Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Künzle F, Gerber V, Van Der Haegen A, Wampfler B, Straub R, Marti E.Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is a common condition in stabled horses characterized by small airway inflammation, airway neutrophilia and obstruction following exposure of susceptible horses to mouldy hay and straw and is thus regarded as a hypersensitivity reaction to mould spores. However, the role of immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE) in the pathogenesis of RAO is unclear. We hypothesized that the number of cells with receptor-bound IgE in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and IgE levels in serum would be higher in RAO-affected than in healthy horses living in the same environment. Th...
Torina A, Vicente J, Alongi A, Scimeca S, Turlá R, Nicosia S, Di Marco V, Caracappa S, de la Fuente J.The objective of this study was to characterize the observed prevalence of tick-borne pathogens (TBP) in domestic animals in Sicily, Italy during 2003-2005. Serological (competitive ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence antibody, n = 3299) and DNA tests (polymerase chain reaction and reverse line blot, n = 2565) were conducted on horse, donkey, cattle, sheep, goat, pig and dog samples. Pathogens analysed included Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, Babesia and Theileria species, and Coxiella burnetii. The most prevalent TBP were Anaplasma and Babesia species. The results reported herein suggeste...
Suarez-Mier G, Giguère S, Lee EA.The objectives of the present study were to determine and compare the pulmonary disposition of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin in foals. A single dose (10 mg/kg) of azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin was administered intragastrically to six healthy 1- to 3-month-old foals using an orthogonal design. Activity of the drugs was measured in serum, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells by use of a microbiologic assay. Peak drug activity in PELF was significantly higher in foals treated with clarithromycin (48.96+/-13.26 microg/mL)...
Torner H, Alm H, Kanitz W, Goellnitz K, Becker F, Poehland R, Bruessow KP, Tuchscherer A.The aim of this investigation was to examine the chromatin configuration of the nucleus, pattern of mitochondrial aggregation and mitochondrial activity in parallel studies in the same horse oocytes. Horse oocytes recovered by ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration in vivo were classified according to two main initial cumulus morphologies as having compact or expanded cumulus. The percentage of oocytes with a diplotene meiotic configuration at the time of recovery from the follicles was highest in compact oocytes. Oocytes with expanded cumulus layers at the time of recovery matured more rapidly...
Kuiper H, Distl O.Intersexuality is a rare congenital anomaly of horses. Diagnosis of intersexuality is difficult because there are usually no specific changes in the reproductive tract visible. During a period of five years, ten patients with reduced fertility or suspected intersexuality respectively were investigated using cytogenetic, molecular genetic, histopathological and endocrinological methods. In one case a 64,XX/63,X0 mosaicism was found. In six cases male pseudohermaphroditism was verified. These patients showed a male karyotype, testes and rudimentary parts of a female reproductive tract were prese...
Cirak VY, Güleğen E, Yildirim F, Durmaz M.The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy and the so-called "egg reappearance period" (ERP) of doramectin in horses naturally infected with strongyles during a period of 34 weeks. A group of yearlings of 10 animals was treated intramuscularly with doramectin at a dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) at the begin of the grazing season. To obtain comparable data, another group of yearlings (n = 10) was treated orally with ivermectin at a dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg BW. Individual faecal samples were examined for strongyle egg counts per gram of faeces (EPG) in two-week intervals. T...
Bell RJ, Mogg TD, Kingston JK.In recent years, gastric ulceration has been recognised as a common, possibly performance-limiting disease of adult horses. Here, we aim to provide the reader with a useful review of recent literature covering all aspects of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in adult horses. The anatomy and physiology of the stomach, with particular reference to secretion of acid and mucosal protective mechanisms, are reviewed, as are the differing theories relating to the aetiopathogenesis of gastric ulceration. We also explore the possible influence of various management factors on development of the dise...
Bell RJ, Kingston JK, Mogg TD.To compare two scoring systems for grading gastric ulcers in adult horses. Methods: Digitised recordings of gastroscopy examinations of 22 horses that were part of a study on prevalence of gastric ulceration in racehorses in New Zealand were reviewed independently by three examiners. All stomachs were graded by each examiner using two different grading systems, the Equine Gastric Ulcer Council (EGUC) system and the Number/Severity (N/S) system. Results: All examiners commented that the EGUC system was quicker and easier to use. There was no significant difference between examiners in the grade...
