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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
An ultrastructural study of intranuclear bodies in granular epithelial cells of the equine small intestine. Gastrointestinal disorders and colic are common problems of
horses. In spite of its clinical importance, only a few reports
deal with the normal morphology of the equine intestinal barrier
(Roberts and Hill 1974). Furthermore, the intestinal epithelium
of horses presents some characteristics which are uncommon in
other species, e.g. the presence of conspicuous Paneth cells
(Meyer et al. 1970) or granular epithelial cells. Paneth cells
occur in the small intestinal crypts and sporadically in the caecum, while granular cells occur along the lining of the small
and large intestine in hors...
Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses: detection of ethacrynic acid and bumetanide in equine urine by ELISA. We have raised antibodies and developed one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the diuretics ethacrynic acid and bumetanide as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for high potency drugs in racing horses. These ELISA tests are rapid (completed within one hour), sensitive, and can be read by eye. The ELISA detects ethacrynic acid at a drug concentration for half-maximal inhibition (I-50) of about 2.5 ng/mL for the parent drug. After dosing horses intravenously with 5 mg ethacrynic acid per horse, the parent drug or its metabolites are detectable in urine for at least 8 h...
Geographical variation of seropositivity to Ehrlichia risticii (equine monocytic ehrlichiosis) of horses in New York state. A total of 2,579 serum samples from horses in New York state during 1985-1986 were examined for seropositivity to Ehrlichia risticii using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Cluster analysis statistical technique was used to group counties according to their estimated EME-disease rate (seropositive proportion of sampled horses). Counties were clustered into 4 groups of different EME-disease rates, representing high (86% seropositive), medium (66% seropositive), medium-low (47% seropositive) and low (6% seropositive) risk regions. The logistic regression statistical technique was used...
Repeatability and normal values for measurement of pharyngeal and tracheal pressures in exercising horses. Repeatability of measurements of peak and mean tracheal and pharyngeal pressures in exercising horses was determined. Five athletically fit horses were subjected to repeated (n = 5) standardized exercise trials. Static pressures in the trachea, nasopharynx, and mask were determined. At least 96% of all mean pressure measurements were within 5 cm of H2O of the mean value for any horse. Peak pressure measurements were less repeatable, but at least 96% of all measurements were within 10 cm of H2O of the mean peak measurements for any horse. In 10 horses galloping at 14 m/s, the 95% confidence int...
The prevalence of latent Equid herpesviruses in the tissues of 40 abattoir horses. Equid herpesviruses 1 or 4 (EHV-1 or -4) were isolated by cocultivation from 60% of 40 horses examined at slaughter. The lymph nodes draining the respiratory tract were the most common source of virus. EHV-1 or EHV-4 was never isolated from the trigeminal ganglia (SLG). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected virus in 87.5% of bronchial lymph nodes and a similar level in the trigeminal ganglia that were examined. By both assays approximately one third of the positive animals harboured both viruses. Equid herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) was isolated from all but one of the horses and from > 75% o...
Early insulin response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test in horses. Plasma insulin concentration of many species has a characteristic early or acute-phase response in the minutes after IV administration of glucose. However, the plasma insulin response of horses soon after the IV administration of glucose has not been examined, whereas the more prolonged response has been evaluated. We examined the plasma insulin and glucose concentration responses of adult mares during the 30 minutes after rapid IV administration of glucose (0.33 g/kg of body weight). Plasma glucose concentration peaked at 664 +/- 54 mg/dl within 1 minute of cessation of glucose administration...
Structure of equine type I and type II collagens. Collagen type I was purified from equine skin and flexor tendon, and type II collagen was purified from equine articular cartilage. The proteoglycans in these tissues were extracted, using guanidine HCl; the collagens were solubilized, using pepsin digestion, then were selectively precipitated with NaCl. Gel electrophoresis indicated that the precipitates contained only type I or type II collagen. Amino acid analysis indicated that collagen constituted > 97% of the total protein in the precipitates. Hydroxylation of proline was 42.0 +/- 0.6% (mean +/- SEM) in alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I), and was...
The rapid and effective administration of a beta 2-agonist to horses with heaves using a compact inhalation device and metered-dose inhalers. The purpose of the study was to administer therapeutic aerosol generated by metered-dose inhalers to horses exhibiting clinical signs of heaves using a compact inhalation device developed for human medicine. It was fitted to a custom face mask in order to study the effect of an inhaled beta 2-agonist, fenoterol. Pulmonary function testing was performed on six horses following an acute exacerbation of heaves, characterized by tachypnea, wheezes, crackles, and spasmodic cough. Horses inhaled fenoterol in 1 mg increments administered as one 200 microgram puff every 5-10 s with the recording of da...
Jugular vein wall repair after intravenous injection in equids. The evolution of the healing process of venous puncture wounds was studied macroscopically and light-microscopically in order to determine the time of venipuncture. Seven small equids of various ages, all in normal healthy condition, were experimentally injected in the external jugular vein with a physiological Hartmann solution at different times before euthanasia. Two types of needle diameters i.e. 16.5 G and 19 G, were used. A fairly good uniformity in the healing process was seen in the 7 animals. In most cases the lesions induced within 5 weeks before death were macroscopically visible, w...
