Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Freytag C, Seeger J, Siegemund T, Grosche J, Grosche A, Freeman DE, Schusser GF, Härtig W.The present study was performed on whole-mount preparations to investigate the chemical neuroanatomy of the equine myenteric plexus throughout its distribution in the intestinal wall. The objective was to quantify neurons of the myenteric plexus, especially the predominant cholinergic and nitrergic subpopulations. Furthermore, we investigated the distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and the calcium-binding protein calretinin. Samples from different defined areas of the small intestine and the flexura pelvina were taken from 15 adult horses. After fixation and preparation of the ti...
Schulze-Tanzil G, Müller RD, Kohl B, Schneider N, Ertel W, Ipaktchi K, Hünigen H, Gemeinhardt O, Stark R, John T.For lack of sufficient human cartilage donors, chondrocytes isolated from various animal species are used for cartilage tissue engineering. The present study was undertaken to compare key features of cultured large animal and human articular chondrocytes of the knee joint. Primary chondrocytes were isolated from human, porcine, ovine and equine full thickness knee joint cartilage and investigated flow cytometrically for their proliferation rate. Synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins collagen type II, cartilage proteoglycans, collagen type I, fibronectin and cytoskeletal organization were ...
Oliver LJ, Baird DK, Baird AN, Moore GE.To characterise the prevalence and distribution of radiographic changes in the hocks and stifles of Thoroughbred yearling colts and fillies in New Zealand and compare them with other populations of young horses. Methods: Repository radiographs taken in New Zealand for the 2003-2006 Thoroughbred national yearling sales were evaluated by two individual readers. The distribution of radiographic changes was classified as left side only, right side only, or bilateral. Lesions were categorised by type, location, and sex of the yearling. Complete sets of hock and stifle radiographs of 1,505 yearlings...
Makrai L, Dénes B, Hajtós I, Fodor L, Varga J.Two hundred and twelve Rhodococcus equi strains were isolated from soil, nasal and rectal swabs of horses and immunocompromised human patients in Hungary and serotyped using Prescott's serotyping system. One hundred and forty-seven strains (69.3%) belonged to serotype 1, 22 strains (10.4%) to serotype 2, 6 strains (2.8%) to serotype 3 and 1 strain (0.5%) to serotype 4. Serotypes 5, 6 and 7 were not found and 36 strains (17%) could not be typed. Serotype 1 (72%) was the type most commonly isolated from clinical samples of foals or from the soil of horse facilities. Six out of 8 R. equi strains ...
Gilger BC, Salmon JH, Yi NY, Barden CA, Chandler HL, Wendt JA, Colitz CM.To determine the role of intraocular bacteria in the pathogenesis of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) in horses from the southeastern United States by evaluating affected eyes of horses with ERU for bacterial DNA and intraocular production of antibodies against Leptospira spp. Methods: Aqueous humor, vitreous humor, and serum samples of 24 clinically normal horses, 52 horses with ERU, and 17 horses with ocular inflammation not associated with ERU (ie, non-ERU inflammation). Methods: Ribosomal RNA quantitative PCR (real-time PCR) assay was used to detect bacterial DNA in aqueous humor and vitreou...
Birch HL, Wilson AM, Goodship AE.This study explores the hypothesis that high-intensity exercise induces degenerative changes in the injury-prone equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), but not in the rarely injured common digital extensor tendon (CDET). The horse represents a large-animal model that is applicable to human tendon and ligament physiology and pathology. Twelve age-matched female horses undertook galloping exercise three times a week with trotting exercise on alternative days (high-intensity group, n = 6) or only walking exercise (low-intensity group, n = 6) for 18 mo. The SDFT, suspensory ligament, dee...
Tahon L, Baselgia S, Gerber V, Doherr MG, Straub R, Robinson NE, Marti E.Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is a common condition in stabled horses characterised by small airway inflammation, airway neutrophilia and obstruction following exposure of susceptible horses to mouldy hay and straw and is thus regarded as a hypersensitivity reaction to mould spores. However, the role of IgE-mediated reactions in RAO remains unclear. The aim of the study was to investigate with a serological IgE ELISA test (Allercept), an in vitro sulfidoleukotriene (sLT) release assay (CAST) and with intradermal testing (IDT) whether serum IgE and IgE-mediated reactions against various mo...