Fielding CL, Magdesian KG, Carlson GP, Ruby RE, Rhodes DM.Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) has been used to evaluate extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), but not fluid fluxes associated with fluid or furosemide administration in horses. If able to detect acute changes in ECFV, MF-BIA would be useful in monitoring fluid therapy in horses. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of MF-BIA to detect acute fluid compartment changes in horses. We hypothesized that MF-BIA would detect clinically relevant (10-20%) changes in ECFV. Methods: Six healthy mares were used in the study. Methods: This is an original ...
Benson BM, Byron CR, Pondenis H, Stewart AA.To investigate, in vitro, the effects of radial shock waves on the release of nitric oxide (NO) and synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and liberation of GAG, from equine articular cartilage explants. Methods: Equine cartilage from normal metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints was exposed to radial shock waves at various impulse doses and then maintained as explants in culture for 48 h. Shock waves were delivered at 1,876 Torr pressure and a frequency of 10 Hz. Treatment groups consisted of a negative control group, or application of 500, 2,000, or 4,0...
Schwarzwald CC, Hamlin RL, Bonagura JD, Nishijima Y, Meadows C, Carnes CA.Although atrial arrhythmias are clinically important in horses, atrial electrophysiology has been incompletely studied. Objective: Standard electrophysiologic methods can be used to study drug effects in horses. Specifically, the effects of diltiazem on atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction are rate-dependent and allow control of ventricular response rate during rapid atrial pacing in horses undergoing quinidine treatment. Methods: Fourteen healthy horses. Methods: Arterial blood pressure, surface electrocardiogram, and right atrial electrogram were recorded during sinus rhythm and during pro...
Hoffman AM, Oura TJ, Riedelberger KJ, Mazan MR.Horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) are described as exhibiting "increased abdominal effort," but it is unknown whether this translates to an effective contribution to ventilation. Objective: We hypothesized that heaves is characterized by asynchrony between rib cage and abdominal motions, and that the abdominal component is the major contributor to ventilation. Methods: The rib cage versus abdominal motion in naturally occurring heaves (n = 15) was compared to controls at rest (n = 7) and during hyperpnea because of lobeline treatment, and the effects of histamine-induced bronch...
Zhao S, McDermott PF, White DG, Qaiyumi S, Friedman SL, Abbott JW, Glenn A, Ayers SL, Post KW, Fales WH, Wilson RB, Reggiardo C, Walker RD.Three hundred and eighty Salmonella isolates recovered from animal diagnostic samples obtained from four state veterinary diagnostic laboratories (AZ, NC, MO, and TN) between 2002 and 2003 were tested for antimicrobial susceptibilities and further characterized for bla(CMY) beta-lactamase genes, class 1 integrons and genetic relatedness using PFGE. Forty-seven serovars were identified, the most common being S. Typhimurium (26%), S. Heidelberg (9%), S, Dublin (8%), S. Newport (8%), S. Derby (7%), and S. Choleraesuis (7%). Three hundred and thirteen (82%) isolates were resistant to at least one ...
Henninger RW, Reed SM, Saville WJ, Allen GP, Hass GF, Kohn CW, Sofaly C.Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection causes neurologic disease in horses. However, risk factors for the disease and long-term prognosis are poorly characterized. Objective: There are identifiable risk factors for equine herpes-1 myeloencephalopathy. Methods: The entire population of 135 horses housed within the equestrian facility. Methods: A descriptive study investigated the clinical, serologic, virologic, and management aspects of an outbreak of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy. Results: Out of 135 horses at the facility, 117 displayed signs of EHV-1 infection. Forty-six horses developed ne...
Desbrosse FG, Perrin R, Launois T, Vandeweerd JM, Clegg PD.To describe endoscopic surgical subtotal resection of the dorsal spinous processes (DSP) and interspinous ligament in horses. Methods: Descriptive clinical study. Methods: Adult horses (n=10) with back pain and impinging dorsal spinous processes Methods: Diseased portions of DSP and interspinous ligament were resected by endoscopic surgery, using Destandau Endospine to create a surgical space and provide triangulation for the endoscope, suction cannula, and surgical instruments. Medical records of 10 horses with pain attributable to DSP pathology treated by endoscopic resection of DSP were rev...
