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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Effect of dorsopalmar projection obliquity on radiographic measurement of distal phalangeal rotation angle in horses with laminitis. The effect of dorsopalmar projection obliquity on calculation of distal phalangeal rotation (DPR) angle was determined in 8 feet obtained from 5 horses that had been euthanatized because of laminitis. A true lateromedial view of each foot served as a reference, with additional views taken at 5, 10, 15, and 20 degrees of x-ray tube head rotation in both a dorsal and in a palmar direction. Projection obliquity resulted in consistent underestimation of DPR angle. Where projection obliquity exceeded 10 degrees, there were significant (P less than 0.05) differences in DPR angle. The magnitude of un...
T lymphocyte development in horses. I. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies identifying three stages of T lymphocyte differentiation. Six monoclonal antibodies reacting with equine T lymphocytes at different stages of maturation were selected from antibodies produced against lymphoid cell preparations. EqT12 and EqT13 antibodies identified subsets of cortical thymocytes with high terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT) activity and no phytolectin responsiveness. EqT12+ thymocytes were scattered throughout the cortex while EqT13+ thymocytes were located in the subcapsular cortex. EqT12 bound to small numbers of bone marrow cells, splenocytes, and circulating lymphoid cells, but not to mature T lymphocytes. EqT13 bound to v...
Influenza virus ISCOMs: antibody response in animals. A monovalent experimental ISCOM vaccine has been prepared with the envelope glycoproteins haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the equine virus strain A/Solvalla/79 (H3N8). In vaccination trials on BALB/c mice the ISCOM vaccine induced more than ten times higher serum antibody titres measured in ELISA than a corresponding experimental micelle vaccine. Similarly, in guinea-pigs the ISCOMs induced about tenfold higher haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) titres than a micelle vaccine or a conventional killed influenza whole virus vaccine. Horses vaccinated with a di...
Megaesophagus and aspiration pneumonia secondary to gastric ulceration in a foal. A 3-month-old foal with a history of persistent fever and leukocytosis was found to have pneumonia, ulceration of the squamous portion of the stomach, and dilatation of the distal portion of the esophagus. The foal was euthanatized and necropsied. The distal portion of the esophagus was severely dilated, and there was severe ulceration and mural thickening of the stomach at the cardia. Because of the severe gastric ulceration and mural thickening, the gastroesophageal junction was fixed in an open position, permitting gastroesophageal reflux. The megaesophagus and pneumonia were considered to ...
Digestion of hay protein in different segments of the equine digestive tract. Mature ponies fitted with permanent ileal cannulas were used in a 3 X 3 Latin square experiment to quantify prececal, postileal and total tract digestion of hay protein. Coastal Bermuda grass (CB), containing 11.7% crude protein, and two qualities of alfalfa, containing 15.0% (low-protein alfalfa; LA) and 18.1% (high-protein alfalfa; HA) crude protein, were fed in coarsely chopped form at 2% of body weight daily. Total tract apparent digestibility of the N in HA (73.8%) was higher than that in CB (57.0%; P less than .05) and was slightly higher than that in LA (66.1%; P less than .10). Nitroge...
Responses of blood glucose, insulin and cortisol concentrations to common equine diets. Two experiments were conducted to determine the response of blood glucose, insulin and cortisol levels to four common equine diets. Experiment 1 was designed to determine the diurnal variation of glucose and two glucoregulatory hormones, insulin and cortisol, in four fasting geldings. No diurnal variation was observed in either glucose or insulin levels during the 24-h sampling period. However, cortisol levels did exhibit a circadian rhythm, with elevated values observed in the morning and low values in the evening. Experiment 2 investigated the response of glucose, insulin, cortisol and selec...
The characterization of equine herpes virus-1-infected cell polypeptides recognized by equine lymphocytes. Ponies, without evidence of previous exposure to Equine herpes virus-1 (EHV-1), were experimentally infected with EHV-1 subtype 2 and investigated for lymphocyte transformation to virus-infected cell polypeptides, as shown by separation with gel electrophoresis. Animals made significant responses to Western blot fractions that corresponded to molecular weights of approximately 30,000, 40,000-45,000, 60,000-65,000, 80,000-95,000 and 100,000-140,000 MW. These molecular weight ranges correlated with the positions of major EHV-1 subtype 2 glycoproteins that were found at migration distances approx...