Wijnberg ID, van Dam KG, Graaf-Roelfsema Ed, Keizer HA, van Ginneken MM, Barneveld A, Breda Ev, van der Kolk JH.Too intensive training may lead to overreaching or overtraining. To study whether quantitative needle electromyography (QEMG) is more sensitive to detect training (mal)adaptation than muscle enzyme activities, 12 standardbred geldings trained for 32 wk in age-, breed-, and sex-matched fixed pairs. After a habituation and normal training (NT) phase (phases 1 and 2, 4 and 18 wk, respectively), with increasing intensity and duration and frequency of training sessions, an intensified training (IT) group (phase 3, 6 wk) and a control group (which continued training as in the last week of phase 2) w...
Grahn BH, Pinard C, Archer S, Bellone R, Forsyth G, Sandmeyer LS.Multiple congenital ocular anomalies in purebred and crossbred Rocky and Kentucky Mountain horses in Canada are frequently diagnosed with biomicroscopic and indirect ophthalmoscopic examination. In order of frequency detected, these include temporal ciliary epithelial cysts; iridal hypoplasia; prominent corneas; focal temporal retinal degeneration related to ciliary cysts; and, rarely, retinal detachment. A pedigree analysis confirms a dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete penetrance and with a linkage to coat color. Des anomalies oculaires congénitales multiples chez des chevaux Rock...
Maes A, Garré B, Desmet N, van der Meulen K, Nauwynck H, De Backer P, Croubels S.Two methods are presented for the determination of 'respectively' the plasma protein unbound and total concentration of acyclovir in horse plasma and body fluids: first, a liquid-liquid extraction was performed on plasma, combined with HPLC-fluorescence detection for the total plasma concentration; second a more sensitive method using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with heated electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HESI-MS/MS) was described for plasma and for body fluids analysis. To obtain the unbound concentration of acyclovir in plasma, a simple deproteinizati...
Sardari K, Kazemi H.To evaluation of clinical examination for differential diagnosis of navicular region pain from other forms of palmar heel pain in the forelimb in horses the present study was undertaken. Thirty four horses with lameness referable to the palmar aspect of the hoof based on their response to the palmar digital nerves analgesia were divided into 2 groups based on their response to both distal interphalangeal joint and navicular bursa analgesia. Horses that were profoundly improved by both analgesic blocks (distal interphalangeal joint and navicular bursa) were considered to have navicular region p...
Gharahveysi S, Kashan NE, Gerami A, Torshizi RV.Arab horse is a popular pure breed in Iran and is registered by World Arabian Horse Organization (WAHO). There is no scientific study and research about this breed. In this research 13 conformation traits on a random sample of the Iranian Arab horses studied. The estimate of variance components estimated by Animal Model and Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DF-REML) approach and DF-REML software. Heritability of conformation traits is also evaluated. The range of estimated heritability were (0.050 +/- 0.008) neck length and (0.614 +/- 0.087) croup height. Results indicated that, c...
Morrison LR, Freel K, Henderson I, Hahn C, Smith SH.Lymphoma (malignant lymphoma, lymphosarcoma) is uncommon in horses in the United Kingdom. This report describes an unusual form of lymphoproliferative disease with features of lymphoma restricted to the central nervous system (CNS) and with no evidence of a primary lesion elsewhere. Immunohistochemical examination defined an overwhelming predominance of T lymphocytes with admixed B lymphocytes and activated macrophages. This case exemplifies the challenges associated with definitive diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disease of the equine CNS.
Jannatabadi AA, Mohammadi GR, Rad M, Maleki M.The objective of this study was to evaluate the existence of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus as probable agents associated with naturally occurring infection of the equine upper respiratory disease in Mashhad area. Nasal swabs samples from thirty horses with upper respiratory tract infections were collected. The bacteria isolated and identified were Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (1 isolate), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (25 isolates), Pasteurella sp. (11 isolates), Staphylococcus sp. (17 isolates), Bacillus sp. (4 isolates), Pseudomonas sp...
Horin P, Osickova J, Necesankova M, Matiasovic J, Musilova P, Kubickova S, Hubertova D, Vyskocil M, Rubes J.In previous work, we found significant associations of horse chromosome 15 (ECA15) microsatellite markers HMSO1 and HTG06 with two horse infections, Rhodococcus equi and Lawsonia intracellularis, respectively. Interleukin-1 beta subunit and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist encoding genes (IL1B and IL1RN) could be considered as candidate genes underlying the associations reported. Therefore, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within three interleukin-1 beta functionally related genes: IL1B, IL1RN and Casp1 (interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme/caspasel encoding gene). Using a...