Studies on the transport in vitro of lysine, histidine, arginine and ammonia across the mucosa of the equine colon. Discs of stripped mucosa from the proximal ventral colon were prepared immediately after slaughter of 8 Shetland cross-breed ponies. The mucosae were fixed in incubation chambers and used in incubation experiments to study the transmucosal fluxes of the amino acids lysine, histidine and arginine (150 min) and of ammonia (90 min). When the amino acid concentrations in the mucosal solution were in the physiological range (2.8-3.0 mmol/l) no transport to the serosal side of the tissue was found. When the concentrations were raised 10-fold, less than 2% of the mucosal amino acid pool was recovered...
Phenotype and biological activity of neonatal equine chondrocytes cultured in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix. Equine neonatal chondrocytes were cultured in three-dimensional fibrin matrices under conditions of immediate implantation or implantation following monolayer culture for 6 days, and 3 cell concentrations (1 x 10(5), 1 x 10(6), and 5 x 10(6) chondrocytes/cm3). Equine fibrinogen was collected by cryoprecipitation and polymerized by use of activated bovine thrombin. The fibrin implants were harvested and analyzed histologically and biochemically at 3, 7, and 14 days after the chondrocytes were implanted in fibrin. The differentiation ratio (ratio of rounded, chondrocyte-like cells to stellate, f...
Detection of equine arteritis virus following amplification of structural and nonstructural viral genes by reverse transcription-PCR. A reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay was developed for the detection of equine arteritis virus (EAV) in cell culture supernatant and in horse semen. Four different sets of oligonucleotide primers complementary to sequences located in the 3' end of the polymerase gene (open reading frame [ORF] 1b) and to sequences representing the entire ORFs 3, 4, and 7, which encode for nonstructural (ORFs 3 and 4) or viral nucleocapsid (ORF 7) proteins, were compared for their abilities to amplify the targeted EAV sequences by the RT-PCR procedure. The sensitivities of the RT-PCR for amplification of EAV s...
[The isolation of hyperimmune horse serum to the Ebola virus]. Immunization of horses with Ebola virus resulted in the production of specific virus-neutralizing antibody with maximum titres at 28-42 days. Repeated cycles of immunization led to a rise in antibody titres to 1:4096.
Identification and verification of the anabolic steroid boldenone in equine blood and urine by HPLC/ELISA. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect the anabolic steroid boldenone in equine blood and urine. The polyclonal antiserum was raised in rabbits, employing boldenone-17-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin as antigen. Boldenone-17-hemisuccinate-horseradish peroxidase served as enzyme conjugate. Sensitivity of the assay was 26.0 +/- 3.0 pg/well. Among the endogenous steroids tested only progesterone and testosterone exhibited moderate cross-reactivities, 3.4 and 2.5%, respectively. These cross-reactivities are of no importance for the boldenone assay. For the reductio...
Posttranscriptional effector domains in the Rev proteins of feline immunodeficiency virus and equine infectious anemia virus. By systematically dissecting the Rev proteins of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), we have identified within each a short peptide that is functionally interchangeable with the effector domains found in Rev-like proteins from other retroviruses. The active sequences from FIV and EIAV differ in several respects from other known effectors and may represent a distinct class of effector domain.
Effect of xylazine and ketamine on the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil during halothane anaesthesia. We measured plasma concentrations of alfentanil in two horses after three different randomly ordered treatments. Each horse received halothane in oxygen by mask followed by a bolus dose of alfentanil 60 micrograms kg-1 i.v., halothane in oxygen by mask followed by an i.v. alfentanil infusion for 120 min and xylazine and ketamine followed by halothane and a bolus dose of alfentanil 60 micrograms kg-1 i.v. Halothane was maintained at 1.05-1.07% end-tidal concentration with a PaCO2 of 6-7.3 kPa. The plasma concentration-time curves were similar after bolus and infusion doses of alfentanil with ha...
Caprylic acid fractionation of hyperimmune horse plasma: description of a simple procedure for antivenom production. A simple methodology for hyperimmune horse plasma fractionation, based on caprylic acid precipitation, is described. Optimal conditions for fractionation were studied; the method gives best results when concentrated caprylic acid was added to plasma, whose pH had been adjusted to 5.8, until a final caprylic acid concentration of 5% was reached. The mixture was vigorously stirred during caprylic acid addition and then for 60 min; afterwards the mixture was filtered. Non-immunoglobulin proteins precipitated in these conditions, whereas a highly enriched immunoglobulin preparation was obtained in...
