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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Interspecies and interregional analysis of the comparative histologic thickness and laser Doppler blood flow measurements at five cutaneous sites in nine species. Studies in dermatology, cutaneous pharmacology, and toxicology utilize skin from different animal species and body sites. However, regional differences exist in topical chemical percutaneous absorption studies in man and in animal. The objective of this study was to compare epidermal thickness and number of cell layers across species and body sites using both formalin-fixed paraffin and frozen sections. Cutaneous blood flow determined by laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) was compared to histologic data. Six animals of each of the following species were used: monkeys, pigs, dogs, cats, cows, hors...
Cultivation of tissue from the matrix of the stratum medium of the equine and bovine hoof walls. Explants from the matrix of the stratum medium of the wall of the equine and bovine hoof each were cultured on a microporous membrane, using a standard culture medium. After incubation at 37 C, the outgrowth was a mixture of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, with predominance of the latter. After incubation at 34 C, the keratinocytes dominated, covering the lateral surfaces of the explant as well as the basal surface. Lateral outgrowth of keratinocytes was observed at the borderline of the original epidermis and at the borderline of the explant's contact with the membrane. Epithelial outgrowth fr...
Hordenine: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and behavioural effects in the horse. Hordenine is an alkaloid occurring naturally in grains, sprouting barley, and certain grasses. It is occasionally found in post race urine samples, and therefore we investigated its pharmacological actions in the horse. Hordenine (2.0 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt]) was administered by rapid intravenous (iv) injection to 10 horses. Typically, dosed horses showed a flehmen response and defecated within 60 secs. All horses showed substantial respiratory distress. Respiratory rates increased about 250 per cent and heart rates were approximately double that of resting values. All animals broke out in a sw...
Idiopathic granulomatous disease involving the skin in a horse. Clinical signs of generalized granulomatous disease in a horse included depression, generalized lymphadenopathy, scaly skin, and dependent edema. Diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically by diffuse granulomas in more than one organ system (lymph nodes and skin), and by ruling out etiologic agents. Response to treatment with corticosteroids was favorable. The clinical features and response to treatment in this horse were different from classic textbook descriptions of equine generalized granulomatous disease. Equine granulomatous disease appears to be comparable to human sarcoidosis. To avoi...
Cardiac arrhythmias identified in horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis: six cases (1985-1988). During a 3 1/2-year period, cardiac arrhythmias were identified in 6 of 67 horses diagnosed with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis (DPJ). Arrhythmias were detected by auscultation of irregular cardiac rhythm and subsequently were characterized by electrocardiographic evaluation. Arrhythmias included frequent second-degree atrioventricular block, ventricular ectopic depolarizations, and atrioventricular conduction disturbance. In 4 horses, arrhythmias resolved with recovery from the primary problem. One horse died suddenly 66 hours after admission, and another was euthanatized at 72 hours after adm...
Identification of a major iodolipid from the horse thyroid gland as 2-iodohexadecanal. The incorporation of iodide into proteins (PBI) and lipids (LBI) of horse thyroid slices was measured in various conditions. Their dependency on the concentration of extracellular iodide was strikingly different. For PBI the relationship was biphasic with a decrease above 10 microM, likely to correspond to the Wolff-Chaikoff effect. On the contrary, LBI increased as a function of iodide concentration up to 100 microM. Methimazole (MMI) inhibited the incorporation of iodide into both LBI and PBI, but higher concentrations of MMI were required to depress LBI as compared to PBI. The inhibition of...
[Training-induced changes of reference vectors in the QRS complex of the EKG of young trotting horses]. After the onset of training ("breaking") in young standardbred horses within continuing investigations changes of vectors in the QRS-complex were considered. These changes accomplished in two stages. Mainly within the first three months of training the vector R (VR) in limb leads changed to the left and to caudal and dorsal. In a second interval between five and seven months after breaking the vector S (VS) changed to cranial. As main cause the different character of training in both phases is discussed. Additional indicators of age- or development-related causes were not found.
Two autosomal trisomies in the horse: 64,XX,-26,+t(26q26q) and 65,XX,+30. The phenotypic effects in a yearling Arab filly of a newly described equine autosomal trisomy syndrome for chromosome 30 (65,XX,+30) consisted of small size and severe angular deviation of front legs accompanied by mild polydactyly, but no mental dullness. This case was associated with advanced maternal age. Additional banding studies of a second trisomy case confirmed the assignment to chromosome 26 (64,XX,-26,+t(26q26q)) and evidence of her fertility was presented.
