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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Bronchoalveolar lavage in the newborn foal. Two bronchoalveolar lavages, 24 h apart, were performed on 15 foals, ranging in age from 1 to 21 days. In the first lavage, a numerical deficiency in alveolar macrophages was demonstrated in foals up to 2 weeks of age when compared with older (2-3 years of age) horses. Alveolar macrophages obtained from the lungs of 2-3-day-old foals also demonstrated significant impaired chemotactic function. In the second lavage, although an increase of alveolar macrophages was noted, a dramatic increase of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) mobilization occurred in the foals, thus providing a phagocytic bac...
Quantification of equine ground reaction force patterns. A method was developed to quantify the ground reaction force pattern of the horse. A number of selected force amplitudes and peak-time positions in the normalized stance phase of left and right contralateral limbs were used to calculate symmetry indices. Data from each limb were compared with those of a 'standard horse' resulting in limb indices. The combination of amplitude and peak-time symmetry and limb indices yielded one H(orse)INDEX. These indices were useful for comparison of different horses and for the evaluation of lameness and treatment.
Pemphigoid in domestic animals. Pemphigoid (from the Greek “resembling pemphigus”) has been recognized in humans for many years. The occurence of pemphigoid in domestic animals is a much more recent observation. In the dog, bullous pemphigoid was first documented in 1978.1 Equine bullous pemphigoid was originally reported in 1981.2 The purpose of this article is to review pemphigoid in domestic animals, compare the disease with its human counterpart, and alert the physician to an exciting area for comparative dermatologic research.
Early pregnancy loss in brood mares. During 1985, linear-array ultrasonography was used to study early pregnancy loss in commercial brood mares: 600/1115 (54%) of the cycles resulted in detected pregnancy at Week 2 after ovulation and 80 (13%) of these pregnancies resulted in early pregnancy loss. The pregnancy loss rate was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) for twin pregnancies (10/41) than for singleton pregnancies (70/559). The pregnancy loss rate was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) at 2-4 weeks (29/60) than at 6-8 weeks (12/60). The pregnancy rate was significantly less (P less than 0.05) for post-partum mares i...
Trabecular bone remodeling around smooth and porous implants in an equine patellar model. The objective of this investigation was to examine the stress-morphology relationships for trabecular bone around implants with different surface characteristics. Stainless steel spheres with either a polished surface or a sintered-bead porous coating were implanted unilaterally into equine patellae and maintained for a 6 month period. Stereological methods were used to quantify the trabecular bone morphology and finite element analyses were performed to predict the trabecular bone stresses. In general, the remodeling response around the smooth implants was greater than that around those porou...
[Histogenesis of granulation tissue in wound healing by second intention in horses and cattle]. An experiment in comparative developmental aspect was carried out with 5 horses and 5 cattle having a total of 60 skin and muscular wounds. Light microscopic studies on hematoxylin-eosin stained preparations revealed that the dystrophic changes in the underlying tissues were more strongly manifested in horses. This had to be taken into consideration in the surgical treatment of wounds with this animal species. The basic differences comprised the better manifested leukocytic reaction in horses and the more strongly expressed processes of growth and differentiation on the part of the connective ...
Fertility of stallion semen frozen in 0.5-ml straws. Semen of 2 pony stallions was frozen by 2 methods in 0.5 ml PVC straws. The fertility of the frozen-thawed semen was evaluated by inseminating 60 mares during 69 oestrous cycles. An overall single cycle pregnancy rate of 55% was achieved. Freezing method, stallion, insemination during steroid-synchronized oestrus or insemination only every 2nd day during oestrus did not significantly influence pregnancy rates. Pregnancy rates were significantly improved from a mean 44% to a mean 73% when the mean number of progressively motile spermatozoa per insemination was increased from 175 x 10(6) to 249 ...
A newly recognized vesiculovirus, Calchaqui virus, and subtypes of Melao and Maguari viruses from Argentina, with serologic evidence for infections of humans and horses. In 1983, 17 virus strains were isolated from mosquitoes collected during an outbreak of western equine encephalitis in Santa Fe Province, Argentina. Strains of western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, and Antequera viruses were isolated, as were several bunyaviruses of the California and Bunyamwera serogroups and a new vesiculovirus. Complement fixation and neutralization tests were used to identify the California serogroup virus as a subtype of Melao virus, the Bunyamwera serogroup virus as a subtype of both Maguari and Playas viruses, and the vesic...
