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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Efficacy of domperidone and sulpiride as treatments for fescue toxicosis in horses. We evaluated the effectiveness of 2 dopamine antagonists as treatments for fescue toxicosis in horses. Sixteen gravid mares were assigned by breed and expected foaling date to 1 of 3 treatment groups: endophyte-infested control; 1.1 mg of domperidone/kg of body weight/d; and 3.3 mg of sulpiride/kg/d. Mares were pastured on endophyte-infected fescue and received 0.454 kg of a corn and dried molasses carrier containing the drug treatment. Treatment started 30 days prior to expected foaling date and continued until parturition. Blood samples were collected, and mammary gland scores were recorded ...
Electrophoretic characterization of equine oviductal fluid. To characterize further the events involved in fertilization and early embryonic development in the mare, effect of the estrous cycle on oviductal fluid proteins was investigated. Five mares had indwelling cannulas placed in their oviducts so that fluid could be collected throughout the estrous cycle. Daily fluid volumes were recorded and mares were monitored for signs of standing estrus. Oviductal fluid samples were pooled across mares according to stage of cycle (either estrus or nonestrus) for further analysis. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was used to determine ...
Skeletal muscle characteristics in 2 year-old race-trained thoroughbred horses. Skeletal muscle samples were obtained by needle biopsy from two depths of the m. gluteus medius of 50, young race-trained thoroughbred racehorses. Histochemical and biochemical characteristics of the muscle samples were analysed. Fibres were classified as type I, type IIa or type IIb on the basis of the pH dependent lability of the myosin ATPase reaction. The activities of citrate synthase (CS) and glycogen phosphorylase (Phos) were determined. Muscle fibre composition varied markedly between deep and superficial muscle samples and this was reflected in differences in the activities of citrate...
Interaction of gentamycin and atracurium in anaesthetised horses. Evoked hind limb digital extensor tension (hoof twitch) was maintained at 40% of baseline for 1 h by atracurium infusion in 7 horses anaesthetised with halothane. After 1 h, atracurium was discontinued and hoof twitch allowed to recover to 75%. Atracurium was again given by infusion to maintain 40% twitch for a second hour, then 2 mg gentamycin/kg bwt were given i.v. Atracurium infusion was continued for a third hour, and then hoof twitch was again allowed to recover spontaneously to 75%. Gentamycin reduced twitch strength from 40 +/- 1% (mean +/- sem) to 29 +/- 4% within 7.0 +/- 1.5 min (P = ...
Identification of phosphoseryl residues in protamines from mature mammalian spermatozoa. Protamines isolated from ejaculated human, stallion, bull, boar, and ram spermatozoa were subjected to phosphoserine conversion reaction and protein sequencing. Phosphoserines were detected as S-ethylcysteines. Endogenously phosphorylated protamines have previously been found only in ejaculated human sperm. In this study, we demonstrate that ejaculated sperm from other species also contain protamines phosphorylated at serine residues. In P1-protamines, the endogenously phosphorylated serines were located at the N-terminal region in all species studied, whereas in major forms of human and stall...
The effect of toe weights on linear and temporal stride characteristics of standardbred trotters. Toe weights are applied to influence the stride characteristics of trotters. The quantitative effect of 88-g toe weights on the stride characteristics of Standardbred trotters was evaluated in a kinematic study using a CODA-3 analysis system. Six trotters were studied at a speed of 11 m/s on a treadmill. Temporal gait variables, joint angles, and the trajectories of the forelimb hoof were calculated. The stride patterns of the individual trotters were assessed by a judge and compared to the CODA-output. Those trotters with poor flexion of the carpal joint during the swing phase or with insuffi...
Specific immune responses are required to control parasitemia in Babesia equi infection. Horses possessing a normal immune system and spleen often control infection caused by Babesia equi. However, splenectomized horses are unable to control B. equi infection and usually succumb to the infection. To investigate the role of the spleen in the control of B. equi infection in the absence of specific immune responses, two 1-month-old foals with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and two age-matched normal foals were inoculated with B. equi. The SCID foals became febrile seven days postinoculation and developed terminal parasitemias of 41 and 29%. The SCID foals had greater than 50...
The mechanical coupling of lung ventilation to locomotion in the horse. The phase relationship between the periods of the respiratory and limb cycles is demonstrated in the horse ridden in the field at the canter and gallop. Changes in intra-abdominal pressure, respiratory sounds, periods of ground contact of each foot and volume changes of the rib cage were measured in the normal horse exercised at the walk, trot, canter and gallop in the field. Correlation of these parameters identifies the major mechanical link establishing the coupling of lung ventilation and locomotion in the horse. The force and extent of contraction of the abdominal muscles couples the resp...
Contact area and pressure distribution changes of the equine third carpal bone during loading. Changes in contact area and pressure distribution with loading were evaluated on the proximal articulating surface of the equine third carpal bone using safranin-O dye staining and pressure sensitive film techniques. A significant increase in percentage contact area resulted as the applied load was increased from 3115 to 9000 N (54.93% +/- 7.99 vs 61.43% +/- 7.37 respectively, P = 0.016). The area in contact shifted towards the dorsal aspect of both the radial and intermediate facets of the third carpal bone. Changes were also detected in the mean pressure under the same loading conditions. Th...