Haffner JC, Eiler H, Hoffman RM, Fecteau KA, Oliver JW.Sustained dexamethasone administration to horses results in insulin resistance, which may predispose them to laminitis. A single dose of dexamethasone is commonly used as a diagnostic aid, yet the effect of a single dose of dexamethasone on glucose homeostasis in horses is not well defined. The objective of this study was to characterize the change in glucose dynamics over time in response to a single dose of dexamethasone. A combined glucose-insulin tolerance test (CGIT) was performed on 6 adult geldings before and at 2, 24, and 72 h postdexamethasone (40 microg/kg of BW, i.v.); a minimum of ...
Liu JX, Höglund AS, Karlsson P, Lindblad J, Qaisar R, Aare S, Bengtsson E, Larsson L.This comparative study of myonuclear domain (MND) size in mammalian species representing a 100,000-fold difference in body mass, ranging from 25 g to 2500 kg, was undertaken to improve our understanding of myonuclear organization in skeletal muscle fibres. Myonuclear domain size was calculated from three-dimensional reconstructions in a total of 235 single muscle fibre segments at a fixed sarcomere length. Irrespective of species, the largest MND size was observed in muscle fibres expressing fast myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms, but in the two smallest mammalian species studied (mouse and r...
McNamara JP.Departments of animal sciences must be relevant to a society in which a small number of people can raise almost all the food animal products needed. The declining number of people involved in animal agriculture has decreased enrollment of students interested in food animals in many departments of animal science. However, several departments welcomed students from a diverse background and began research on animals other than food animals. In many states, the undergraduate enrollment is made up primarily of students interested only in companion animals. A benefit of this is that we have recruite...
Fernández D, González-Baradat B, Eleizalde M, González-Marcano E, Perrone T, Mendoza M.Trypanosoma evansi is the causative agent of equine trypanosomosis, disease that affects horse's productivity and health. Parasitological and molecular methods are mostly used to detect the infection. The aim of this work was evaluate PCR sensitivity to detect T. evansi using the primers 21/22-mer, ITS1, ESAG 6/7 and TBR 1/2 designed from repetitive (multicopies) genomic sequences. The results were compare with two parasitological tests in mice, micro-haematocrite centrifugation technique and direct microscopic examination. The results shows (a) that the minimum amount of DNA from blood of hig...
Bailly-Chouriberry L, Pinel G, Garcia P, Popot MA, Le Bizec B, Bonnaire Y.Equine growth hormone (eGH) has been available since 1998 as an approved drug (EquiGen-5, Bresagen) containing recombinant eGH (reGH). It is suspected of being illegally administered to racehorses in order to improve physical performance and to speed-up wound healing. Thus it may be considered a doping agent which would require a sensitive and reliable method of identification and confirmation in order to regulate its use in racehorses. reGH differs from the native eGH by an additional methionine at the N-terminal (met-eGH) and has never been unambiguously detected in any type of biological ma...
Herszberg B, McCue ME, Larcher T, Mata X, Vaiman A, Chaffaux S, Chérel Y, Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Guérin G.Glycogen storage diseases or glycogenoses are inherited diseases caused by abnormalities of enzymes that regulate the synthesis or degradation of glycogen. Deleterious mutations in many genes of the glyco(geno)lytic or the glycogenesis pathways can potentially cause a glycogenosis, and currently mutations in fourteen different genes are known to cause animal or human glycogenoses, resulting in myopathies and/or hepatic disorders. The genetic bases of two forms of glycogenosis are currently known in horses. A fatal neonatal polysystemic type IV glycogenosis, inherited recessively in affected Qu...
Van de Walle GR, Peters ST, VanderVen BC, O'Callaghan DJ, Osterrieder N.Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, and its broad tissue tropism suggests that EHV-1 may use multiple receptors to initiate virus entry. EHV-1 entry was thought to occur exclusively through fusion at the plasma membrane, but recently entry via the endocytic/phagocytic pathway was reported for Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1 cells). Here we show that cellular integrins, and more specifically those recognizing RGD motifs such as alphaVbeta5, are important during the early steps of EHV-1 entry via endocytosis in CHO-K1 cells. Moreover, mutational analysis revea...
