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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Structural and functional characterization of elastases from horse neutrophils. In order better to understand the pathophysiology of the equine form of emphysema, two elastinolytic enzymes from horse neutrophils, referred to as proteinases 2A and 2B, have been extensively characterized and compared with the human neutrophil proteinases, proteinase-3 and elastase. Specificity studies using both the oxidized insulin B-chain and synthetic peptides revealed that cleavage of peptide bonds with P1 alanine or valine residues was preferred. Further characterization of the two horse elastases by N-terminal sequence and reactive-site analyses indicated that proteinases 2A and 2B ha...
Comparison of M and N gene sequences distinguishes variation amongst equine arteritis virus isolates. cDNA copies of the M and N genes of equine arteritis virus (EAV) isolates were synthesized by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification. The cDNA was subjected to a cycle sequencing strategy using Taq polymerase, and the nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences of 10 virus isolates were compared. The M and N genes of all isolates had the same initiation and termination sites as the prototype Bucyrus strain and the encoded proteins were conserved between viruses. Comparison of nucleotide sequence homologies and phylogenetic tree analysis implied the existence ...
Monitoring furosemide in racehorses participating in an EIPH program. Analytical procedures were developed to monitor furosemide concentrations in post-race serum and urine samples obtained from horses participating in an exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) program. High performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet light detection proved a reliable, sensitive method for measuring urinary furosemide concentrations up to 12 h after administration of either 150 or 250 mg of the drug to race horses. However, this method was unreliable for determination of serum furosemide concentration. High performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detecti...
Use of the serum neutralisation test for equine viral arteritis with different virus strains. Serum cross neutralisation tests were conducted with a recent American isolate (84KY-A1) and a European isolate, (Wroclaw-2) and compared with the prototype and modified viruses of the Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus by using virus specific immune horse sera. The modified Bucyrus strain was neutralised and showed high neutralisation titres with all the immune sera. The prototype Bucyrus strain was also substantially neutralised, followed by the 84KY-A1 strain. As a result of the tests with the modified Bucyrus strain as the antigen, 20 seropositive horses were discovered among home-br...
Elemental status of grazing animals located adjacent to the London Orbital (M25) motorway. The elemental (Br, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V, and Zn) content of blood and wool or hair from animals (sheep, horses and alpacas) exposed to motor vehicle emissions alongside the London Orbital (M25) motorway is reported. Elemental values were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) quality control assessment using flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (for Pb, correlation coefficients of whole blood r = +0.87, and hair r = +0.82), and replicate (n = 10) analysis of the international reference material IAEA A13 Animal Blood. For Pb very good agreement was obta...
Causes of and farm management factors associated with disease and death in foals. A prospective study was conducted to describe the causes of and farm management factors associated with disease and death in a population of foals in Texas. Data from 2,468 foals at 167 farms were provided by veterinarians for all 12 months during 1991. Among 2,468 foals, 116 deaths were reported (4.7%). Pneumonia was the most commonly reported cause of death, followed by septicemia. When considered as a group, musculoskeletal disorders (traumatic, infectious, or deforming problems) represented the most common cause of all reported deaths. Daily risk of death was greatest during the first 7 da...
Incidence of Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses examined at an Irish abattoir. The intestinal tracts of 363 horses were examined after slaughter at a horse abattoir. The presence or absence of Anoplocephala perfoliata and the sites of attachment were recorded. A total of 51 per cent of the horses had A perfoliata attached to the mucosa of the ileocaecal junction and/or to the caecal mucosa; 5 per cent of the horses had A perfoliata attached only to the mucosa of the ileocaecal junction, 24 per cent had A perfoliata attached only to the caecal mucosa and 22 per cent of the horses had A perfoliata attached at both sites. The degree of infestation did not appear to be influ...
A versatile synthetic peptide-based ELISA for identifying antibody epitopes. A simple, versatile and very inexpensive procedure for cross-linking synthetic peptides to the polystyrene surfaces of micro-well assay plates for use in ELISA was developed. The method is based on the use of poly-L-lysine (PLL) as the anchor protein for synthetic peptides which were then easily and covalently linked to the PLL using glutaraldehyde. The synthetic peptides used for the study were based on the amino acid sequence of the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) envelope sequence and evaluated as antigens in an ELISA designed to detect antibodies in serum of EIAV-infected horses and ...
