Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Dunowska M, Meers J, Johnson RD, Wilks CR.Representational difference analysis (RDA) was used to compare gene expression in equine mononuclear cells either infected with equine herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2) or adsorbed with inactivated EHV-2. Seven clones identified in non-infected cells after three rounds of selective subtraction and enrichment for differentially expressed genes contained sequences homologous to equine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). This suggested that EHV-2 may down-regulate MCP-1 transcription in infected cells. These findings correlate well with similar findings described for human cytomegalovirus and support...
Bossart KN, Wang LF, Eaton BT, Broder CC.Hendra virus (HeV) is an emerging paramyxovirus first isolated from cases of severe respiratory disease that fatally affected both horses and humans. Understanding the mechanisms of host cell infection and cross-species transmission is an important step in addressing the risk posed by such emerging pathogens. We have initiated studies to characterize the biological properties of the HeV envelope glycoproteins. Recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the HeV F and G open reading frames were generated and glycoprotein expression was verified by metabolic labeling and detection using specific antis...
Choi YH, Love CC, Love LB, Varner DD, Brinsko S, Hinrichs K.This study was undertaken to evaluate the development of equine oocytes in vitro and in vivo after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with either fresh or frozen-thawed spermatozoa, without the use of additional activation treatments. Oocytes were collected from ovaries obtained from an abattoir and oocytes classified as having expanded cumulus cells were matured in M199 with 10% fetal bovine serum and 5 microU FSH ml(-1). After 24-26 h of in vitro maturation, oocytes with a first polar body were selected for manipulation. Fresh ejaculated stallion spermatozoa were used for the experiment...
Marsh AE, Hyun C, Barr BC, Tindall R, Lakritz J.Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), caused by a protozoal parasite infection of the central nervous system, is the most commonly diagnosed neurologic disease of horses in North America. In specific regions of the United States approximately 50% of the horse population is seropositive to Sarcocystis neurona. However, not all seropositive horses develop clinical signs. Detailed clinical examination, along with cerebrospinal fluid antibody evaluation are often used to diagnose EPM. Postmortem evaluation of the brain stem and spinal cord for histopathologic lesions compatible with nonsuppura...
Kulinski KM, Thompson DL, Capshaw EL, French DD, Oliver JL.This experiment assessed the effects of 12 mo of daily treatment of young horses with recombinant equine somatotropin (eST) on 1) carcass and internal organ traits at necropsy and 2) residual effects in live horses for 60 d after cessation of treatment. Seven horses received eST daily at 20 microg/kg BW; seven others received vehicle (controls). Four horses from each group were killed at the end of treatment. There were few effects of eST treatment on hematologic assessments or histopathologic evaluations of internal organs. Treatment with eST increased the weights of the right adrenal gland (...
Labruna MB, Kasai N, Ferreira F, Faccini JL, Gennari SM.Natural tick infestations were assessed every 14 days on horses over a 2-year period. Amblyomma cajennense adult ticks were counted individually, without detachment from the horses. Larvae and nymphs of A. cajennense were collected using a rubber scraper that scratched engorged immature ticks from the host. Adult females of Anocentor nitens larger than 4mm length were counted on the horses. Blood samples were also obtained from the horses every 14 days and macroclimatic data were obtained for the study period. Infestations of A. cajennense demonstrated distinct peaks of activity for each of th...
Grady JK, Zang J, Laue TM, Arosio P, Chasteen ND.Sodium dodecyl sulfate-capillary gel electrophoresis (SDS-CGE) was used to characterize the H- and L-subunit ratios of several mammalian ferritins and one bacterioferritin. Traditionally, SDS-PAGE has been used to characterize the H- and L-subunit ratios in ferritin; however, this technique is relatively slow and requires staining, destaining, and scanning before the data can be processed. In addition, the H- and L-subunits of ferritin are fairly close in molecular weight (approximately 21,000 and approximately 20,000, respectively) and are often difficult to resolve in SDS-PAGE slab gels. In ...