Garré B, Gryspeerdt A, Croubels S, De Backer P, Nauwynck H.The purpose of the current study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of valacyclovir against EHV1 in a controlled study. Eight naïve Shetland ponies were inoculated with 10(6.5) TCID(50) of the neuropathogenic strain 03P37. Four ponies were treated with valacyclovir at a dosage of 40mg/kg bodyweight, 3 times daily, for 5 (n=2) or 7 (n=2) consecutive days, while the other four ponies served as untreated controls. The treatment regimen started 1h before inoculation. Ponies were monitored daily for clinical signs. At 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17 and 21 days post inoculation (d pi),...
Butcher MT, Hermanson JW, Ducharme NG, Mitchell LM, Soderholm LV, Bertram JE.The forelimb digital flexors of the horse display remarkable diversity in muscle architecture despite each muscle-tendon unit having a similar mechanical advantage across the fetlock joint. We focus on two distinct muscles of the digital flexor system: short compartment deep digital flexor (DDF(sc)) and the superficial digital flexor (SDF). The objectives were to investigate force-length behavior and work performance of these two muscles in vivo during locomotion, and to determine how muscle architecture contributes to in vivo function in this system. We directly recorded muscle force (via ten...
Passamonti F, Veronesi F, Cappelli K, Capomaccio S, Coppola G, Marenzoni ML, Piergili FD, Verini SA, Coletti M.Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis, affects several species of wild and domesticated mammals, including horses. In this work we compared direct and indirect methods to evaluate A. phagocytophilum presence in Central Italy: 135 sera were screened by IFA for A. phagocytophilum and other haemopathogens (Theileria equi and Babesia caballi). Each horse was also tested for A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA with a nested-PCR technique. In order to examine the risk of A. phagocytophilum transmission, 114 ticks were examined for the presence of A. phagocytophilum by P...
Pusterla N, David Wilson W, Madigan JE, Ferraro GL.Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM), although a relatively uncommon manifestation of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection, can cause devastating losses on individual farms or boarding stables. Although outbreaks of EHM have been recognized for centuries in domestic horse populations, many aspects of this disease remained poorly characterized. In recent years, an improved understanding of EHM has emerged from experimental studies and from data collected during field outbreaks at riding schools, racetracks and veterinary hospitals throughout North America and Europe. These outbreaks have h...
Drum MG, Les CM, Park RD, Norrdin RW, McIlwraith CW, Kawcak CE.The purpose of this study was to compare subchondral bone density obtained using quantitative computed tomography with ash density values from intact equine joints, and to determine if there are measurable anatomic variations in mean subchondral bone density. Five adult equine metacarpophalangeal joints were scanned with computed tomography (CT), disarticulated, and four 1-cm(3) regions of interest (ROI) cut from the distal third metacarpal bone. Bone cubes were ashed, and percent mineralization and ash density were recorded. Three-dimensional models were created of the distal third metacarpal...
Baxter CG, Vogelnest LJ.Forty-one normal horses were evaluated for reactivity to intradermally injected aqueous allergens to determine allergen threshold concentrations (TC), with potential relevance to equine intradermal testing (IDT). Horses were tested three times over 1 year to assess seasonal variation in reactivity, using three to five serial dilutions of 27 allergens each time. Injection sites were evaluated after 15 min, 1 h, 4 h and 24 h. The highest allergen concentration at which or = 2, scale of 0 to 4) at 15 min was considered the TC. The TC was determined for nine pollens (2000 to > 6000 PNU mL(-1))...
Ferguson VL, Bushby AJ, Firth EC, Howell PG, Boyde A.Impact exercise has a profound effect in increasing volumetric density of epiphyseal bone, as clearly shown in 2 year old thoroughbred racehorses from which we derived the tissue studied in the present investigation. Here, we asked the question whether the fabric-level properties of the mineralised tissues immediately below hyaline articular cartilage which transmit the extra loads are themselves altered in consequence. We therefore studied the nanoindentation elastic modulus and its relationship to the concentration of mineral determined by quantitative backscattered electron imaging in the h...