Murphy J, Arkins S.Scientists and equestrians continually seek to achieve a clearer understanding of equine learning behaviour and its implications for training. Behavioural and learning processes in the horse are likely to influence not only equine athletic success but also the usefulness of the horse as a domesticated species. However given the status and commercial importance of the animal, equine learning behaviour has received only limited investigation. Indeed most experimental studies on equine cognitive function to date have addressed behaviour, learning and conceptualization processes at a moderately ba...
Carregaro AB, Luna SP, Mataqueiro MI, de Queiroz-Neto A.To investigate spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) and antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine in horses. Methods: 6 healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses received each of 3 treatments (10 mL of saline [0.9% NaCl] solution, 5 microg of buprenorphine/kg, or 10 microg of buprenorphine/kg). Treatments were administered IV. Order of treatments was randomized, and there was a 10-day interval between subsequent treatments. Spontaneous locomotor activity was investigated in a behavioral box by use of infrared photoelectric sensors connected to a computer, which detected movement of each horse. Anti...
Murray RC, Branch MV, Dyson SJ, Parkin TD, Goodship AE.Adaptation of osteochondral tissues is based on the strains experienced during exercise at each location within the joint. Different exercise intensities and types may induce particular site-specific strains, influencing osteochondral adaptation and potentially predisposing to injury. Our hypotheses were that patterns of equine distal tarsal subchondral bone (SCB) thickness relate to the type and intensity of exercise, and that high-intensity exercise leads to site-specific increases in thickness. SCB thickness was measured at defined dorsal and plantar locations on magnetic resonance images o...
Henson FM, Lamas L, Knezevic S, Jeffcott LB.Injury to the supraspinous ligament (SSL) is reported to cause back pain in the horse. The diagnosis is based on clinical examination and confirmed by ultrasonographic examination. The ultrasonographic appearance of the supraspinous ligament has been well described, but there are few studies that correlate ultrasonographic findings with clinical pain and/or pathology. This preliminary study aims to test the hypothesis that unridden horses (n = 13) have a significantly reduced frequency of occurrence of ultrasonographic changes of the SSL consistent with a diagnosis of desmitis when compared to...
Cabre O, Grandadam M, Marié JL, Gravier P, Prangé A, Santinelli Y, Rous V, Bourry O, Durand JP, Tolou H, Davoust B.To evaluate the presence and extension of West Nile virus where French soldiers are stationed in Africa, specific antibody prevalence was determined by using ELISA and Western blot. Among 245 horses living in close proximity to the soldiers, seroprevalence was particularly high in Chad (97%) and Senegal (92%).
Gearhart PM, Steficek BA, Peteresen-Jones SM.A 12-year-old Belgian draft horse presented for a right eye third eyelid mass and red-tinged ocular discharge of 3 months' duration. The third eyelid was excised and submitted for histopathology. On histopathologic examination, the mass was composed of both hemangiosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The horse developed thickened eyelids and hemorrhagic ocular discharge from the right eye approximately 16 months following surgery, and was euthanized. Necropsy and histopathology confirmed local recurrence and regional metastasis of the hemangiosarcoma. This was an unusual case because there we...
Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW.To evaluate the effects of a commercially defined, serum-free medium additive on equine articular cartilage explants, compared with effects of serum-free and serum-supplemented media. Methods: Articular cartilage from a 3-year-old, mixed breed horse euthanatized for reasons other than musculoskeletal disease or sepsis. Methods: Media were changed every 48 hours, and the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was determined in media collected at each time point. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis by explant chondrocytes, and residual GAG content of articular cartilage (as a measure of explant GAG loss) were ...
Colborne GR, Tang L, Adams BR, Gordon BI, McCabe BE, Riley CB.During transport, horses are subjected to acceleration in three dimensions, rapid braking, turning, noise, and other stressors. The animal's ability to make postural corrections may be insufficient to prevent injury or distress, and so knowledge of the compensatory motion patterns of the horse in the trailer is a necessary precondition for smart design of transport systems. A custom two-horse trailer was built for this project. It had a horse compartment 1.85 m wide by 3.95 m long, with adjustable bulkheads and a centre divider separating the horses. The floor was instrumented with 24 shearbea...