Dixon S, Haswell M, Harrington D, Sutcliffe IC.We have investigated the surface localisation of the phosphotransferase system protein HPr in the equine pathogen Streptococcus equi subsp. equi using immunogold localisation and transmission electron microscopy. Like the LppC acid phosphatase lipoprotein, a reference surface antigen, the S. equi HPR could be clearly detected on the surfaces of intact cells. This study is consistent with previous reports that some streptococcal HPr is cell surface associated and suggests that the extracytoplasmic mobilisation and transfer of phosphate groups by streptococci warrant further investigation.
Bjöersdorff A, Bagert B, Massung RF, Gusa A, Eliasson I.We report the isolation and partial genetic characterization of two equine strains of granulocytic Ehrlichia of the genogroup Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Frozen whole-blood samples from two Swedish horses with laboratory-verified granulocytic ehrlichiosis were inoculated into HL-60 cell cultures. Granulocytic Ehrlichia was isolated and propagated from both horses. DNA extracts from the respective strains were amplified by PCR using primers directed towards the 16S rRNA gene, the groESL heat shock operon gene, and the ank gene. The amplified gene fragments were sequenced and compared to known seq...
Weiss R, Abel D, Scholtysik G, Straub R, Mevissen M.The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), HTF 919, a new 5-HT(4) agonist, and the antagonists SB 203-186 (5-HT(4)) and tropisetron (5-HT(3)) on intestinal motility were tested in vitro on isolated preparations of horse ileum and pelvic flexure. Concentration-response curves were created by cumulative application of the agonists with or without preincubation of the antagonists. The 5-HT preparation induced a concentration-dependent contraction in equine ileum and pelvic flexure. The results indicate that 5-HT receptors are present in all parts of equine intestine investigated in this study. Tr...
Tanaka Y, Taniyama H, Tsunoda N, Shinbo H, Nagamine N, Nambo Y, Nagata S, Watanabe G, Herath CB, Groome NP, Taya K.Immunolocalization of the inhibin (a) and inhibin/activin (beta3A and betaB) subunit proteins in equine fetal testes was investigated to determine the ability of the fetal testis to produce inhibins at 120, 150, 200, and 250 days of gestation. In addition, concentrations of immunoreactive (ir)-inhibin, inhibin pro-aC, and inhibin A in both the maternal and fetal circulation were measured. It was found that plasma concentrations of ir-inhibin, inhibin pro-alphaC, and inhibin A were much higher (P < .05) in the fetal than in the maternal circulation at any stage of gestation examined. Similar...
Stout TA, Allen WR.A growing equine conceptus must suppress the cyclical release of PGF(2 alpha) from the endometrium to effect maternal recognition of its presence in the uterus. Paradoxically, the conceptus itself secretes PGF(2 alpha), together with other prostaglandins. In this study, the PGF(2 alpha) and PGE(2) content of, and production in vitro by, day 10-32 equine conceptuses were measured and the influence of pregnancy on the concentrations of these prostaglandins in the uterine lumen was examined. In vitro, the release of both prostaglandins per mg conceptus tissue was very high on day 10 after ovulati...
Ott DE, Coren LV, Sowder RC, Adams J, Nagashima K, Schubert U.Some retroviruses contain monoubiquitinated Gag and do not bud efficiently from cells treated with proteasome inhibitors, suggesting an interaction between the ubiquitin-proteasome system and retrovirus assembly. We examined equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) particles and found that approximately 2% of the p9(Gag) proteins are monoubiquitinated, demonstrating that this Gag protein interacts with an ubiquitinating activity. Different types of proteasome inhibitors were used to determine if proteasome inactivation affects EIAV release from chronically infected cells. Pulse-chase immunoprecip...
Patnaik A, Chau V, Li F, Montelaro RC, Wills JW.The only retrovirus protein required for the budding of virus-like particles is the Gag protein; however, recent studies of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and human immunodeficiency virus have suggested that modification of Gag with ubiquitin (Ub) is also required. As a consequence, the release of these viruses is reduced in the presence of proteasome inhibitors, which indirectly reduce the levels of free Ub within the cell. Here we show that the budding of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) from infected equine cells is largely unaffected by these drugs, although use of one inhibitor (MG-132) re...