Blackburn NK, Swanepoel R.During the nine years from October 1972 to September 1981 African horse sickness (AHS) virus was isolated from 23 suspected cases of the disease in Zimbabwe and complement fixation antibody titres indicative of recent infection were detected in a further 49 horses. The 23 isolations belonged to seven of the nine known serotypes of AHS virus. In response to a questionnaire in 1980 the owners of 20% (1,654/8,000) of the horses in Zimbabwe indicated that they had recorded 207 cases of clinically diagnosed AHS with 107 deaths from 1975 to 1980. Fifty-six cases with 50 deaths had occurred in foals ...
Abutarbush SM, Alfaqeeh SM, Mustafa G, Qura'n L, Al-Majali AM.To evaluate the ability of atropine sulfate, butylscopolammonium bromide combined with metamizole sodium, and flunixin meglumine to ameliorate the clinical adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Methods: 28 horses with piroplasmosis. Methods: 28 horses were randomly assigned to 4 equal groups according to the pretreatment administered. Fifteen minutes before administration of 2.4 mg of imidocarb dipropionate/kg IM, horses in the first group were pretreated with 0.02 mg of atropine sulfate/kg IV, the second group with a combination of 0.2 mg of butylscopolammonium bromide/kg IV an...
Crabtree NE, Mochal-King CA, Sloan PB, Eddy AL, Wills RW, Meredith AN, Fontenot RL.To determine synovial butorphanol concentrations and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) changes after butorphanol intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP). Methods: Experimental ANIMALS: Six adult horses. Methods: Cephalic IVRLP was performed with 10 mg butorphanol in sedated horses with a wide rubber tourniquet and a total volume of 30 mL. Radiocarpal synovial fluid and serum concentrations along with MNT were evaluated prior to and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after IVRLP. Butorphanol concentrations were determined with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry posi...
Denham J, Denham MM.Thoroughbred racehorses possess superior cardiorespiratory fitness levels and are at the pinnacle of athletic performance compared to other breeds of horses. Although equine athletes have undergone years of artificial selection for racing performance, musculoskeletal injuries and illnesses are common and concerns relating to animal welfare have been proposed. Leukocyte telomere length is indicative of biological age, and accelerated telomere shortening occurs with excess physical and psychological stress. This study was designed to explore the association between leukocyte telomere length, bio...
Fedorka CE, Ball BA, Walker OF, McCormick ME, Scoggin KE, Kennedy LA, Squires EL, Troedsson MHT.Equine abortions are attributed to both infectious and noninfectious causes. Clinical extrapolations are often made from the experimental model for ascending placentitis towards other causes of fetal compromise, including various markers of inflammation, including the cytokines IL-2, 5, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, and TNF. It is unknown if these cytokine changes are noted under field conditions, or if they increase preceding other pregnancy related complications. To assess this, Thoroughbred mares (n = 702) had weekly blood obtained beginning in December 2013 and continuing until parturition. Fet...
Loos CMM, McLeod KR, Vanzant ES, Stratton SA, Bohannan AD, Coleman RJ, van Doorn DA, Urschel KL.The objective of the study was to characterize the temporal changes of phosphorylation patterns of mTOR signaling proteins in response to two dietary protein sources in insulin dysregulated (ID, n = 8) and non-ID (n = 8) horses. Horses were individually housed and fed timothy grass hay and 2 daily concentrate meals so that protein was the first limiting nutrient and the total diet provided 120% of daily DE requirements for maintenance. On sample days, horses randomly received 0.25 g CP/kg BW of a pelleted alfalfa (AP) or commercial protein supplement (PS). Blood samples were collected before a...
Wang J, Zhao T, Kong J, Peng H, Lv P, Li J, Cao X, Zhang S.Vitacoxib is an imidazole derivative and the novel COX-2 selective inhibitor to be marketed for veterinary use as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. No analytical assay to quantify vitacoxib in equine plasma samples has been published to date. In the current study, we aim to develop and validate a brief, quick and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of vitacoxib in equine plasma samples. Plasma samples were precipitated with methyl tert-butyl ether. The Phenomenex column (Kinetex 50×2.1mm i.d. particle size=2.6μm, C18, 100Å) at 25°C was used in chromatographic separation with...