Pleuropneumonia associated with pulmonary hydatidosis in a horse. Hydatid cysts (metacestode of Echinococcus grunulosus) are a
common incidental post-mortem finding in horses in the United
Kingdom (Cranley 1982), being found most frequently in the liver
and the lungs (Schwabe 1986). However, hydatid cysts are well
tolerated by horses and clinical hydatidosis is rare, even in
heavily infected animals (Thompson and Smyth 1975; Thompson
and Allsopp 1988). Clinical disease has been attributed to hydatid
cysts in the equine retrobulbar region (Bamett et ul. 1988), brain
(Gordon 1974, quoted by Thompson 1977) and liver (Barvaux
and Derzelle 1947). This is...
Infection due to Actinobacillus lignieresii after a horse bite. No abstract available
Torsion in quadrupeds and its impact on mammalian joints. Congenital and acquired torsion occur in the limbs of domestic animals. Congenital abnormalities are of clinical significance in foals; they are also seen in calves whose dams have ingested certain toxic plants that contain teratogenic agents. Acquired torsional deformities are most common in foals, but are also observed in adult horses, dogs, and llamas. Acquired rotational deformities are almost always associated with angular limb deformities. The clinical consequence of torsional deformities is the early development of degenerative joint disease.
Biokinematic analysis of the Swedish Warmblood riding horse at trot. The trotting gait of 4 approved Swedish Warmblood stallions with a mean gait score > or = 8.67 (maximum score = 10) at official performance tests was recorded by high speed film (approximately 250 frames/sec). Angular patterns and hoof trajectories of the left fore and hind limbs were analysed, and presented as mean and standard deviation curves. The horses had a mean stride duration of 794.0 msec (sd 13.7) and the mean diagonal advanced placement was +29.8 msec (sd 7.6). The variation in angular patterns between the horses was greatest during the swing phase. The trajectory of the hind hoo...
Dominant inheritance of overo spotting in paint horses. Analysis of selected studbook records of the American Paint Horse Association, consisting of 687 foals sired by 13 overo stallions from non-overo mares, supports the inheritance of overo spotting as an autosomal dominant gene. More than one gene may control patterns registered as overo. Additional studies are necessary to explain the sporadic occurrence of overo spotting from nonspotted quarter horse parents and to confirm the inheritance of overo spotting in other breeds.
A modified technique for implantation of polypropylene mesh for the repair of external abdominal hernias in horses: a review of 21 cases. During a 3-year period 21 horses were surgically treated because of large abdominal wall defects. In each case the defect was bridged with a polypropylene mesh, which was placed on the outside of the hernial ring. This was in contrast with the technique for mesh herniorrhaphy generally described in human and veterinary literature, in which the mesh is always implanted on the inside of the hernial ring. One horse was destroyed on the first postoperative day because of postanaesthetic myelomalacia. Surgical repair as described was successful in 18 patients. Recurrence of herniation occurred in t...
Blood amino acids in the pregnant mare and fetus: the effects of maternal fasting and intrafetal insulin. Blood amino acids were measured in twelve chronically catheterized mares and fetuses between 250 and 310 days gestation. The concentrations of the majority of individual amino acids were similar in maternal and fetal arterial blood and no gestational changes were detected. Only methionine, phosphoserine, 3-methyl-histidine and glutamine were consistently higher in the fetus than the mare, whilst certain other amino acids were higher in the maternal blood. Fasting the mares for 36 h led to significant falls in plasma glucose and rises in urea and maternal free fatty acids (FFA). Small but signi...
Equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis: review and implications. The purpose of this review is to present an up-to-date summary of the signs, diagnosis, treatment, and implications of equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. The review encompasses all original articles published between 1986 and early 1993. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is the result of a genetic mutation in the skeletal muscle sodium channel gene. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait; most affected horses are heterozygotes. The classical signs are muscle fasciculation, spasm, and weakness associated with hyperkalemia. However, these signs are only rarely observed in affected hor...
Corticosteroid immunosuppression and monoclonal antibody-mediated CD5+ T lymphocyte depletion in normal and equine infectious anaemia virus-carrier horses. The immune control of chronic equine infectious anaemia (EIA) lentiviral infection was investigated by specifically depleting CD5+ T lymphocytes in vivo with monoclonal antibody (MAb) or by immunosuppression with corticosteroids. MAb was given at 25 to 50 mg/day intravenously for 11 days. Murine IgG1 anti-equine CD2 MAb (n = 2 horses) or IgG1 (n = 2) and IgG2a control MAb (n = 2 normal; 2 EIA-infected) did not deplete CD2+ T lymphocytes in horses. Horses given murine IgG2a anti-CD5 MAb HB19A (n = 4 normal; 5 EIA-infected) had depletion of peripheral blood CD5+ T lymphocytes during treatment. T...