McConnico RS, Argenzio RA, Roberts MC.The objective of this project was to determine early tissue biochemical events associated with increased colonic secretion during the acute stage of castor-oil-induced colitis by measuring cecal mucosal and submucosal malondialdehyde (MDA) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), levels in ponies. Intestinal tissue (inflamed or healthy) samples were obtained from 4 age- and sex-matched Shetland ponies. Biochemical methods were used to determine MDA and PGE2 levels in intestinal tissue samples from inflamed and healthy equine intestine. Inflamed tissue MDA and PGE2 levels increased with time after castor o...
Sheoran AS, Artiushin S, Timoney JF.The intranasal immunogenicity of cholera toxin (CT) genetically coupled to peptide sequence aa236-334 (F3) of the SeM protein of Streptococcus equi was studied in five young adult Welsh ponies. All ponies made rapid CTB- and SeMF3-specific serum antibody responses following the first immunization. Specific nasal IgA responses were detected in two ponies 14 days after the first immunization, in another two 14 days after a second immunization on day 14, and in all ponies 28 days after a third immunization on day 42. SeMF3-specific antibody responses in sera and nasal washes were dominated by IgG...
Tung JT, Fenton JI, Arnold C, Alexander L, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Venta PJ, Peters TL, Orth MW, Richardson DW, Caron JP.Interleukin-1 is considered a central mediator of cartilage loss in osteoarthritis in several species, however an equine recombinant form of this cytokine is not readily available for in vitro use in equine osteoarthritis research. Equine recombinant interleukin-1beta was cloned and expressed and its effects on the expression and activity of selected chondrocytic proteins implicated in cartilage matrix degradation were characterized. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods were used to amplify the entire coding region of the equine IL-1beta mRNA, which was cloned into an expres...
Balasuriya UB, Heidner HW, Davis NL, Wagner HM, Hullinger PJ, Hedges JF, Williams JC, Johnston RE, David Wilson W, Liu IK, James MacLachlan N.Replicon particles derived from a vaccine strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus were used as vectors for expression in vivo of the major envelope proteins (G(L) and M) of equine arteritis virus (EAV), both individually and in heterodimer form (G(L)/M). The immunogenicity of the different replicons was evaluated in horses, as was their ability to protectively immunize horses against intranasal and intrauterine challenge with a virulent strain of EAV (EAV KY84). Horses immunized with replicons that express both the G(L) and M proteins in heterodimer form developed neutralizing ant...
Raudsepp T, Mariat D, Guérin G, Chowdhary BP.A total of 32 loci comprising specific genes, microsatellites and anonymous BAC clones from horse and cattle were mapped on donkey chromosomes. Of these, 13 markers were also mapped for the first time in the horse. This information, together with that previously available in donkey and horse updates the comparative status of the karyotypes of the two species. The findings of the present study for the first time show correlation between eleven equine acrocentric autosomes and the donkey chromosomes and in part enable detection of rearrangements between them. There are still 7-8 pairs of chromos...
Inagaki M, Kikuchi M, Orino K, Ohnami Y, Watanabe K.Lactoferrin with a molecular mass of 80 kDa was purified from equine seminal plasma by heparin-Agarose affinity chromatography and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration. Purified lactoferrin was found to be highly homogeneous on the bases of its migration as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and of the monospecificity of rabbit antibodies to the purified protein in immunoblotting of seminal plasma proteins. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for quantifying lactoferrin in equine seminal plasma. Seminal plasma lactoferrin concentrations ...
Szeredi L, Makrai L, Dénes B.The first objective of this study was to develop an immunohistochemical procedure for rapid detection of Rhodococcus equi in impression smears from affected organs of foals on postmortem examination. The second aim was to demonstrate whether R. equi can be detected in smears of tracheal exudates collected from the same foals using an immunohistochemical method. Impression smears and cryostat and paraffin-embedded sections were made from the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes of three foals (A, B and C) that had died of respiratory disease caused by R. equi, and also from the caudal mesenteric l...