Traub-Dargatz JL, George JL, Dargatz DA, Morley PS, Southwood LL, Tillotson K.To determine current practices regarding use of antimicrobials in equine patients undergoing surgery because of colic at veterinary teaching hospitals. Methods: Survey. Methods: Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons performing equine surgery at veterinary teaching hospitals in the United States. Methods: A Web-based questionnaire was developed, and 85 surgeons were asked to participate. The first part of the survey requested demographic information and information about total number of colic surgeries performed at the hospital, number of colic surgeries performed by the res...
Behan AL, Hauptman JG, Robinson NE.To use noninvasive respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) to investigate differences in breathing patterns between horses with and without recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) during the onset of airway obstruction induced through confinement to stables. Methods: 12 horses with no history or clinical signs of respiratory disease (control horses) and 7 RAO-affected horses. Methods: The study involved 2 phases. In phase 1, the optimal position of RIP bands for recording pulmonary function was investigated in 12 control horses. In phase 2, 7 RAO-affected and 7 control horses were confined to ...
Hartnack S, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Driessen B, Pang D, Wohlfender F.To provide a brief introduction into Critical Incident Reporting Systems (CIRS) as used in human medicine, and to report the discussion from a recent panel meeting discussion with 23 equine anaesthetists in preparation for a new CEPEF-4 (Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Equine Fatalities) study. Methods: Moderated group discussions, and review of literature. Methods: The first group discussion focused on the definition of 'preventable critical incidents' and/or 'near misses' in the context of equine anaesthesia. The second group discussion focused on categorizing critical incidents acco...
Ishii H, Leung GN, Yamashita S, Yamada M, Kushiro A, Kasashima Y, Okada J, Kawasaki K, Kijima-Suda I.GW1516 is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ agonist in the class of hormones and metabolic modulators. The use of GW1516 is banned in both horseracing and equestrian competitions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first metabolic study of GW1516 in horses. Methods: After protein precipitation of pre- and post-administration plasma GW1516 samples, the supernatants were analyzed using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometry to detect GW1516 and its metabolites. Monoisotopic ions of GW1516 and its metabolites were monitored ...
Lepeule J, Robert C, Bareille N, Valette JP, Jacquet S, Seegers H, Denoix JM.The validity of methods used to score the severity of radiographic findings (RFs) in horses is uncertain since only one or two joints are usually studied, classification criteria are heterogeneous and the internal validity is not assessed. The aim of this study was to assess the internal validity of a severity scoring system (SSS) of RFs by repeated scoring of a sample of radiographs. This SSS of RFs is based on four criteria that can be applied to every type of RF observed in limb joints. It consists of five weighted severity indexes (0, 1, 2, 4, 8) and was used to assess RFs found on the lim...
Perryman LE, O'Rourke KI, Mason PH, McGuire TC.Equine-murine xenohybridoma cells were produced using SP2/0 murine myeloma cells and splenic lymph node cells obtained from horses infected with 10(6) TCID50 of single cloned variants of equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV). The xenohybridomas secreted equine IgG monoclonal antibodies reactive with EIAV in enzyme immunoassays employing purified virus. Seven antibodies were studied in detail. They bound to viral glycoproteins (gp90 or gp45) in radioimmunoprecipitation assays, and reacted with homologous EIAV as well as five other cloned variants of EIAV. When evaluated against a single cloned...
Borkent D, Reardon RJM, McLachlan G, Smith S, Dixon PM.Equine peripheral caries (PC) is an increasingly recognised disorder that causes premature wear of teeth and dental fractures and thus has major welfare implications. Little information is available on its prevalence or severity in UK horses and there are no proven associations with any risk factors. Objective: To document the prevalence of PC over a wide area of the UK, assess its intraoral distribution and severity in affected horses and examine for potential risk factors for its development. Methods: Cross sectional study. Methods: Experienced personnel were recruited for a UK wide dental s...
Nostrandt AC, Pedersoli WM, Marshall AE, Ravis WR, Robertson BT.Ototoxicosis was evaluated in 6 healthy ponies given 5 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight, q 8 h, IM. Ponies 1, 2, and 3 were dosed for 7 days and ponies 4, 5, and 6 were dosed for 14 days. Serum peak and trough concentrations of gentamicin were measured by radioimmunoassay at regular intervals. Brain stem auditory-evoked responses were recorded every 5 days up to 60 days after the first dose to monitor auditory function. Although serum gentamicin concentrations were within or above the accepted clinical therapeutic range, loss of auditory function was not observed at the frequency range (1 to...