Effects of cromolyn in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The effect of disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) in preventing the pulmonary dysfunction caused by the inhalation of barn and hay dust was studied in 5 horses with confirmed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The horses were studied before (Con) and after exposure to hay and dust allergens (Expos) and after pretreatment with cromolyn followed by exposure (Cr-Expos). There was a significant reduction in PaO2 from 86.8 +/- 8.3 to 73.1 +/- 8.8 when the horses were exposed to hay and dust allergens. The PaO2 after pretreatment with cromolyn and exposures was 78.1 +/- 5.5. There were no si...
[Antithrombin III determination in horses. Reference values and acquired antithrombin III deficiency]. Antithrombin III (AT III) determinations were done in healthy and sick horses using the chromogenic substrate Chromozym TH. Reference values for adult horses at 25 degrees C were 18-25 IU AT III per ml plasma and 84-118% AT III activity of normal horse plasma, respectively. Precision and accuracy were good (intra assay coefficient of variation less than 2%, accuracy 10%). Surgical operations on healthy horses led to a biphasic decrease in AT III activity touching the lower border of the reference values on the second postoperative day. Other reasons for acquired AT III deficiencies included di...
Hormonal changes associated with induced late abortions in the mare. Two mares received PGF-2 alpha twice daily until abortion and 2 mares received a combined treatment with oestradiol benzoate and oxytocin. The mares were about 150 days pregnant. The PG-treated animals aborted after 37 and 61 h, respectively, and the fetuses were expelled in intact fetal membranes. The other 2 mares aborted 13 and 27 h after the first oxytocin injection, respectively, and showed strong uterine contractions and expelled the fetuses in disrupted fetal membranes. Concentrations of 15-ketodihydro-PGF-2 alpha increased both after PG and oxytocin injections and in association with t...
Purification of horse (Equus caballus) serum lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. 1. A method for the purification of horse serum lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase has been established. 2. The method involves the adsorption of the enzyme from diluted horse serum on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, 1-butanol treatment, and chromatographic techniques of DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, Affi-Gel blue and hydroxylapatite. 3. The resultant enzyme preparation essentially formed a single main band when subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. 4. The final purification of the enzyme was 20,000-fold with 7% yi...
Observations on the epidemiology and control of Strongylus vulgaris infections. The epidemiology and control of helminth infections in the horse were studied in four small grazing experiments between 1981 and 1984 at the University of Utrecht. At autopsy in November or December negligible Strongylus vulgaris burdens were found in the cranial mesenteric artery of four groups of ponies, which had been treated with an anthelmintic in July and subsequently transferred to a clean pasture. Considerable arterial S. vulgaris burdens were seen in three groups of ponies which were treated with an anthelmintic in July without a move to clean pasture, and in another group of ponies i...
Differentiation molecules of the equine trophoblast. Monoclonal antibodies raised against horse placenta were tested using an indirect immunoperoxidase-labelling technique for reactivity with a panel of tissues from adult horses and conceptuses of various gestational ages. The pattern of reactivity of 4 of the antibodies (F67.1, F71.3, F71.7, F71.14) on trophoblastic tissues described unique antigenic phenotypes for the non-invasive trophoblast of the allantochorion, the invasive trophoblast of the chorionic girdle, and the mature endometrial cup cells, which are derived from the chorionic girdle. Two of the monoclonal antibodies (F67.1 and F71....
Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on horse trophoblast. Antibodies to fetal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are routinely detected in the serum of pregnant mares some 2-4 weeks after formation of the endometrial cups at Day 36-38 after ovulation. Several experimental approaches were taken to determine whether paternal MHC antigens are expressed on horse placental tissues. First, absorption of anti-paternal MHC antisera with a large volume of endometrial cup cells removed antibody activity in only 2 of 4 experiments. Second, repeated immunization of horses with endometrial cup tissue recovered from a mare on Day 47 of pregnancy faile...