Wijnberg ID, Franssen H, van der Kolk JH, Breukink HJ.To evaluate the application of analysis of motor unit action potentials (MUAP) in horses and to obtain values of MUAP for the subclavian muscle of horses. Methods: 10 healthy adult Dutch Warmblood horses. Methods: Electromyographic examination of the subclavian muscle in conscious nonsedated horses was performed to evaluate insertional activity, spontaneous activity, MUAP variables, and recruitment patterns. Muscle and body temperatures were measured at the beginning and end of the procedure. Amplitude, duration, number of phases, and number of changes in direction (ie, turns) for all represen...
Nieto JE, Van Hoogmoed LM, Spier SJ, Vatistas NJ, Snyder JR, Timmerman BL.To use an extracorporeal circuit to evaluate effects of intraluminal distention on the jejunum of healthy horses. Methods: 2 jejunal segments from each of 5 horses. Methods: Jejunal segments were harvested and maintained in an extracorporeal circuit. One segment was subjected to distention (intraluminal pressure, 25 cm H2O) followed by decompression, and 1 segment was maintained without distention. The influence of distention-decompression on vascular resistance was calculated. Mucosal permeability was evaluated by measuring the clearance of albumin from blood to lumen. After distention and de...
Van Wulfen KK, Bowker RM.To localize substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) and their receptors in the insertion of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), and dorsal hoof wall of healthy feet of horses. Methods: 18 healthy feet from horses. Methods: Samples from the dorsal hoof wall and insertion of the DSIL and DDFT of 10 feet were processed for immunocytochemical analysis, using rabbit polyclonal antisera raised against SP and NKA. Tissue sections from 8 feet were incubated with 125-labeled SP to localize tachykinin receptors and their specificity and with control solutions...
Fortier LA, Nixon AJ, Lust G.To assess the effects of supraphysiologic concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on morphologic and phenotypic responses of chondrocytes. Methods: Articular cartilage obtained from 2 young horses. Methods: Chondrocytes were suspended in fibrin cultures and supplemented with 25, 12.5, or 0 mg of IGF-1/ml of fibrin. Chondrocyte morphology and phenotypic expression were assessed histologically, using H&E and Alcian blue stains, immunoreaction to collagen type I and II, and in situ hybridization. Proteoglycan content, synthesis, and monomer size were analyzed. The DNA content w...
Tung JT, Venta PJ, Caron JP.To determine the effects of recombinant equine IL-1beta and a number of antiinflammatory compounds on the expression and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cultured equine chondrocytes. Methods: RT-PCR methods were used to amplify a portion of the equine iNOS message to prepare an RNA probe. Northern blot analysis was used to quantify the expression of iNOS in first passage cultures of equine articular chondrocytes propagated in the presence or absence of recombinant equine interleukin-1beta (reIL-1beta), dexamethasone (DEX), polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG), hyalurona...
Rubarth S, Krook L.Following a description of the histopathology of so-called mucoid degeneration of the nasal conchae in the horse, the authors conclude that the morphologic nature of the disease is osteodystrophia fibrosa. The lesions are believed to be expressions of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Manohar M.Regional distribution of diaphragmatic blood flow (Q; 15-microns-diam radionuclide-labeled microspheres) was studied in normal (n = 7) and laryngeal hemiplegic (LH; n = 7) ponies to determine whether the added stress of inspiratory resistive breathing during maximal exercise may cause 1) redistribution of diaphragmatic Q and 2) crural diaphragmatic Q to exceed that in maximally exercising normal ponies. LH-induced augmentation of already high exertional work of breathing resulted in diminished locomotor exercise capacity so that maximal exercise in LH ponies occurred at 25 km/h compared with 3...