Trachsel DS, Calloe K, J Rgensen E, Lunddahl CS, Pedersen PJ, Kanters JRK, Klaerke DA, Buhl R.To determine whether administration of trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMS), detomidine (DET), or TMS plus DET would be associated with changes in ECG repolarization parameters in horses. Methods: 9 healthy adult horses. Methods: Each horse received 4 treatments in a blinded, randomized, crossover study design as follows: TMS, 16 to 24 mg/kg, IV; DET, 0.015 to 0.02 mg/kg, IV; TMS plus DET; and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Surface ECG traces were obtained over 24 hours, and repolarization parameters were measured at predefined time points after each treatment and compared with a 2-way ANOVA for repe...
Frank N, Sojka JE, Latour MA, McClure SR, Polazzi L.To measure and compare concentrations of selected blood lipids before and after thyroidectomy in horses. Methods: 5 healthy adult mares. Methods: Mares were confirmed to be euthyroid. Thyroidectomy was performed, and hypothyroidism was confirmed. Selected blood lipid variables were measured before hypothyroidism was induced and weekly for 4 weeks after induction. Plasma concentrations of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) were measured. The composition of VLDL and LDL also was ...
Long MT, Goetz TE, Whiteley HE, Kakoma I, Lock TE.Two pregnant mares diagnosed as having equine monocytic ehrlichiosis based on history, clinical signs, and high serum antibody titers to Ehrlichia risticii aborted subsequent to recovery from illness. Mare 1 and mare 2 experienced clinical illness at 120 and 143 days of gestation and aborted at 203 and 226 days of gestation, respectively. The fetuses were expelled in fresh condition, and both mares retained their placentas upon abortion. Gross findings for the fetuses included meconium staining and petechiation of external surfaces. Internally, there was increased volume of feces within the sm...
Bienzle D, Stanton JB, Embry JM, Bush SE, Mahaffey EA.To compare CBC results obtained by use of an in-house centrifugal analyzer with results of a reference method. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Blood samples from 147 dogs, 42 cats, and 60 horses admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital and from 24 cows in a commercial dairy herd. Methods: Results obtained with the centrifugal analyzer were compared with results obtained with an electrical-impedance light-scatter hematology analyzer and manual differential cell counting (reference method). Results: The centrifugal analyzer yielded error messages for 50 of 273 (18%) samples. Error message...
Pagliara E, Pasinato A, Valazza A, Riccio B, Cantatore F, Terzini M, Putame G, Parrilli A, Sartori M, Fini M, Zanetti EM, Bertuglia A.A catastrophic fracture of the radial carpal bone experienced by a racehorse during a Palio race was analyzed. Computational modelling of the carpal joint at the point of failure informed by live data was generated using a multibody code for dynamics simulation. The circuit design in a turn, the speed of the animal and the surface characteristics were considered in the model. A macroscopic examination of the cartilage, micro-CT and histology were performed on the radio-carpal joint of the limb that sustained the fracture. The model predicted the points of contact forces generated at the level ...
de Oliveira LG, Barreto F, Hoff R, Rübensam G, Scherer Kurz MH, Galle G, Gonçalves FF.A method for the determination of five sedatives and 14 β-blocker residues in swine, bovine and equine kidney was validated. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified using dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) with Celite 545 with subsequent analysis by LC-MS/MS. A simplified protocol was applied to validate the method scope extension to include new matrices. Parameters such as recovery, trueness, linearity (r), relative standard deviation (RSD), decision limit (CCα) and method capability (CCβ) were measured for the bovine and equine kidney matrices. The method was applied ...
Tillotson K, Traub-Dargatz JL.The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with an overview of gastrointestinal cathartics and protectants and to point out possible applications for use in the horse with gastrointestinal disease. Most of the treatments described in this article have been used by the authors with apparent success; however, controlled studies with subsequent publication in the scientific literature with respect to these treatments in the horse are, for the most part, lacking. The authors view this emerging field of treatment as exciting and look forward to substantiating the efficacy of several of th...