A silver-impregnation and immunocytochemical study of innervation of the distal sesamoid bone and its suspensory ligaments in the horse. The innervation of the navicular bone (os sesamoideum distale) and its suspensory ligaments (ligamenta sesamoidea collateralia) (CSL) or proximal suspensory ligament and the ligamentum sesamoideum distale impar or the distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DS-impar ligament) was examined using combined anatomical techniques of silver impregnation and immunocytochemistry. Silver impregnation studies revealed an abundance of nerve fibres present in both the CSL and DS-impar ligament with the latter having relatively more nerve fibres. These silver-impregnated nerves coursed parallel to and were asso...
Seasonal and epididymal maturation of stallion spermatozoa. Epididymal sperm maturation in the stallion was analysed using eight epididymides and deferent ducts from healthy animals. Samples were obtained in June-July and October-November (resting and breeding periods, respectively). Epididymides were divided into head, body and tail. Sperm samples were submitted to a routine seminogram, chromatin decondensation test (Lung, 1972) and sperm velocity determination (Makler, 1980). Results demonstrate that stallion spermatozoa achieve maturation in the transition between the head and body of the epididymis as revealed by chromatin decondensation. Objective...
Vascular perfusion in horses with chronic laminitis. Vascular perfusion casts were used to define and characterise the macroscopic perfusion defects present in the distal digit of 11 horses affected by chronic laminitis. Five clinically normal horses were used as controls. Based on clinical history and clinical status, horses with chronic laminitis were classified as being potentially treatable or clinically refractory. Eleven macroscopic vascular defects were noted in the casts from horses with laminitis. Four types of lesions were identified in the submural laminar circulation, 3 in the coronary bed and 4 were associated with the solar circula...
Repair of fractures of the distal aspect of the radius in two horses. Fractures of the distal radius in two horses were repaired by open reduction and interfragmentary compression using screws placed in a lag fashion. One horse had a complete oblique fracture of the medial aspect of the epiphysis of the distal radius and was sound for riding 32 months after surgery. The other horse had an open spiral comminuted fracture with medial displacement of the distal radial fragment. Laminitis developed in the contralateral limb and this horse was euthanatized 5 weeks after surgery.
Efficacy of domperidone and sulpiride as treatments for fescue toxicosis in horses. We evaluated the effectiveness of 2 dopamine antagonists as treatments for fescue toxicosis in horses. Sixteen gravid mares were assigned by breed and expected foaling date to 1 of 3 treatment groups: endophyte-infested control; 1.1 mg of domperidone/kg of body weight/d; and 3.3 mg of sulpiride/kg/d. Mares were pastured on endophyte-infected fescue and received 0.454 kg of a corn and dried molasses carrier containing the drug treatment. Treatment started 30 days prior to expected foaling date and continued until parturition. Blood samples were collected, and mammary gland scores were recorded ...
Electrophoretic characterization of equine oviductal fluid. To characterize further the events involved in fertilization and early embryonic development in the mare, effect of the estrous cycle on oviductal fluid proteins was investigated. Five mares had indwelling cannulas placed in their oviducts so that fluid could be collected throughout the estrous cycle. Daily fluid volumes were recorded and mares were monitored for signs of standing estrus. Oviductal fluid samples were pooled across mares according to stage of cycle (either estrus or nonestrus) for further analysis. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was used to determine ...
Skeletal muscle characteristics in 2 year-old race-trained thoroughbred horses. Skeletal muscle samples were obtained by needle biopsy from two depths of the m. gluteus medius of 50, young race-trained thoroughbred racehorses. Histochemical and biochemical characteristics of the muscle samples were analysed. Fibres were classified as type I, type IIa or type IIb on the basis of the pH dependent lability of the myosin ATPase reaction. The activities of citrate synthase (CS) and glycogen phosphorylase (Phos) were determined. Muscle fibre composition varied markedly between deep and superficial muscle samples and this was reflected in differences in the activities of citrate...
Interaction of gentamycin and atracurium in anaesthetised horses. Evoked hind limb digital extensor tension (hoof twitch) was maintained at 40% of baseline for 1 h by atracurium infusion in 7 horses anaesthetised with halothane. After 1 h, atracurium was discontinued and hoof twitch allowed to recover to 75%. Atracurium was again given by infusion to maintain 40% twitch for a second hour, then 2 mg gentamycin/kg bwt were given i.v. Atracurium infusion was continued for a third hour, and then hoof twitch was again allowed to recover spontaneously to 75%. Gentamycin reduced twitch strength from 40 +/- 1% (mean +/- sem) to 29 +/- 4% within 7.0 +/- 1.5 min (P = ...