Minero M, Canali E, Ferrante V, Verga M, Odberg FO.The heart rate and behaviour of 14 adult saddle horses, eight crib-biters and six normal controls, were investigated. Initially, the relationship between crib-biting and heart rate was investigated while the horses were undisturbed. The horses were tested when restrained with a lip twitch, and assessed when they were exposed suddenly to the rapid inflation of a balloon. The heart rate of the crib-biters during crib-biting was lower than during other behaviours. The crib-biters had a higher overall mean heart rate (P<0.05) suggesting that they may have had a higher basal sympathetic activity...
Pemberton AD, Slater JS, Milne EM.A method for flunixin detection in equine serum extracts involving thin layer chromatography, spraying the chromatogram with alkaline sodium hypochlorite solution and heating with a detection limit of 50 ng ml-1 is described.
Budnitskaya P, Gapanhuk E, Henriques OB.The kininogenase activity of trypsin, plasmin, plasma kallikrein and heated Bothrops venom was compared, using fresh, heated and heat-acid-denatured horse plasma as source of kininogen. The venom kininogenase was found to have the highest activity on fresh horse plasma, followed by plasmin and trypsin which were equally active, and plasma kallikrein which was half as active as plasmin on these substrates. Plasmin and trypsin released more kinin from heat-treated than from fresh plasma whereas kallikrein released half as much as it liberates from fresh plasma. On heat-aciddenatured plasma equal...
Cole SD, Stefanovski D, Towl S, Boyle AG.There is a lack of epidemiological studies about equine subsolar (hoof) abscesses even though they are among one of the most common causes of acute, severe lameness. The goals of this study were to (1) describe the equine subsolar abscess patient population of the University of Pennsylvania's New Bolton Center's Field Service and (2) to determine the factors that are associated with increased veterinary visits, prolonged treatment and complications. Descriptive statistics were performed on data collected from 160 cases of equine subsolar abscess. Inferential statistics were performed on a subs...
Ball BA, Miller PG.In this study we examined the ability of equine oviductal epithelial cells (OEC) to support the development of four- to eight-cell equine embryos in vitro and investigated the ability of co-cultured embryos to continue normal development after transfer to synchronous recipient mares. Equine embryos obtained at Day 2 after ovulation were cultured with or without OEC for 5 days. Those OEC co-cultured embryos that reached the blastocyst stage and embryos recovered from the uterus at Day 7 were surgically transferred to synchronous recipient mares. Co-culture with OEC improved (P < 0.01) develo...
Dalin G, Jeffcott LB.Gait analysis can play an important role in exercise physiology, racetrack ergonomics, lameness prophylaxis, and assessment of performance potential in racehorses. This article concentrates on the methods used for gait analysis and considers some basic data on the different gaits of the horse.
Suontama M, van der Werf JH, Juga J, Ojala M.Heritability and repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for trotting race records with linear and generalized linear models using 510,519 records on 17,792 Finnhorses and 513,161 records on 25,536 Standardbred trotters. Heritability and repeatability were estimated for single racing time and earnings traits with linear models, and logarithmic scale was used for racing time and fourth-root scale for earnings to correct for nonnormality. Generalized linear models with a gamma distribution were applied for single racing time and with a multinomial distribution for si...
Klei TR.This article will focus on current information available on the equine immune response to helminth parasites as it relates to acquired resistance, hypersensitivity reactions, and vaccine development.
Engelen M, Besche B, Lefay MP, Hare J, Vlaminck K.The objective of this multicentre, randomized, controlled field study was to determine the efficacy of ketanserin gel in preventing exuberant granulation tissue formation (hypergranulation) and infection in equine lower limb wounds. Horses and ponies (n = 481) with naturally occurring wounds were randomized to either topical treatment with ketanserin gel (n = 242) or a positive control (Belgium, Germany: ethacridin lactate solution, n = 120; France, United Kingdom: malic, benzoic, and salicylic acid [MBS] cream, n = 119). Treatment continued until the wound healed (success), formed hypergranul...
Bernardino PN, Pusterla N, Conrad PA, Packham AE, Tamez-Trevino E, Aleman M, James K, Smith WA.Among the recognized neurologic diseases in horses, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) has been reported around the world and still presents challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Horses can present with clinical neurologic signs consistent with EPM while testing negative for the two main causative agents, Sarcocystis neurona or Neospora hughesi, and may still be clinically responsive to anti-parasitic drug therapy. This context led to our hypothesis that another protozoal parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, which is known to cause toxoplasmosis in other mammalian species, is a potential pathog...