Apneic oxygenation in anesthetized ponies and horses. Apneic oxygenation was studied in six ponies for 30 minutes, and six horses for 10 minutes. Arterial blood was sampled at regular intervals for measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions (PaO2 and PaCO2) and calculation of alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (PAO2-PaO2). In both groups of animals, PaO2 decreased rapidly during the first 3 minutes of apnea, then more slowly. Although the mean value was above 100 mmHg at 10 minutes, there was considerable inter-animal variability. Before apnea, PAO2-PaO2 was slightly, but not significantly, larger in horses than in ponies and incr...
Ventilation imaging in the horse with 99mtechnetium-DTPA radioaerosol. This study describes the development of a radioaerosol technique for horses using 99mtechnetium-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentacetate). In 24 normal, adult horses, very satisfactory ventilation images were obtained with the technique. Four-minute administrations of the aerosol resulted in a mean uptake of radioactivity in the lung fields of 3.02 mCi, with mean maximum counts (+/- sd) of 159,800 +/- 75,000 per camera field. The mean clearance half-time for the 99mtechnetium-DTPA from the lung fields was 55.6 +/- 14.2 mins which is very similar to figures obtained for normal human and dog lungs. T...
Polymorphic plasma postalbumins of some domestic animals (pig PO2, horse Xk and dog Pa proteins) identified as homologous to human plasma alpha 1B-glycoprotein. Pig, horse and dog plasma proteins, separated by horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (pH 9.0) and electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, were tested for cross-reaction with antiserum to human plasma alpha 1B-glycoprotein (alpha 1B). The results showed that one previously reported polymorphic plasma postalbumin in each of these species (pig PO2, horse Xk and dog Pa protein) was homologous to human plasma alpha 1B. In the light of the previously known genetic linkages in these species, this implied: (1) alpha 1B gene is close linked to Phi, Pgd and Hal (halothane ...
Plasma concentrations of progestagens, oestrone sulphate and prolactin in pregnant mares subjected to natural challenge with equid herpesvirus-1. Multiparous pregnant mares, on two studfarms, were studied following natural challenge with equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). They were divided into three groups according to serum complement fixation titres: Group A (N = 11) were not challenged and delivered normal foals; Group B (N = 13) were challenged but delivered normal foals; Group C (N = 23) were challenged and delivered infected foals which were stillborn or lived for less than 31 h. In Groups A and B mean (+/- s.d.) gestational age at delivery was 343 (+/- 8) and 339 (+/- 8) days respectively, whereas in Group C it was significantly (P le...
Ultrasonography of accessory sex glands in the stallion. The accessory sex glands of 10 stallions were examined by transrectal ultrasonography. Seminal vesicles were 26.4 +/- 5.2 (s.d.) mm in width and 9.2 +/- 3.1 mm in height. Ampullae were 16.3 +/- 3.6 mm in width and 12.9 +/- 3.9 mm in height. Bulbourethral glands were 19.7 +/- 4.6 mm in width and 32.4 +/- 6.7 mm in length. Prostate lobes exceeded 34 mm in width and were 23.5 +/- 5.7 mm in height. The prostatic isthmus was 6.0 +/- 1.4 mm in height. The seminal colliculus, masculine uterus, and deferent ducts were also identified and characterized. Five of these stallions were killed to compare tr...
Distribution of spermatozoa in the mare’s oviduct. The morphology of the uterotubal junction (UTJ) and caudal isthmus during the peri-ovulatory period, and the distribution of spermatozoa within the region, were studied in 10 Pony mares. The proximal tip of the uterine horn and caudal 1-2 cm of the isthmus were removed during oestrus or shortly after ovulation from animals mated or artificially inseminated within the previous 24 h. The tissues were incised longitudinally and fixed for scanning electron microscopy. Analysis of micrographs showed deep longitudinal and oedematous folds in the preovulatory samples. After ovulation, much of the fol...
Plasma endotoxin levels in horses subjected to carbohydrate induced laminitis. Thirteen (65 per cent) of 20 horses subjected to carbohydrate overload developed Obel Grade 3 lameness within 56 h. Increases in plasma endotoxin from control levels of less than 0.1 ng/litre to values ranging from 2.4 to 81.53 ng/litre were measured in 11 (85 per cent) of 13 horses during the onset of Obel Grade 3 lameness. Obel Grade 3 lameness was associated with rises in plasma Gram-negative endotoxin levels in 11 (92 per cent) of 12 horses. Two peak increases separated by 16 h were verified in five (45 per cent) of 11 horses that exhibited both endotoxaemia and Obel Grade 3 lameness. The ...