Morton DB.Animals with relatively highly developed brains are likely to experience some degree of self-awareness and the ability to think. As well as being interesting in its own right, self-consciousness matters from an ethical point of view, since it can give rise to forms of suffering above and beyond the immediate physical sensations of pain or distress. This article surveys the evidence for animal self-consciousness and its implications for animal welfare.
Ohta M, Kambayashi Y, Mita H, Kuroda T, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Garvey M, Cullinane A, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y, Nemoto M.Updating vaccine strains is essential to control equine influenza. We evaluated the protective efficacy of an inactivated equine influenza vaccine derived from viruses generated by reverse genetics (RG) in horses in an experimental viral challenge study. Wild-type (WT) virus (A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019) and virus generated by RG (consisting of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from A/equine/Tipperary/1/2019 and six other genes from high-growth A/Puerto Rico/8/34) were inactivated by formalin for vaccine use. Twelve 1-year-old naïve horses with no antibodies against equine influenza virus w...
Silva ESM, Vaz IS, Rodrigues TS, Brandão FZ, Oquendo PS, Oquendo FMG, Beletti ME, Cuervo-Arango J.Uterocalin (P19) is a lipocalin protein that has binding activity for the provisioning of the embryo with lipids, including those essential for morphogenesis and pattern formation. Therefore, it is thought that P19 plays an important role in supporting the survival of the early embryo. Previous research has shown that the endometrium from acyclic mares expressed more P19 following a simulated long estrus: treatment of 8 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) split over five consecutive days, followed by long-acting progesterone administration (LA-P4) 72 hours later, when compared to a single 2.5 mg EB ...
Symm WA, Nieto JE, Van Hoogmoed L, Snyder JR.To describe a novel stapling technique for creation of a complete cecal bypass, without ileal transection in horses. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Four adult horses. Methods: Through a ventral median celiotomy, jejunocolostomy was made with an intraluminal anastomosis device (ILA-100) and oversewn with a Cushing pattern to reinforce the staple line. Immediately distal to the anastomosis, 4 rows of staples were applied using a thoracoabdominal stapling device (TA-90) to occlude the lumen of the distal jejunum and proximal ileum. Necropsy exams were performed at least 60 days after surge...
Britt DP, Preston JM.The efficacy of orally administered ivermectin against induced Dictyocaulus arnfieldi infection was evaluated in a controlled study comprising 12 yearling ponies. Treatment with ivermectin paste, at a dose rate of 200 micrograms/kg bodyweight orally once, was 100 per cent effective against both adult and immature or inhibited stages of the horse lungworm. Similar control of second and third instars of Gastrophilus intestinalis was observed and no nematode eggs were present in faeces from seven to 15 days after treatment when the study was terminated.
Nagy E, Idamakanti N, Carman S.Ninety-two equine herpesvirus type 1 isolates were recovered from aborted, stillborn, or neonatal foals from Ontario, Canada, from 1986 to 1992. From this total, 32 strains were randomly chosen for further study. Four or 5 isolates from each winter were selected, each from a different premises, and characterized by restriction enzyme analysis using BamHI, KpnI, BglII, HindIII, and EcoRI. Additional isolates from 2 premises and from a zebra foal were also assessed. For the strains isolated in 1986 and 1989-1992, the DNA pattern of 18 strains was similar to that of type 1P (Kentucky D) for BamHI...
Bardin AL, Taylor NC, Robert Colborne G.Thoroughbred racehorses are often affected by musculoskeletal injuries, leading to involuntary rest, early retirement or death. Hardness and consistency of the track surface have been implicated as major risk factors for limb injury. The purpose was to test the utility of a preliminary AnyBody musculoskeletal model of the equine forelimb for its responses on two perturbing surfaces. A musculoskeletal model was developed using CT, muscle, tendon and ligament properties, and kinematic data were applied from ridden trials using five Thoroughbred horses. Horses were ridden at trot and canter on a ...
Fogarty U, Perl D, Good P, Ensley S, Seawright A, Noonan J.A cluster of 6 cases of equine granulomatous enteritis is described. Aluminium was demonstrated in the tissues and lesions of these horses and in the intimal bodies of intestinal vessels. The relationship between granulomatous lesions, aluminium, acidity and invading microorganisms, particularly parasites, is presented and discussed.