Effect of insemination timing on the fertilizing capacity of frozen/thawed equine spermatozoa. A breeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of insemination timing on the fertility of mares bred with frozen/thawed equine semen. One stallion and 60 reproductively sound, estrous-synchronized mares were included in the study. Mares were assigned to one of three groups (n = 20): 1) insemination with fresh semen every other day during estrus from detection of a 35-mm follicle until ovulation, 2) insemination with frozen/thawed semen every day during estrus from detection of a 35-mm follicle until ovulation or 3) insemination with frozen/thawed semen once, within 6 h after ovulation. ...
Enterohepatic circulation of lorazepam and acetaminophen conjugates in ponies. Adult female ponies (130-225 kg) with chronically implanted external biliary fistulas (T-tubes) participated in three-way cross-over studies using either i.v. lorazepam (10 mg) or acetaminophen (2 g), two model drugs biotransformed mainly by hepatic conjugative reactions. The objectives were to determine the systemic pharmacokinetics, urinary and biliary excretion and degree of enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of these compounds. Trial conditions were: A: EHC intact, with blood and urine, but not bile, collected after i.v. drug administration; B: EHC interrupted, with blood, urine and bile coll...
Observations on the pathology of non-alimentary lymphomas in the horse. A retrospective study was carried out on post-mortem and biopsy tissue samples from 26 horses with non-alimentary lymphoma. On the basis of their histopathology and cytology, the cases were grouped into several categories: (1) Lymphoblastic lymphomas (6 cases) and primary lymphoblastic leukaemia (2 cases). (2) Histiolymphocytic lymphomas involving the skin (6 cases) or lymph nodes (3 cases). (3) Lymphomas showing follicular development (4 cases). (4) Plasmacytic lymphomas (4 cases). (5) Lymphocytic lymphoma (1 case). Most affected horses were middle-aged or old but lymphoblastic neoplasms tend...
Ultrasonographic studies on the reproductive tract of mares after parturition: effect of involution and uterine fluid on pregnancy rates in mares with normal and delayed first postpartum ovulatory cycles. During breeding of mares, ultrasonographic detection of uterine fluid accumulations in the first postpartum ovulatory period was associated with significantly decreased pregnancy rates, when compared with rates in control mares (P less than 0.005). The previously gravid uterine horn was recognized as the larger horn, when assessed for size by ultrasonography, for a mean of 21 days (range, 15 to 25 days) after parturition. On the basis of similar measurements obtained during 3 ultrasonographic scans (5-day period), uterine involution was determined to be completed in a mean of 23 days (range, 1...
Equine Colic: Seventy-six Cases Resulting from Incarceration of the Large Colon by the Suspensory Ligament of the Spleen. Incarceration of the large colon by the suspensory ligament of the spleen was diagnosed and surgically corrected on exploratory celiotomy in 76 horses exhibiting abdominal pain. The condition was diagnosed most frequently during the winter months in mature males of mean age 4.7 years. Clinical signs progressed slowly and included mild to moderate abdominal pain and distension with moderate tachycardia. The mean duration of colic prior to surgical intervention was 20.7 hours. The mild nature of the colic, the findings on palpation per rectum, and the continued passage of feces in 40% of horses,...
Estrone sulfate concentrations as an indicator of fetal demise in horses. Serum and urinary estrone sulfate concentrations were determined in 7 pregnant mares before and after prostaglandin-induced abortion (n = 4) or surgical removal of the fetus (n = 3) to determine the source of estrogen during early pregnancy (gestation days [GD] 44 to 89). Estrone sulfate concentrations also were determined in serum samples (stored frozen for 2 years) from 3 mares that had been ovariectomized between GD 51 and 58. Estrone sulfate concentrations decreased in serum and urine after expulsion or removal of the fetus (urinary patterns were more definitive than were patterns for seru...