Analysis of the frequency spectrum of the equine electroencephalogram during halothane anaesthesia. The electroencephalogram (EEG) has been used in human clinical anaesthesia as an indicator of cortical activity and as an indicator of the depth of anaesthesia. It would be useful if it provided a reliable indication of the depth of anaesthesia of horses. In this study anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained with halothane in nine ponies. The end tidal halothane concentration (PE-Hal) was monitored and 20 seconds of EEG were recorded at 0.8 per cent, 1.0 per cent and 1.2 per cent halothane, equivalent to the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), 1.25 MAC and 1.5 MAC. Each 20 se...
Influence of estrogen on antibacterial and immunoglobulin secretory activities of uterine fluids from ovariectomized mares. Effect of estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) on uterine antibacterial activity and immunoglobulin concentrations in mares was studied. In 2 in vitro experiments, 6 mixed-breed mares were ovariectomized, and uterine fluid and blood serum were analyzed. Antibacterial assay methods were used to determine inhibitory effects on Streptococcus zooepidemicus of uterine fluid samples collected on days 3, 5, and 8, and serum obtained on day 8 of treatment. Single radial immunodiffusion methods were used to quantify amounts of IgA and IgG in uterine fluid and serum on days 3, 5, 8, and 14 of treatment. ...
Changes in respiratory muscle activity in ponies when end-expiratory lung volume is increased. The objective of the present study was to determine whether lung and diaphragm afferents contribute to the changes in respiratory muscle activity when end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) is changed in ponies. We studied the responses of the diaphragm and the transversus abdominis (TA) muscles to passive increases in EELV in awake intact (I), diaphragm-deafferented (DD), pulmonary vagal- (hilar nerve) denervated (HND), and DD + HND ponies. Negative pressure of -10 or -20 cmH2O applied around the ponies' torsos [positive transrespiratory (TR) pressure] increased (P < 0.05) EELV in all ponies; t...
Nerve supply of the proximal sesamoid bone in the horse. In chronical proximal sesamoid bone lameness it is difficult to localise the exact site of pain. A specific diagnostic analgesia is not available because of a deficiency of detailed information about the nerve supply to the proximal sesamoid bones and surrounding area. A macroscopic study of the nerve distribution to the proximal sesamoid bones of 10 foals and 5 adult horses revealed that these bones are innervated by two branches, in this study called the medial and lateral sesamoidean nerve, respectively, originating from the medial and lateral palmar nerve. Histology of the left forelimbs o...
Effects of centrifugation and specimen preparation technique on bronchoalveolar lavage analysis in horses. Bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) were performed for 6 healthy horses and 8 horses with lower airway diseases (LAD). Total cell and differential counts were performed before and after centrifugation and resuspension of the BAL cells in a small volume of fluid; there was no difference in the total cell counts, but mast cell percentages were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, after centrifugation, in the LAD group. The two specimen preparation techniques compared were cytocentrifugation and centrifugation on microscope glass covers. For both groups of horses, lymphocyte percentages were significantl...
Lipid analysis of lavage samples from the equine guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum). The guttural pouch is a large, air-filled diverticulum of the auditory tube, present in the horse and other species. Lipid analysis of saline lavage from the equine guttural pouch has demonstrated the presence of phospholipids and neutral lipids in amounts that are variable but consistently greater than in any other species described. A stain specific for choline-containing phospholipids has demonstrated the presence of phospholipid-containing vesicles only within the cells of subepithelial, seromucoidlike glands, suggesting that these cells incorporate phospholipids in their secretions. The f...
Gastric emptying of solid, non-digestible, radiopaque markers in ponies. The gastric emptying of different forms of ingesta occurs by a variety of mechanisms and dysfunction may selectively affect different components of the gastric contents. A technique for assessing gastric emptying of solid, indigestible, radiopaque markers was developed. Emptying of these markers in four ponies was variable in both pattern and rate (half emptying time ranged from less than one hour to more than 24 hours). However, whereas in man physically similar markers appear to empty relatively rapidly when fasting but are delayed by a meal, no such delay was evident in these ponies. The ho...
Kinematic detection of superior gait quality in young trotting warmbloods. This study was conducted to identify objective criteria to select young horses with a good gait, which is a prerequisite for good performance in adult horses. The trot of 24 26-month-old Dutch Warmbloods, led on a loose shank, was subjectively scored by a judge and objectively assessed on a treadmill by using kinematic analysis equipment. It appeared that forelimb and hind limb stride and swing duration, scapula rotation, forelimb maximal fetlock extension, forelimb maximal retraction, hind limb maximal protraction, maximal stifle flexion, and maximal tarsal flexion significantly correlated wi...