Patterson SD, Bell K, Shaw DC.The equine Pi system, which is highly polymorphic and was considered to be controlled by a single locus, has been shown to be controlled by four loci (named Spi 1-4). This system is the equine equivalent of the major human plasma serpin (serine protease inhibitor), human alpha 1 PI. Twenty-two haplotypes of the equine Pi system have been characterized by two-dimensional electrophoresis, resulting in the assignment of pI, Mr, and bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibition characteristics to 109 proteins. These proteins have been analyzed further to determine their relatedness to each other as w...
Leigh SE, Stewart F.A 246 bp cDNA clone representing the C-terminal region of the donkey (Equus asinus) chorionic gonadotrophin (CG)-beta subunit was isolated from a placental library. The transcript contained the 3' untranslated region and 42% of the CG-beta subunit coding region (amino acid residues 85-146 of the mature peptide). Comparison of the deduced donkey amino acid sequence with the published horse CG-beta subunit protein sequence (where they overlapped) revealed an overall homology of 61%. However, most of the differences were in the C-terminal extension, which is thought not to be important for gonado...
Alnaeem A, Shawaf T, Ali AM, Hemida MG.In the current study, we are investigating the viral causes of some respiratory clinical signs in some animals belongs to the family Equidae in eastern Saudi Arabia (ESA) during winter- 2019. We observed the progression of severe respiratory clinical signs among some horses, donkeys, and ponies in the ESA. Animals showed rapid respiration, fever, nasal discharges (started as serous then changed into mucopurulent with the progression of the infection per some animals). We conducted a longitudinal study to monitor the progression of this outbreak. We conducted molecular surveillance for the infl...
Eckert J, Ossent P.A 14-year-old horse (imported to Switzerland from Ireland 8 years earlier) showed signs of chewing muscle atrophy. A severe chronic myositis, caused by numerous immature and mature female nematodes, was diagnosed in muscle samples obtained by biopsy and subsequently at necropsy. Most of the nematodes had invaded muscle fibres of the masseter, root of the tongue and anterior breast, only a few were found in the intermuscular interstitium. Isolated nematodes and parasite sections were clearly different from muscle larvae of Trichinella spp. but showed morphological similarities to Haycocknema pe...
Swiderski CE.Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immunologic response to a foreign agent that results in inflammation and organ dysfunction. Hypersensitivity disorders are broadly divided into antibody-mediated and T-cell-mediated reactions. The inflammatory pathways that result in disease are initiated in an antigen-specific manner through Fab portions of antibodies or the T-cell receptor, causing the up-regulation of effector mechanisms designed to clear the offending agent. Effector mechanisms include the generation of inflammatory chemicals such as cytokines and chemokines and the attraction of leukocyt...
Feder HM, Nelson RS, Cartter ML, Sadre I.A survey was performed to identify people who were exposed to a rabid pony and determine whether or not they received rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Sixty-one visitors who came in contact with the rabid pony were identified. These visitors heard about the rabid pony via the news media. Forty-five visitors were exposed during the 2 weeks before the pony died. Thirty-two of these 45 visitors received PEP. Thirty-one visitors had or may have had saliva contact to an open wound or mucosa and all 31 received PEP. Fourteen visitors had no saliva contact to a wound or mucosa and one received ...
Pacyńska JA.Horses are characterized by a very high incidence of mycoses in comparison with most livestock and companion animals. They are highly susceptible to asymptomatic infections caused by yeast-like fungi, but the carrier state may be disrupted under the influence of autogenic and allogenic factors. The above leads to severe organ mycoses, often with an acute form of infection. "Carrier horses" may also act as vectors which transmit potential pathogens between individuals and species. The aim of this study was to identify yeast-like fungi and yeast colonizing the ontocenoses of healthy horses and t...
Parmar J, Winterbottom A, Cooke F, Lever AM, Gaunt M.Streptococcus equi is a common equine infectious disease, but transmission to man is rare and confined to those who commonly come into close contact with horses. Similarly, prosthetic stent graft infection is a rare complication of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. We describe the first reported case of aortic stent graft with S. equi occurring in a professional racehorse trainer. Clinical presentation, investigations, imaging and management of this case are described. In conclusion, clinicians should consider infection with rare organisms in patients with prosthetic implants who regularly ...
