxication with propylene glycol in two horses]. Two horses were accidentally administered propylene glycol instead of mineral oil. After discovery of the mistake intensive medical therapy with intravenous fluids, etc. was started, and both animals recovered fully from their clinical symptoms. Veterinarians use propylene glycol as well as paraffin routinely for the treatment of their patients. Mistakes are likely to be made because both medicines and sometimes their packing have a similar appearance. Several incidents have been reported in other countries. A large amount of propylene glycol given to a horse, but also to other animals, can be...
Histological and morphometrical studies on the mucosa of the equine guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum). The present study attempted to clarify the characteristics of the guttural pouch mucosa in equines and to evaluate its foreign substance clearance ability. The specimens were collected from nine regions (eight in the guttural pouch mucosa, and one in the nasopharynx mucosa). We first examined the pouch mucosa by light and electron microscopy. We then measured the frequency of goblet cells per 200 epithelial cells, the length of the cilia, the thickness of the epithelial cell layer and lamina propria and statistically analyzed the data. The guttural pouch mucosa consisted of stratified columnar...
The influence of birth weight, rate of weight gain and final achieved height and sex on the development of osteochondrotic lesions in a population of genetically predisposed Warmblood foals. The influence of inherent variables (sex, birth weight, final achieved height, monthly weight gain rates and osteochondrosis (OC) status of the parents) on the occurrence of osteochondrotic lesions in the femoropatellar and tarsocrural joints in a group of foals was investigated as part of a research project aimed at the study of the development of osteochondrosis and the influence of exercise on the development of the musculoskeletal system in Warmbloods. The foals were genetically predisposed to develop OC, being offspring of sires that all had radiographically proven OC in either the femoro...
Early changes in the distal intertarsal joint of Dutch Warmblood foals and the influence of exercise on bone density in the third tarsal bone. It was hypothesised that imposition of different exercise levels at a young age would lead to differences in bone density in the third tarsal bone and to difference in the prevalence of pathological lesions that might contribute to the development of bone spavin later in life. Furthermore, based on earlier literature, it was hypothesised that such lesions could be classified as a manifestation of osteochondrosis. Changes in bone density in the third tarsal bone and early pathological changes in the articular cartilage of the distal intertarsal joint were studied in the offspring of sires with ...
Effect of age, exercise and growth rate on bone mineral density (BMD) in third carpal bone and distal radius of Dutch Warmblood foals with osteochondrosis. This study aimed a the determining bone mineral density (BMD) in the 3rd carpal bone and distal radius of foals age 5 and 11 months that had been subjected to different exercise regimens from birth until age 5 months. It was hypothesised that BMD would be greater in older animals, and that differences in exercise regimens before age 5 months would be associated with differences in BMD at both age 5 and 11 months. Epiphyseal bone tissue was available from 5 and 11 month old Warmblood foals bred from sires known to have radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis (OC). The foals were in a clinical ...
Hormones, growth factors and other plasma variables in relation to osteochondrosis. Osteochondrosis (OC) is a multifactorial disorder with endocrinological dysfunction and mineral imbalance having a role in pathogenesis. The present study focused on a possible relationship between insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), cortisol, copper, zinc, calcium, ionised calcium, magnesium and phosphorus and 5 different postmortem and radiographical osteochondrosis scores of hock and stifle joints in foals age 0-11 months. Osteochondrosis-positive foals showed a significantly lower IG...
Changes in proteoglycan metabolism in osteochondrotic articular cartilage of growing foals. In osteochondrosis (OC) the process of endochondral ossification is impaired. Proteoglycans form one of the major components of the extracellular matrix of cartilage and are able to bind calcium. For this reason, proteoglycans are thought to play an important role early in the mineralisation process and may, therefore, be important in the pathogenesis of OC. To investigate possible differences in proteoglycan metabolism, normal and osteochondrotic articular-epiphyseal cartilage was harvested from the hock and stifle joints of 43 foals age 5 and 11 months. The samples were cultured as explants ...
Effect of exercise on the proteoglycan metabolism of articular cartilage in growing foals. In this study, the effect of different exercise regimens on proteoglycan metabolism of articular cartilage was examined in 43 newborn foals randomly divided into 3 groups: a) box-rest, b) box-rest with training and c) free pasture exercise. They were subjected to these exercise regimens from ages 1 week to 5 months and at 5 months, 24 foals (8 from each group) were sacrificed to assess short-term exercise effects. The remaining 19 foals were subjected to the same regimen of light exercise for an additional 6 months before being sacrificed to evaluate possible long-term effects. Articular carti...
The influence of different exercise regimens on the development of locomotion in the foal. To study the influence of different exercise regimens on the development of locomotion, 40 Warmblood foals aged 1 week were subdivided into 3 groups: box-rest, training and pasture exercise. The box-rest group remained for 24 h a day in a box stall while the training group was housed similarly, but additionally received a 30 min workout with gallop sprints 6 times a week. The pasture group served as a control group and was kept at pasture for 24 h a day. After 5 months, the locomotion pattern at the trot of every foal was recorded overground with a 2-D MacReflex gait analysis system. A randoml...