The relationship between intra-articular and juxta-articular intraosseous pressures in the metatarsophalangeal region of the pony. Eight metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joints were studied in anaesthetized young ponies. Pressure measurements were made in the joint and at various sites in the marrow cavity of the third metatarsal bone with simultaneous measurement of systemic arterial and venous blood pressures. Fetlock joint flexion was always associated with a statistically significant initial decrease in intra-articular pressure (p < 0.05) followed by a marked increase in pressure (p < 0.05). Subsequent extension was accompanied by a similar pressure pattern, although there appeared to be a hysteretic relationship. ...
A 64,X,i(Xq) karyotype in a standardbred filly. Chromosomal analysis is not a routine examination in equine
practice. It is indicated, however, in infertile or subfertile
mares with small, inactive ovaries (Chandley et a/. 1975;
Power 1986).
The most commonly reported abnormalities in mares
concern sex chromosomes such as 63,XO and mosaic
63,XO/64,XX giving sterile mares and 64,XY resulting in
gonadal dysgenesis, sex reversal and testicular feminisation
(Power 1990). The phenotypic manifestations of a horse with
these karyotypic abnormalities are usually quite mild
compared with the corresponding abnormalities in man. These
mild ...
Clinical and force plate evaluation of the effect of a high plantar nerve block in lameness caused by induced mid-metatarsal tendinitis. To answer the question whether it is possible to differentiate, by means of a high plantar nerve block in the hind limb, flexor tendon lameness from a suspensory ligament lameness, mid-plantar tendinitis or desmitis was induced with collagenase in five Standardbred horses in two trials. Before the induction of lameness, and on the fourth (D4) and fourteenth day (D14) after the induction of lameness the horses were evaluated subjectively (clinical lameness score), objectively (ground reaction force (GRF) measurements), and ultrasonographically. Clinical evaluation and GRF measurements were also...
Effects of storage time and temperature on ionized calcium concentration in equine blood, plasma, and serum. Stability of ionized calcium (Ca2+) concentrations and pH values in equine venous samples (n = 12 in each group) stored at 4 C for 3, 9, 24, and 48 hours (blood, plasma, and serum) or for 240 hours (plasma and serum), and at -20 C for 240 hours (plasma and serum), was studied. Storage of equine blood, plasma, and serum samples at 4 C for up to 48 hours and of serum samples at 4 C for up to 240 hours, despite appreciable pH changes, was associated with < 1.5% change in blood, plasma, and serum Ca2+ concentrations. Therefore, Ca2+ concentration in equine blood, plasma, and serum samples store...
Rapid refolding of native epitopes on the surface of cytochrome c. Refolding of surface epitopes on horse cytochrome c has been measured by monoclonal antibody binding. Two antibodies were used to probe re-formation of native-like surface structure: one antibody (2B5) binds to native cytochrome c near a type II turn (residue 44) while the other (5F8) binds to a different epitope on the opposite face of the protein near the amino terminus of an alpha-helical segment (residue 60). The results show that within the first approximately 100 ms of refolding all of the unfolded protein collapses to native-like folding intermediates that contain both antibody binding ...
Update on neonatal septicemia. Septicemia is the second most commonly diagnosed problem in the equine neonate, superseded only by the problem of inadequate transfer of maternal antibodies. This article reviews the factors that may put a foal at high risk for developing sepsis, the diagnostic tools used to identify these animals, some of the sequelae of sepsis, and the therapeutic modalities available to the clinician.
Molecular cloning and sequencing of equine interleukin 4. We have cloned equine interleukin 4 (IL-4) cDNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers based on the human IL-4 sequence. The cDNA was amplified from mitogen-stimulated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The cloned PCR product shares extensive homology ith IL-4 sequences from other species.
Transmission of some species of internal parasites in horses born in 1990, 1991, and 1992 in the same pasture on a farm in central Kentucky. Studies were conducted on transmission of natural infections of several species of internal parasites in horses born and kept on the same pasture on a farm in central Kentucky. Data for the first year (1989) of a 4 year study on this farm have been published recently. The present research represents the second (1990), third (1991), and fourth (1992) years of the investigation. The number of animals (n = 28) examined varied from eight born in 1990 to ten each born in 1991 and 1992. For each year, examination was made of one horse per month, beginning in June of the year of birth and extending t...
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in seminal plasma from the bull, stallion, rabbit, and rooster. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase, which inactivates PAF, has been detected in human and bovine seminal plasma and may represent a mechanism for regulating sperm-derived PAF. This study was designed to characterize further PAF acetylhydrolase in seminal plasma from domestic animal species. Sperm-free seminal plasma from the bull, stallion, rabbit, and rooster was assayed for acetylhydrolase activity based on the release of [3H]acetate from PAF. As reported previously for bull seminal plasma, activity in stallion, rabbit, and rooster seminal plasma was linear with both time and p...
[Case report of a complex odontoma in a horse–clinical picture, radiography, ultrasonography and computed tomography]. The clinical signs, diagnosis and pathology of an adult horse with a complex odontoma are described. Computer tomography was shown to be a new diagnostic technique with outstanding potential in the investigation of diseases of the equine head.