Cavalcante AL, Dias LM, Alves JT, Veras AA, Guimarães LC, Rocha FS, Gala-García A, Retamal P, Ramos RT, Azevedo V, Silva A, Carneiro AR.Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is related to several diseases infecting horses and small ruminants, causing economic losses to agribusiness. Here, we present the genome sequence of C. pseudotuberculosis strain E19. The genome includes one circular chromosome 2,367,956 bp (52.1% G+C content), with 2,112 genes predicted, 12 rRNAs, and 48 tRNAs.
Miró F, Manso C, Diz A, Novales M.To gain insight into the radiographic appearance of maxillary deciduous incisors and dental germs of maxillary permanent incisors in the period prior to teeth shedding, radiographs and computed tomography (CT) of 25 horse skulls, with an estimated age of between 12 and 42 months, were studied. Data regarding morphology and development were obtained. Dental germs of first maxillary permanent incisors were identified radiographically as rounded radiolucent areas at the level of the apical parts of the first deciduous incisors, in skulls with an estimated age of twelve months. The first sign of c...
Hack Y, Henriksen ML, Pihl TH, Nielsen RK, Dwyer AE, Bellone RR.Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is an autoimmune disease defined by inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye. The cause of ERU is thought to be complex, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential genetic risk factors for ERU in the Icelandic horse. Fifty-six Icelandic horses (11 affected with ERU and 45 controls) living in Denmark and the USA, eight years or older, were included in the study. A case-control GWAS was performed using the GGP Equine 80K array on the Illumina Infinium HD Beadchip using 40 horses. A mixed linear model a...
Slack J, Boston R, Driessen B, Reef V.To evaluate the effect of general anesthesia on plasma cTnI concentrations in horses. Methods: Thirty-two horses undergoing general anesthesia and either elective surgery or MRI without surgery were prospectively studied. Twenty-nine horses (22 surgical, 7 imaging) completed the study. Plasma cTnI concentrations were determined prior to anesthesia and at 6, 12 and 24 h following discontinuation of the inhalant anesthetic. Results: All horses had cTnI values within the reference range at all time points. Six horses (21%) developed detectable cTnI 6 or 12 h following anesthesia. Risk factors f...
Kadic DTN, Minshall GJ, Wright IM.Suspensory ligament branch injuries are common in horses. Most of these injuries are grouped together and considered as a single pathologic entity. Objective: To report a specific injury of the abaxial margin of the suspensory ligament branches and to report its surgical management and outcome. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: All horses with suspensory ligament branch injuries over a 9-year period (2007-2015) were identified. Horses with injuries which, on ultrasonographic examination, appeared to have defects in the abaxial margin of the suspensory ligament branch, that were subs...
Cohen L, Bousfield GR, Ben-Menahem D.The pituitary LHβ and placental CGβ subunits are products of different genes in primates. The major structural difference between the two subunits is in the carboxy-terminal region, where the short carboxyl sequence of hLHβ is replaced by a longer O-glycosylated carboxy-terminal peptide in hCGβ. In association with this structural deviation, there are marked differences in the secretion kinetics and polarized routing of the two subunits. In equids, however, the CGβ and LHβ subunits are products of the same gene expressed in the placenta and pituitary (LHβ), and both contain a carboxy-te...
Alexander SL, Irvine CH.The primary aim of this study was to define the secretory dynamics of oxytocin and vasopressin in pituitary venous effluent from ambulatory horses during acute endotoxaemia, a stimulus that may release both hormones. Our secondary aim was to investigate the role of oxytocin in regulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion by comparing oxytocin, vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and ACTH secretory profiles during endotoxaemia and by monitoring the ACTH response to oxytocin administration. Pituitary venous blood was collected nonsurgically continuously and divided into...
Clarke A, Scarth J, Teale P, Pearce C, Hillyer L.Detection of androgenic-anabolic steroid abuse in equine sports requires knowledge of the drug's metabolism in order to target appropriate metabolites, especially where urine is the matrix of choice. Studying 'designer' steroid metabolism is problematic since it is difficult to obtain ethical approval for in vivo metabolism studies due to a lack of toxicological data. In this study, the equine in vitro metabolism of eight steroids available for purchase on the Internet is reported; including androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione, 4-chloro,17α-methyl-androsta-1,4-diene-3,17β-diol, estra-4,9-diene-...