Equine Culicoides hypersensitivity in Florida: biting midges aspirated from horses. Nine species of Culicoides were aspirated from horses in Florida during the second phase of a study of equine Culicoides hypersensitivity (CHS). Approximately 90% of the 2933 midges were Culicoides insignis Lutz, 4% were C.stellifer (Coquillett), 3% were C.niger Root and Hoffman, 2% were C.alachua Jamnback and Wirth and the remaining 1% included C.venustus Hoffman, C.scanloni Wirth and Hubert, C.lahillei Iches (= C.debilipalpis Lutz), C.pusillus Lutz, and C.edeni Wirth and Blanton. Culicoides were sampled on seven farms located throughout Florida. The location and seasonality of lesion develop...
Culture of 5-day horse embryos in microdroplets for 10 to 20 days. Embryos were recovered from the uteri of mares 5 d after ovulation. Six embryos, all morulae, were placed singly in 200-ul droplets of Ham's F-12 with 10% fetal calf serum and cultured at 37 degrees C in a 5% CO(2) atmosphere. The embryos expanded to form blastocysts by the third day of culture. The blastocysts hatched from their zona pellucida, rather than the zona thinning and flaking off, as occurs in vivo. Hatching from the zona pellucida began on the third day of culture and was complete in five of six embryos by the sixth day. The embryonic capsule, normally present in equine embryos aft...
[Fructosamine as a valuable criterion for the evaluation of diabetic animals and its photometric determination]. The new photometrical kit fructosamine is tested for its use with canine, feline and equine blood. Normal values of fructosamine in nondiabetic animals as well as adequately and inadequately stabilized patients are given. The measurement of fructosamine is an excellent new tool for diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus and should become an essential part of the control of the course of diabetes mellitus in animals.
Mast cells in normal and pathological specimens of the equine lung. In lungs from 22 horses, the number and type of mast cells in histologically normal specimens were compared with those in specimens with various histological lesions. Tissues fixed in Carnoy's solution were superior to those fixed in formalin for the identification of mast cells. Fixation of lung specimens from eight horses in Carnoy's solution and formalin allowed the identification of two subpopulations of mast cells: formalin-sensitive, which predominated and formalin-resistant. Specimens with mild chronic tracheitis and mild and moderate chronic bronchitis generally had slight increases in...
Development of an avidin-biotin dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its comparison with other serological tests for diagnosis of glanders in equines. A dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot ELISA) was developed for diagnosis of glanders in equines. The test was based on the detection of IgG antibodies to Pseudomonas mallei antigens bound to nitrocellulose coated on plastic strips (dipsticks), the reaction being amplified by an avidin-biotin system with biotinylated anti-horse IgG and horseradish peroxidase-avidin D. Sera from 810 normal, six naturally infected and 48 sensitized equines were tested by this assay, and results were compared with complement fixation, indirect haemagglutination and counter-immunoelectrophoresis tests. Dot E...
Effect of inositol hexakisphosphate on the spectroscopic properties of the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse and bovine hemoglobin. The effect of inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) on the spectroscopic (EPR and absorbance) properties of the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse and bovine hemoglobin (Hb) has been investigated. In the absence of IHP, the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse Hb shows spectroscopic properties similar to those of the corresponding derivative of ferrous human Hb that are generally taken as typical of the high affinity state of tetrametric hemoproteins. Similar to human Hb, the addition of IHP to the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse Hb induces a transition toward a species characteri...
Morphology of equine allantochorion at the tip of the pregnant horn. The morphology of the equine allantochorion at the tip of the pregnant horn was studied in the membranes of 14 mares. The findings in the allantochorion at the tip of the pregnant horn were of two types; one was growth retardation (hypoplastic villi, tunica adventitia of the vessels resembling embryonal connective tissue and the extended spaces of remnants of the extraembryonic coelom), the other was placental hypoxia or ischaemia (parakeratosis, stratified squamous metaplasia, necrosis of the trophoblasts, thickening of the basement membrane and fibrous hyperplasia of villous stroma). It seem...
Equine motor neuron disease; a preliminary report. A spontaneous motor neuron disease or neuronopathy was identified in 10 horses from the northeastern United States. Signs of generalized weakness, muscle fasciculations, muscle atrophy and weight loss progressed over 1 to several months in young and old horses of various breeds. Pathologic studies revealed that degeneration and loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem resulted in axonal degeneration in the ventral roots and peripheral and cranial nerves and denervation atrophy of skeletal muscle. Many spinal neurons were swollen, chromatolytic and contained neurofilamentous accu...
The use of stable isotopes and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the identification of steroid metabolites in the equine. Stable isotope gas chromatography/mass spectrometry has been used successfully in the elucidation of structures of urinary steroid metabolites in the horse and in the identification of metabolites isolated from in vivo perfusion and in vitro incubation studies using equine tissue preparations. Deuterium-labeled steroids, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and 5-androstene-3 beta,17 beta-diol have been synthesized by base-catalyzed isotope exchange methods and the products characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. [16,16(-2)H2]Dehydroepiandrosterone (plus radiolabeled dehydroepi...