[The morphology and innervation of the levator muscles of the ribs in the dog, cat, horse, and pig]. In the anatomical literature there are inconsistencies in the description of the levatores costarum muscles in man and in the domestic animals, and their innervation either by the dorsal or the ventral branches of the thoracic nerves. Therefore we studied the form, structure and, with the aid of the dissecting microscope, the innervation of these muscles in 7 dogs, 8 cats, 5 horses and 12 pigs. In the dog, cat and horse, mm. levatores costarum are present from the second to the last rib. In the pig, these muscles are present from the second to the 15th rib, even in individuals with 16 pairs of...
Induction of ovulation in anoestrous mares with a slow-release implant of a GnRH analogue (ICI 118 630). A total of 18 experimental pony and 136 commercial maiden, barren and foaling Thoroughbred mares in seasonal or lactation-related anoestrus were injected subcutaneously with 1 or 2 slow-release D,L-lactide-glycolide co-polymer implants impregnated with 0.9 or 1.8 mg of the potent GnRH analogue, ICI 118 630, to give a daily release of, respectively, 30 or 60 micrograms analogue for 28 days; 32 of the Thoroughbred mares were also given a daily oral dose of 27.5 mg allyl trenbolone for 5 days after injection of the implant. Thirteen pony (76%) and 120 Thoroughbred (88%) mares ovulated 3-18 days a...
Idiopathic effusive pericarditis with tamponade in the horse. Pericarditis and pericardial effusion are considered to occur rarely in the horse. The clinical and laboratory features of idiopathic pericarditis with effusion diagnosed in 10 horses over a seven-year period were reviewed. Consistent physical findings included tachycardia, ventral oedema, jugular venous distention and diminished heart sounds. Electrocardiographic features included diminished voltages and electrical alternans, and the effusion was identified by echocardiography in the six horses in which it was performed. Pericardiocentesis relieved clinical signs in nine horses. Laboratory an...
Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy: a vitamin E deficiency that may be familial. Two horse farms, on which there was a high incidence of proven and suspected equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM), were studied. Symmetric ataxia and paresis, along with laryngeal adductor, cervicofacial, local cervical, and cutaneous trunci hyporeflexia, characterized the syndrome. Serum vitamin E concentration reflected a deficient state in affected and unaffected horses on both farms when compared with selected reference groups and with published values. A high incidence of the disease was evident in offspring of two particular sires on one farm. Vitamin E supplementation resulted ...
Electrophysiological studies on atrial fibrillation. We tested the multiple-wavelet hypothesis by studying the initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation in normal mules, horses, cows, calves, and goats. Persistence of atrial fibrillation in animals with a large atrial mass was compared with results in adult goats and calves having a smaller atrial mass. Atrial stimulation in clinically normal cows, mules, calves, and goats was accomplished using an intra-atrial stimulating catheter with rapid atrial pacing (30/s). Once initiated, atrial fibrillation persisted for 95,120,125 min, 3 days, and 8 weeks in five adult cows, respectively. In co...
Influence of follicular status on twinning rate in mares. Between 1982 and 1985, 1015 mares were evaluated using the following parameters: age, mare status (maiden, barren, lactating), Caslick index, Caslick operation, ovarian cycle, ovarian and follicular size, treatments (hCG and intrauterine infusions), number of ovulations after mating (184 mares), number of conceptuses present, dimensions of embryonic vesicles, and pregnancy status 45 days after mating. Mares were examined ultrasonographically between Days 12 and 25 to detect the presence of embryonic vesicles and measure the dimensions of each vesicle. The data were analysed by a stepwise logis...
In-vitro biosynthesis of C18 neutral steroids in horse testes. Deuterium, 14C- and 3H-labelled steroid substrates were incubated with minced testicular tissue from stallions of different ages. After extraction and separation of the neutral and phenolic fractions the metabolites were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of the expected C19 neutral and C18 phenolic steroids was confirmed. An isomer of 5(10)-oestrene-3,17-diol was also identified.