Yi R, Zhao S, Lam G, Sandhu J, Loganathan D, Morrissey B.Cathinone is the principal psychostimulant present in the leaves of khat shrub, which are widely used in East Africa and the Arab peninsula as an amphetamine-like stimulant. Cathinone readily undergoes metabolism in vivo to form less potent cathine and norephedrine as the metabolites. However, the presence of cathine and norephedrine in biological fluids cannot be used as an indicator of cathinone administration. The metabolism of pseudoephedrine and ephedrine, commonly used in cold and allergy medications, also produces cathine and norephedrine, respectively, as the metabolites. Besides, cath...
Hill AE, Blea JA, Arthur RM, McIlwraith CW.Private-practice racetrack veterinarians in southern California recorded non-fatal injuries meeting defined criteria in Thoroughbreds for 1 year. Injury incidence was 2.29 injury events per 100 horse-months, which was lower than other studies where trainer reported injury data were collected. Of 477 injuries recorded, 344 (72.1%) were acute and 133 (27.9%) were chronic. Fractures were common (47.6% of injuries), with stress fractures accounting for 14% of injuries. Superficial digital flexor tendonitis and suspensory ligament desmitis accounted for 15.3 and 11.5% of injuries, respectively. Agr...
Taylor EA, Beard WL, Douthit T, Pohlman L.Caecal acidosis is a central event in the metabolic cascade that occurs following grain overload. Buffering the caecal acidosis by enterally administered sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3 ) may be beneficial to affected horses. Objective: To determine the effect and duration of enterally administered NaHCO3 on caecal pH in healthy horses. Methods: Experimental study using horses with caecal cannulas. Methods: Nine horses had been previously fitted with a caecal cannula. Six horses received 1.0 g/kg bwt NaHCO3 and 3 control horses were given 3 l of water via nasogastric tube. Clinical parameters, ...
von Fellenberg R, Zweifel HR, Grünig G, Pellegrini A.Horse seminal plasma does not possess a proteinase inhibitor corresponding to human HUSI-I (human seminal plasma inhibitor). Instead a protein complex of high relative molecular mass (Mr) containing proteinase inhibitory activity was detected, which was called horse seminal plasma protein complex or HSPC. The compound had a broad enzyme-inhibiting spectrum. Its Mr was estimated to be 800 000 and it was composed of 7 different polypeptides with Mr values ranging from 11 000 to 30 000. Its carbohydrate content was between 3.5% and 5%. Despite the high molecular mass, the complex was soluble in d...
Weekes JS, Murray RC, Dyson SJ.In recent years, pain arising from the proximal metacarpal and metatarsal regions has become well recognized as a cause of lameness and various disease entities have been identified. However, our knowledge of normal patterns of radiopharmaceutical uptake is limited, making interpretation of images problematic. It is therefore important to characterize normal patterns of radiopharmaceutical uptake at specific sites to ensure valid interpretation of images in clinical cases with subtle lesions. The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of radiopharmaceutical uptake in the proximal me...
Müller AC, Büttner K, Röcken M.Synovial structure involvement secondary to limb injury is a common emergency in equine practice, requiring an accurate initial diagnosis for immediate treatment. This study aimed to investigate the clinical usefulness of Serum amyloid A (SAA) in the initial diagnosis of synovial structure involvement caused by acute (<24 h) penetrating limb injuries in horses and to correlate SAA with standard diagnostic parameters. Fifty-five horses with acute limb injuries were divided into two groups: Group 1 (G1, n = 26) with a diagnosis of penetrating synovial trauma and Group 2 (G2, n = 29) without s...