Two rare cutaneous neoplasms in horses: apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and carcinosarcoma. Two rare equine cutaneous neoplasms, an apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and a carcinosarcoma were diagnosed in a 17-year-old pony and a 14-year-old mare, respectively. The apocrine gland adenocarcinoma was present on the prepuce. Histologically, papillary projections of low cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells were generally well differentiated, and surrounded dilated acini. Stromal invasion was present, but vascular and lymphatic invasion was not seen. The carcinosarcoma was present in the right flank of the mare. Two discrete cell populations were characterized histologically. One portion of ...
Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa) in an aborted equine fetus. Tachyzoites of Neospora caninum were found in sections of lung of an equine fetus aborted 2 mo before term. Individual tachyzoites were approximately 3-5 x 2-3 microns, divided by endodyogeny, and stained positively with anti-N. caninum serum but not with anti-Toxoplasma gondii serum. Toxoplasma gondii antibody was not found in the mare's serum. This is the first report of N. caninum in a horse and indicates that N. caninum can be transmitted transplacentally in equids.
Quantitative microanalysis of equine synovial fluid glycosaminoglycan concentration. An alcian blue precipitation method for quantifying the hyaluronic acid (HA) and sulphated glycosaminoglycan concentration (SGAG) in solutions containing both compounds was assessed. The assay was found to be rapid and reliable in solutions containing 0 to 200 mg of HA/dl and 50 to 1,000 micrograms of SGAG/dl, and was not affected by the presence of protein, hemoglobin, or methemoglobin in concentrations normally found in synovial fluid. The HA and SGAG concentrations in intercarpal synovial fluid from 13 clinically normal and 11 arthritic horses were evaluated. A relationship was not found be...
Changes in urinary and plasma oestrone sulphate concentrations after induction of foetal death in mares at 45 days of gestation. Foetal death was induced in 10 Standardbred mares at day 45 of gestation by injecting 20 to 45 ml of hypertonic (24% W/V) saline into the conceptus at surgery. Ten mares underwent sham treatment and acted as controls. Blood and urine samples were collected every other day between days 30 and 45 post ovulation and at 0, 3 and 6 h relative to the infusion of saline in the treated mares, or sham treatment in control mares. Blood and urine samples were then collected daily between days 46 and 55 post ovulation. Urine oestrone sulphate (E1S) concentrations, measured by radioimmunoassay, increased b...
Effects of the dam on equine chorionic gonadotropin concentrations during pregnancy. Breeding trials were designed to determine the influence of the mare on serum concentrations of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) from Day 39 to Day 104 of gestation. Sires were ranked according to mean eCG concentrations found in the groups of randomly selected mares to which they were mated in 1983. Mares were ranked according to their mean eCG concentrations on Days 55, 71 and 85 of gestation (Day 0 = mating), in 1983 and 1985. In the 1986 breeding season, mares that had pregnancies characterized by high eCG levels were mated to sires previously associated with low eCG concentration pregn...
Effects of active immunization against GnRH on LH, FSH and prolactin storage, secretion and response to their secretagogues in pony geldings. Six pony geldings were actively immunized against GnRH conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) to study 1) the relative dependency of LH and FSH storage, secretion and response to GnRH analog on GnRH bioavailability and 2) the effects of reduced GnRH bioavailability on GnRH storage in the hypothalamus. Five geldings were immunized against BSA. Geldings were immunized in December and 4, 8, 14, 20, 26 and 32 wk later. Ponies immunized against GnRH had increased (P less than .01) GnRH binding in plasma within 6 wk. By June, plasma concentrations of LH and FSH in ponies immunized against GnRH had...
Use of electromyography for the diagnosis of equine hyperkalemic periodic paresis. The use of electromyography (EMG) as a diagnostic aid for equine hyperkalemic periodic paresis (EHPP) was investigated in seven affected and seven control horses. Affected horses were confirmed positive for EHPP either by elevated serum potassium concentration with clinical signs of myotonia, or by inducing hyperkalemia and clinical signs using oral potassium chloride challenge. All horses were asymptomatic at the time EMG was performed, using bipolar fine wire needle electrodes. The myopotentials were recorded on magnetic tape and displayed on paper charts for analysis. Insertional and restin...
Production of interleukin 2 and expression of interleukin 2 receptors by pony peripheral blood lymphocytes after stimulation with a soluble fraction of Trypanosoma evansi. Pony peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were stimulated with a soluble fraction of Trypanosoma (T.) evansi (SF). As determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation, the cells underwent a proliferative response and were able to: a) produce a factor having the biological activities of interleukin 2 (IL-2) since their supernatants could support the in vitro growth of pony PBL stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A-blasts); b) undergo a further proliferative response when incubated in short term cultures with SF, human recombinant IL-2 (hrIL-2), or both c) bind specifically radiolabelled hrIL-2 (125I-hrIL...