Effects of training on the concentration of Na+, K+-ATPase in foal muscle. We investigated the effect of training on the Na+, K+-ATPase concentration in foal skeletal muscle by measurement of [3H]ouabain binding. From the 7th day after birth, 12 foals were divided in 3 groups: a) staying in a box stall (Box); b) staying in a box stall with a training regimen of an increasing number of sprints per day (Training); and c) staying on pasture (Pasture). Euthanasia was performed after 5 months. In semitendinosus muscle, the concentration of [3H]ouabain binding sites (pmol/g wet wt) was 181 +/- 6 in the Box, 220 +/- 15 in the Training, and 197 +/- 8 in the Pasture group (al...
Conclusions regarding the influence of exercise on the development of the equine musculoskeletal system with special reference to osteochondrosis. This paper summarises and interrelates the findings of a large-scale multidisciplinary investigation to assess the influence of exercise on the development of the equine musculoskeletal system in general and of osteochondrosis in particular, up to age 5 months. Forty-three foals, genetically predisposed to develop OC, were divided into 3 exercise groups: box-rest, box-rest with training and free pasture exercise. At 5 months, all foals were weaned and 8 foals per group were subjected to euthanasia for postmortem examination. The remaining 19 foals were placed together and subjected to euthanas...
Age-related changes and effect of exercise on the molecular composition of immature equine superficial digital flexor tendons. To test the hypothesis that exercise at very young age may influence the eventual molecular composition (and hence the biomechanical properties) of tendon tissue in the horse, 43 Dutch Warmblood foals were allotted to 3 differently exercised groups (box-rest, box-rest with training and pasture exercise). Twenty-four superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFTs) were collected at age 5 months (8 from each exercise group) and the others were obtained at 11 months after an additional period of light exercise that was equal for all remaining foals and was intended to see if any induced changes would ...
Determination of synovial fluid and serum concentrations, and morphologic effects of intraarticular ceftiofur sodium in horses. To determine the serum and synovial fluid concentrations of ceftiofur sodium after intraarticular (IA) and intravenous (IV) administration and to evaluate the morphologic changes after intraarticular ceftiofur sodium administration. Methods: Strip plot design for the ceftiofur sodium serum and synovial fluid concentrations and a split plot design for the cytologic and histopathologic evaluation. Methods: Six healthy adult horses without lameness. Methods: Stage 1: Ceftiofur sodium (2.2 mg/kg) was administered IV. Stage 2: 150 mg (3 mL) of ceftiofur sodium (pHavg 6.57) was administered IA into ...
Fibrous tissue of subchondral cystic lesions in horses produce local mediators and neutral metalloproteinases and cause bone resorption in vitro. To define the release of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the neutral metalloproteinases (NMPs) in horses with subchondral cystic lesions (SCL) and to study bone resorption triggered by conditioned media of fibrous tissue of SCL in vitro. Methods: Equine explant cultures of fibrous tissue of SCL, and synovial membrane and articular cartilage of normal horses and horses affected with moderate and severe osteoarthritis were performed. NO, PGE2, and NMP concentrations of media samples were measured, and osteoclast formation and activation was studied in vitro. Methods: Experiment 1...
Radiographic development of osteochondral abnormalities, in the hock and stifle of Dutch Warmblood foals, from age 1 to 11 months. In a longitudinal study the hocks and stifles of Dutch Warmblood foals were radiographed at age 1 month and subsequently at intervals of 4 weeks. Forty-three foals were radiographed until age 5 months and 19 foals until age 11 months. The chance for the development of osteochondrosis was enhanced by using only offspring from diseased sires with radiographically proven OC at either the intermediate ridge of the distal tibia or the lateral ridge of the femoral trochlea. The radiographic appearances of the intermediate ridge of the distal tibia, the distal aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge of...
The effect of exercise on the distribution and manifestation of osteochondrotic lesions in the Warmblood foal. Osteochondrosis (OC) in the horse has been defined as a disturbance in the process of endochondral ossification which is of multifactorial origin, becoming evident in a large number of joints. Exercise is one of the environmental factors that may influence the clinical manifestation of the disorder, but has never been thoroughly investigated. In this study we investigated the influence of exercise during the first 5 months on the development and distribution of OC lesions in foals of age 5 and 11 months. Forty-three foals, all from sires having OC in either the femoropatellar or tibiotarsal jo...
Influence of exercise on bone mineral density of immature cortical and trabecular bone of the equine metacarpus and proximal sesamoid bone. Bone mineral density (BMD) and cross-sectional area (CSA), measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography, were determined in the left third metacarpal bone (MCIII) and left medial proximal sesamoid bone (psb) in 3 differently exercised groups of foals. Group(box) (n = 14) was confined to a box stall from birth to age 5 months, Group(training) (n = 14) was kept in similar box stalls but additionally given a daily exercise programme consisting of an increasing number of gallop sprints and Group(pasture) (n = 15) remained at pasture. At 5 months of age, 8 foals from each group were r...
Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis associated with small intestinal obstruction in 6 horses. To report the history, clinical findings, and outcome of horses with idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis associated with acute small intestinal obstruction. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: Six horses with idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis. Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of horses with idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis, with acute abdominal pain and small intestinal obstruction, associated with a focal region of eosinophilic enteritis of unknown cause. Information retrieved from the medical records included signalment, physical examination, laboratory fi...
Transarterial coil embolization of the internal and external carotid and maxillary arteries for prevention of hemorrhage from guttural pouch mycosis in horses. To develop a transarterial coil embolization technique for occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA), external carotid artery (ECA), and maxillary arteries (MA) in normal horses and to evaluate this technique for prevention of hemorrhage in horses affected with guttural pouch mycosis. Methods: Ten adult, normal horses and 4 horses with guttural pouch mycosis. Methods: All horses had transarterial coil embolization of the rostral and caudal ICA, caudal MA, and rostral ECA. In 1 affected horse, an aberrant actively bleeding branch of the ECA was also occluded. Normal horses had a premortem ...
Fetal maceration and retention of fetal bones in a mare. A 19-year-old Quarter Horse mare was evaluated because of bloody vaginal discharge that was apparent immediately following breeding. On transrectal ultrasonography, it was evident that the uterus was filled with fluid containing echogenic particles; linear hyperechoic structures were also visible. Endoscopy was performed, which revealed a number of bones adhered to the cranial wall and floor of the right uterine horn as well as purulent fluid in both uterine horns. Bacterial endometritis and fetal maceration were diagnosed. The mare was treated with antibiotics, and the fetal bones were manual...
Effect of a static magnetic field on blood flow to the metacarpus in horses. To determine the effect of a static magnetic field on relative blood flow to the metacarpus of horses. Methods: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: 6 healthy adult horses. Methods: Red blood cells were radiolabeled in vivo by administration of technetium Tc 99m (pyro- and trimeta-) phosphates, and scintigraphic images were obtained 30 minutes later. A magnetic wrap that emitted a static magnetic field was applied to 1 metacarpus and a control wrap was applied to the contralateral metacarpus. Forty-eight hours later, the wraps were removed, and scintigraphy was repeated. Relative per...
Comparison of four drug combinations for total intravenous anesthesia of horses undergoing surgical removal of an abdominal testis. To evaluate anesthetic effects of 4 drug combinations used for total intravenous anesthesia of horses undergoing surgical removal of an abdominal testis. Methods: Clinical trial. Methods: 32 healthy cryptorchid horses. Methods: Horses were sedated with xylazine and butorphanol and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: induction of anesthesia with ketamine and diazepam and maintenance with bolus administration of ketamine and xylazine (KD/KX); induction and maintenance of anesthesia with bolus administration of tiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine, and detomidine (TKD); induction and maintenance o...
Identification of lipoprotein homologues of pneumococcal PsaA in the equine pathogens Streptococcus equi and Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Streptococcus equi and Streptococcus zooepidemicus are major etiological agents of upper and lower airway disease in horses. Despite the considerable animal suffering and economic burden associated with these diseases, the factors that contribute to the virulence of these equine pathogens have not been extensively investigated. Here we demonstrate the presence of a homologue of the Streptococcus pneumoniae PsaA protein in both of these equine pathogens. Inhibition of signal peptide processing by the antibiotic globomycin confirmed the lipoprotein nature of the mature proteins, and surface expo...
Vitrification of immature and mature equine and bovine oocytes in an ethylene glycol, ficoll and sucrose solution using open-pulled straws. Studies were conducted to compare viability of immature and mature equine and bovine oocytes vitrified in ethylene glycol. Ficoll using open-pulled straws. Oocytes from slaughterhouse ovaries (N=50/group) with >2 layers of compact cumulus cells were vitrified immediately after collection (immature groups) or vitrified after 36 to 40 (equine) or 22 to 24 (bovine) h of maturation (mature groups). Immature oocytes were matured after thawing. Before vitrification, oocytes were exposed to TCM-199 + 10 FCS + 2.5 M ethylene glycol + 18% Ficoll + 0.5 M sucrose (EFS) for 30 sec and then to 5 M ethylene...
Effect of centrifugation and partial removal of seminal plasma on equine spermatozoal motility after cooling and storage. The objective of this study was to determine if centrifugation and partial removal of seminal plasma would improve spermatozoal motility in semen from stallions whose whole ejaculates have poor tolerance to cooling and storage. Stallions were divided into two groups (n = 5/group) based on the ability of their extended semen to maintain spermatozoal motility after cooling and storage. Group 1 stallions ("good coolers") produced semen in which progressive spermatozoal motility after 24 h of cooling and storage was reduced by < or = 30% of progressive motility prior to storage. Group 2 stallions ...