McCoy AM, Smith RL, Secor EJ, Roady PJ.To determine the influence of tissue preparation and long-term storage methods on structural integrity and risk of bacterial contamination of equine amnion. Methods: Prospective experimental investigation SAMPLE POPULATION: Amniotic membranes from 8 healthy mares (n = 440 tested samples). Methods: Samples for baseline bacteriology and histology were taken after removal of debris. The remaining tissue was divided and processed with 0.05% chlorhexidine or 2% iodine/0.25% acetic acid. Processed amnion samples were assigned to 1 of 9 combinations of storage media (saline, chlorhexidine, acetic...
Matthews HK, Andrews FM, Daniel GB, Jacobs WR, Held JP.Comparison of standard and radionuclide methods for measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal blood flow (ERBF) was performed in 8 healthy female horses. Inulin and p-aminohippurate solutions were administered IV as a bolus, followed by sustained administration. Urine and plasma inulin and p-aminohippurate concentrations and urine volume were measured. Glomerular filtration rate and ERBF were calculated on the basis of these measurements. Glomerular filtration rate and ERBF were measured on the basis of plasma clearance of the radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTc-labeled diethylene...
Dumasia MC, Houghton E, Sinkins S.A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method using three analytes to detect and confirm the administration to equine male castrates of veterinary pro-drugs based upon esters of testosterone is described. The method involves extraction of steroid conjugates from horse urine by C18-bonded cartridges and fractionation into glucuronic acid and sulpho-conjugates by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. After deconjugation, the free neutral steroids were partially purified by thin-layer chromatography and following derivatization (methyloxime-trimethylsilyl ether) were analysed by capilla...
Chesters PM, Hughes A, Edington N.Cell mediated responses to Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) are of short duration in vivo and require considerable expansion to be detected in vitro. Raised serum levels of active transforming growth factor B (TGF-B1) have been shown to depress proliferative T cell responses in experimental infections with EHV-1 in ponies. The present work indicates that latent transforming growth factor B (TGF-B1) is present in circulating platelets, lymph node, bronchial epithelium and alveolar macrophages. Activation of platelets in vitro by thrombin resulted in the release of latent TGF-B1 from platelets, with ...
Jackson C, Collyer PB, Loynachan A.A stillborn full term foal was presented at necropsy. The dilated duodenum and the dorsal and ventral left colon and cecum extended into the thoracic cavity and were encased by a thin transparent membrane originating from the diaphragm. The congenital condition was diagnosed as a developmental anomaly with diaphragmatic eventration. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of diaphragmatic eventration in a Thoroughbred stillborn foal.
Erdemsurakh O, Purevdorj B, Ochirbat K, Adilbish A, Vanaabaatar B, Aoshima K, Kobayashi A, Kimura T.Glanders is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia mallei. In this study, we investigated the histopathology and immunohistochemical localization of B. mallei in natural cases of equine glanders. Four horses showing clinical signs of nasal discharge and multiple cutaneous nodules or papulae in the hindlimbs and abdomen were reported in Mongolia. They tested positive for B. mallei infection on complement fixation, Rose Bengal agglutination, and mallein tests. Gross and histological lesions observed in these cases were similar to those previously reported in equine glanders. Immunohi...
Hunt RJ.There are few diseases that instill a comparable sense of doom in the mind of a treating veterinarian as laminitis. There is a feeling of cautious optimism when a horse with laminitis responds favorably to treatment. Although this optimism all too often proves false when treating laminitic patients, management of the patient afflicted with chronic laminitis can be rewarding. Through diligent and careful client communication and instruction, many geriatric patients with chronic laminitis can be maintained for years as comfortable companions, for light riding use, or as productive breeding anima...
Fitzgerald BP, Meyer SL, Affleck KJ, Silvia PJ.The potential of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist (goserelin acetate), delivered constantly for 28 days via a subcutaneous depot, to induce ovulation in seasonally anestrous mares, was investigated. Two experiments were conducted, in which a range of doses (30 to 240 micrograms/mare/d) was examined. Mares were selected on the basis of lack of substantial follicular development (follicle diameter < 20 mm determined ultrasonically) and low serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone. Constant administration of the GnRH agonist-induced ovulation in anestrou...