Diaphragm and lung afferents contribute to inspiratory load compensation in awake ponies. We determined the effect of pulmonary vagal (hilar nerve) denervation (HND) and diaphragm deafferentation (DD) on inspiratory load compensation. We studied awake intact (I; n = 10), DD (n = 5), HND (n = 4), and DD+HND (n = 7) ponies at rest and during mild (1.8 mph, 5% grade) and moderate (1.8 mph, 15% grade) treadmill exercise before, during, and after resistance of the inspiratory circuit was increased from approximately 1.5 to approximately 20 cmH2O.l-1.s. During the first loaded breath in I ponies at rest, inspiratory time (TI) increased, expiratory time decreased, and inspiratory drive in...
Effects of acetylpromazine, xylazine, and vertical load on digital arterial blood flow in horses. Palmar digital arterial blood flow was measured in 6 conscious, standing horses, using surgically placed perivascular ultrasonic flow probes. The effects of 2 dosages of xylazine (0.55 and 1.1 mg/kg of body weight) and of 3 dosages of acetylpromazine (0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 mg/kg), as well as the effect of vertical load, on digital blood flow were evaluated. Intravenous administration of xylazine induced a significant (P < 0.05), transient decrease in digital blood flow. Intravenous administration of acetylpromazine induced a significant (P < 0.05), prolonged increase in digital blood flow...
Progression and association with lameness and racing performance of radiographic changes in the proximal sesamoid bones of young standardbred trotters. Radiographic examination of the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints was performed on 753 Standardbred trotters (6-21 months of age): 21 showed obvious changes in 26 proximal sesamoid bones on lateromedial projection. The radiographic changes were divided into 6 different types: (1) irregular abaxial margin (8 horses); (2) enlargement of the sesamoid bone (6 horses); (3) 'fracture' or separate centre of ossification of the apex (4 horses); (4) vertical, non-articular fracture of the plantar part of the sesamoid bone (1 horse); (5) a small bony fragment located in a defect in the apical pa...
Recommendations for the control of anthelmintic resistant nematodes of farm animals in the EU. As a result of a recent European Union meeting on anthelmintic resistant nematodes of farm animals, a list was made of nine proposals for research and five to control anthelmintic resistance. The most important were the need to have standardised and new tests to monitor the development and spread of resistant nematodes in sheep, goats, horses, cattle and pigs, and for education of veterinary surgeons and farmers in the optimal control strategies to be used to delay the development of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes.
Epidemiological observations on sarcoids in a population of donkeys (Equus asinus). An epidemiological study of equine sarcoid in a population of 4126 donkeys showed that the peak incidence of the disease was 15.2 cases per 100 animal-years and occurred in animals in their fourth year of life. The crude incidence of the disease was 0.6 cases per 100 animal-years. The disease occurred most frequently in younger, male animals during their first five years in the population. The lesions were observed most commonly in the paragenital region. Pre-entry quarantine procedures did not appear to play a significant role in the spread of the disease but there was an indication that clos...
Diagnostic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction is a slowly progressive disorder that afflicts most breeds of horses. Because it shares features with human Cushing disease, it has been referred to as equine Cushing disease. A variety of tests of pituitary-adrenocortical function were performed on horses with evidence of pituitary pars intermediate dysfunction, and results were compared with those in healthy control horses. Diurnal variations in plasma cortisol concentration were not statistically different between control horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. An ACTH stimulation (...
Enhancement of EIAV replication and disease by immunization with a baculovirus-expressed recombinant envelope surface glycoprotein. The potential for antibody-dependent enhancement of replication of macrophage/monocyte tropic viruses has posed a significant problem in the development of vaccines for several animal and human viruses and has raised significant concern in the design of potential AIDS vaccines. Using the previously described equine infectious anemia virus/Shetland pony system as a model for HIV-1 vaccine development, we have evaluated the efficacy of a recombinant subunit vaccine containing a baculovirus-expressed envelope surface glycoprotein (gp90) of EIAV. The results of these trials demonstrate not only th...
Duration of protective efficacy of equine influenza immunostimulating complex/tetanus vaccines. Seven previously untreated five-month-old New Forest ponies received two doses of equine influenza immunostimulating complex vaccines, one with and one without an immunopurified tetanus toxoid component, given by deep intramuscular injection six weeks apart, followed by a booster dose without tetanus toxoid five months later. Fifteen months after the third dose of vaccine, the ponies were challenged by exposure to an aerosol of influenza A/Equine 2/Sussex/89 (H3N8), a virus isolated from a recent outbreak of influenza A/equine 2 in Britain. The challenge produced severe clinical signs of influ...
Sperm-induced leukocytosis in the equine uterus. The objective of this study was to investigate the inflammatory reaction induced in the equine uterus by insemination with fresh and frozen semen. Eleven groups (6 to 8 mares per group) were studied during 2 breeding seasons. The mares were inseminated using raw semen, frozen semen, extended fresh and frozen semen, concentrated fresh semen, seminal plasma and seminal extenders only. One group was bred naturally. Six hours after insemination, the uteri were flushed with 50 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Seventeen out of 104 samples (16%) exhibited slight bacterial growth. Neutrophil con...