Excess of heterozygotes at albumin locus in American Standardbred horses. Data from 5934 matings of American Standardbred horses provided evidence for an excess of heterozygotes at the albumin locus, statistically significant (P less than 0.01) in one mating class (A1-AB stallions x Al-A dams), primarily attributed to an excess of heterozygotes among male offspring.
[The use of a beta 2-mimetic agent (clenbuterol) in equine pregnancy disorders and obstetrics]. A clinical study about the effects of a beta 2-mimetic agent (Clenbuterol) in mares with pregnancy disorders or disorders during the periparturient period (n = 34) is reported. In general, a single dose of 0.3 mg Clenbuterol given i.v. induces sufficient tocolysis. Subsequent doses or follow-up treatment depend upon individual development during dystocia, indication of treatment and clinical preparturient status (dorsoflexio uteri ante partum, abortus imminens, preparturient labor pains).
Aromatization of testosterone and 19-nortestosterone by a single enzyme from equine testicular microsomes. Differences from human placental aromatase. A single enzyme in the stallion testis was able to aromatize both testosterone and nortestosterone. This enzyme had a much lower affinity for nortestosterone than for testosterone. In contrast to human placental estrogen synthetase, this enzyme aromatized testosterone and 19-nortestosterone with similar efficiency. The differences observed (effects of monovalent cations, inhibition of androstenedione aromatization by testosterone and 19-nortestosterone and, above all, rate of norandrogen aromatization) suggest that the aromatase in the horse testis is not the same as that in the human placenta...
Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in the horse–variation with age, training and in different pathological conditions. Serum alkaline Phosphatase isoenzyme (ALP) activity was measured by agarose gel electrophoresis in horses, Swedish half-breds and trotters, of varying age and during different conditions of training. Thus the effects of aging and growing on the isoenzyme activities from birth up to about 3 years of age was studied. The influence of training during the first year of life on the ALP isoenzyme pattern was also evaluated. Furthermore the isoenzyme pattern in adult horses suffering from different kinds of diseases was studied.
In newborn and very young horses normally two different isoenzyme fra...
Exploratory celiotomy for gastrointestinal disease in neonatal foals: a review of 20 cases. The medical records of 20 neonatal foals in which exploratory celiotomies were performed for gastrointestinal disease were reviewed. In all 20 foals, persistent pain and/or progressive abdominal distension were the primary clinical findings influencing the decision to operate. However, ancilliary laboratory data were important to the proper medical management of these foals during anaesthesia and following surgery. Surgical diagnoses of the 20 foals included ileus (nine foals; 45 per cent), small colon obstruction (five foals; 25 per cent), large colon displacement (three foals; 15 per cent), ...
Ribosomal RNA expression in a mammalian hybrid, the hinny. The expression of nucleolus organizer region (NOR) activity in diploid cells was investigated in a model mammalian hybrid system, the hinny (female ass x male horse), by sequential Ag-NOR and chromomycin A3/distamycin A/DAPI (CDD) staining ion lectin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. In the majority of cases we found non-expression of the horse-derived NOR chromosomes in the hinny. However, in one case there was strong NOR expression on horse-derived chromosome no. 1.
Propagation and quantitation of animal herpesviruses in eight cell culture systems. A comparative study was carried out to determine the relative sensitivities of eight different cell culture systems to six different herpesviruses of animals. The cells used were: OFL (ovine fetal lung), ML (mink lung), FK (ferret kidney), PTK-2 (potoroo kidney), TEK (turkey embryo kidney), ED (equine dermal), BT (bovine turbinate), and PK15 (porcine kidney). The viruses tested were: PRV (pseudorabies) of swine, CPHV (caprine herpesvirus), IBRV (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus), DN-599 strain of bovine herpesvirus type 4, EHV-1 (equine herpesvirus), and CHV (canine herpesvirus). On the...
Equine disease association studies: a clinician’s perspective. Diagnostic criteria should be carefully defined and described in disease association studies to allow (1) comparison among studies from different laboratories evaluating the same disease, (2) critical evaluation of selection procedures of patients, and (3) to strengthen genuine associations with any genetic marker system. Factors to consider include age at onset of disease, specialized diagnostic methods necessary to diagnose or eliminate patients with a selected disease, ranges of affectedness and differences in sex expression.