Essig CM, Merritt JS, Stubbs NC, Clayton HM.To determine the magnitude and location of skin movement attributable to the cutaneus trunci muscle reflex in response to localized stimulation of the skin of the dorsolateral aspect of the thoracic wall in horses. Methods: 8 horses. Methods: A grid of 56 reflective markers was applied to the lateral aspect of the body wall of each horse; markers were placed at 10-cm intervals in 7 rows and 8 columns. A motion analysis system with 10 infrared cameras was used to track movements of the markers in response to tactile stimulation of the dorsolateral aspect of the thoracic wall at the levels of T6...
Lyons ET, Drudge JH, Tolliver SC, Swerczek TW, Collins SS.A total of 59 equids (54 horses and five Shetland ponies) were treated with pyrantel pamoate once, at the dose rate of approximately 6.6 mg base kg-1, during the period November 1985-January 1988. The drug was administered as a paste formulation (51 equids) intraorally or as a suspension formulation by stomach tube (eight equids). The purpose of treatment was to evaluate the activity of pyrantel pamoate (at the therapeutic dose rate) for removal of the tapeworm, Anoplocephala perfoliata, by a modified (24-h) critical test. The presence or absence of tapeworms was not determined for the equids ...
Araujo-Viel MS, Juliano L, Prado ES.The synthetic tridecapeptide Gly-Leu-Met-Lys-Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg was used as a model substrate for horse urinary and porcine pancreatic kallikreins. The Met-Lys bond is hydrolyzed selectively by both enzymes. Oxidation of the methionine residue to sulfoxide made the peptide resistant to both kallikreins. Substitution of either the methionine or lysine residues by norleucine led to peptides in which the Nle-Lys or the Met-Nle bonds, respectively, were susceptible to the urinary kallikrein. The esterolytic and Met-Lys bond-splitting activities of both enzymes were inhibited simil...
Leśniak KG, Williams JM.Directionality of limb and facial asymmetries in nonelite equine populations has been previously reported with results indicating strong similarities to those reported in racehorses. This investigation aimed to consider the relationship between the magnitude of the asymmetries presented within the general equine population, and their previously reported directionality. Direct measurements of 15 bilateral traits (four facial and 11 limb) were captured from a mixed population of 100 horses and ponies. The pooled (whole) population was considered further as horse (withers height >148 cm) and ...
Fernandez C, Möller G.After a primary immune response to the alpha 1-6 epitope of dextran B512, dextran high responder strains exhibit a specific inability to produce IgM and IgG antibodies against this epitope, although they gave an expected secondary response to horse erythrocytes. Spleen cells from dextran-primed and-suppressed mice responded well to dextran after transfer to lethally irradiated previously untreated mice, indicating that tolerance or exhaustive proliferation of dextran reactive B cells is not responsible. Thymus-dependent dextran-protein conjugates also induced specific suppression. Suppression ...
Haerdi-Landerer MC, Habermacher J, Wenger B, Suter MM, Steiner A.The search for an effective treatment for septic arthritis is ongoing. Current therapies are expensive since they require repeated joint lavage and long term antibiotic treatment. Local application of antimicrobial drugs is advantageous because high concentrations can be attained at the infection site, although repeated injections increase the risk of superinfection of the joint. Thus, slow release formulations, which have the advantage of local treatment yet single application of the drug, are appealing. Antibiotics used in slow release formulations are selected for tissue compatibility, an a...
Ryan PL, Christiansen DL, Hopper RM, Bagnell CA, Vaala WE, Leblanc MM.Placental insufficiency is regarded as the primary factor contributing to late-term abortion and perinatal death of foals. Often when problems associated with late-term pregnancy in the horse are manifest the condition is well-advanced and therapeutic intervention may not be effective in rescuing the pregnancy. If a compromised pregnancy due to placental insufficiency could be identified early, the pregnancy might be sustained through medical intervention. Because the placenta is the sole source of circulating relaxin in the mare, we hypothesized that systemic relaxin may serve as a biomarker ...
DiMaio Knych HK, Stanley SD.Members of the CYP2D family constitute only about 2-4% of total hepatic CYP450s, however, they are responsible for the metabolism of 20-25% of commonly prescribed therapeutic compounds. CYP2D enzymes have been identified in a number of different species. However, vast differences in the metabolic activity of these enzymes have been well documented. In the horse, the presence of a member of the CYP2D family has been suggested from studies with equine liver microsomes, however its presence has not been definitively proven. In this study a cDNA encoding a novel CYP2D enzyme (CYP2D50) was cloned f...
