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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Analysis of the equine lymphocyte antigen system by Southern blot hybridization. Fourteen Standardbred horses homozygous for one of six equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) specificities (A1, A3, A4, A5, A6, or A10) were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization using DNA probes derived from the mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Total genomic DNA from peripheral lymphocytes was digested with the restriction enzymes Hind III, Pvu II, or Eco RI. Twenty-three to thirty-three bands were generated for individual horses with the class I cDNA probe. The resulting band patterns revealed 12-14 nonpolymorphic fragments, which is consistent with the highly conserved Qa/Tla genes...
Use of an ELISA in the differential diagnosis of cauda equina neuritis and other equine neuropathies. In 27 potential neuropathies an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using P2 preparations from either bovine or equine myelin, detected all cases of cauda equina neuritis in which there was caudal involvement. The test was of limited value in differentiating neuropathies involving only cranial or other peripheral nerves.
[Establishment of a re-entrant ileo-cecal fistula in Equidae]. A re-entrant cannulation of the digestive tract was performed in Equidae (ponies and donkeys) between the distal extremity of the ileum and the base of the caecum. The operative technique was conceived to avoid risks of infection of the peritoneal cavity: the openings of the ileum and of the caecum were achieved only after the closure of the abdominal wall incision. Two donkeys were still alive ten months after the operation. This method can provide a convenient model for digestibility studies in Equidae, particularly for assessment of the pre-caecal digestibility.
[Endometrial cysts in the mare. 1. Post-mortem studies: occurrence and morphology]. During macroscopic post-mortem examinations of the genital tract in 104 mares endometrial cysts occurred in 14 (13%) cases. Whereas in mares up to the age of 10 years cystic changes were absent, endometrial cysts occurred in 19% of the animals above the age of 10 years. In 6 mares only 1-2 cysts per uterus were found, and in 8 animals there were between 5 and 18 cystic changes per organ. The cysts were equally distributed in the uterus body and horns. Sporadically occurring cysts were about 11 mm in diameter with a decreasing size to a mean value of 5 mm in multiple cysts. Predominantly in the...
Induction of ovulation in cyclic mares by administration of a synthetic prostaglandin, fenprostalene, during oestrus. Fenprostalene (250 micrograms) or saline was given at 60 h after the onset of oestrus in alternate oestrous periods to 8 mares for 4 cycles. Onset of oestrus and stage of cycle were determined by daily teasing, palpation and ultrasonography until time of treatment when follicular development was monitored at 12-h intervals to confirm ovulation. Serum progesterone concentrations were monitored daily. The interval from treatment to ovulation was significantly decreased (41.25 vs 73.50 h; P = 0.001) as was the duration of oestrus (5.63 vs 6.88 days; P = 0.005). There was no significant difference...
Dysplastic disease of the cerebellum of an adult horse. A 4-year-old horse was evaluated at the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for rapidly progressing cerebellar disease. Euthanasia was elected and at postmortem examination a proliferative mass encompassing the right side of the cerebellum was discovered. The lesion was characterized by large, convoluted, vascular folia and absence of the core of central white matter. Histologically, there was a diminution or loss of the internal granule cell layer, cavitation of the central white matter, and absence of Purkinje cells. The molecular layer was thickened with myelinated axons ...
Dietary molybdenum as a putative copper antagonist in the horse. Four horses were stabled and fed a diet of hay ad libitum, and 2 kg oats per animal per day, for a month. The basic diet was then supplemented with molybdenum, at a rate of 20 mg/kg dry matter for 4.5 months. For one month of this period the diet was supplemented also with sulphur at a rate of 1.2 g/kg dry matter. Analyses of jugular blood samples, obtained at intervals varying between two and 20 days, showed no evidence of a decline in total plasma copper or of an increased proportion of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) insoluble copper in plasma over this period. In separate studies, two other hor...
[Neurological examination of the horse]. Neurological examination in equine practice, physiological findings and pathological disturbances are described. Because of the sizes of the horse the neurological examination is more difficult than in small animals. The examination of cerebrospinal fluid is a worthful completion and is able to refer to the etiology of a certain disease. The technique of the puncture of cerebrospinal fluid is described.
ISO-DALT characterization of 12 ‘new’ equine plasma protease inhibitor (Pi) alleles. Twelve equine protease inhibitory alleles, PiE, H, J, K, L2, O, P, Q, R, V, X, Z, have been characterized in terms of isoelectric point, molecular mass and inhibitory activity to bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin by ISO-DALT electrophoresis. Protein maps for 20 Pi alleles including those of the eight 'Thoroughbred' alleles (PiF, G, I, L, N, S1, S2, U) have now been determined. Five pairs of alleles, S1/S2, G/K, L/L2, P/R and U/Z, possessed varying numbers of common proteins ranging from one protein in the case of G/K and L/L2 to six in the case of U/Z. Based on these results and studies of the a...
Susceptibility of various cell culture systems to pseudorabies virus. A comparative study was carried out to determine the susceptibility of five different cell lines to pseudorabies virus (PRV), a herpes virus of pigs. The cell systems tested were swine testicle (ST), mink lung (ML), equine dermal (ED), porcine kidney (PK15), and bovine turbinate (BT) cells. Virus titers obtained were 10(4.88), 10(4.38), 10(3.75), 10(2.63), and 10(0.25) for ML, ST, PK15, BT and ED cells, respectively indicating that ML, ST, and PK15 are optimal cell lines for the growth of PRV whereas BT and ED are not very sensitive.
Epidemiology of equine herpesvirus 2 (equine cytomegalovirus). The epidemiology of equine herpesvirus 2 was examined by using restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprints to distinguish viruses isolated from two groups of horses. The first group consisted of three yearlings isolated from other horses but in contact with each other for 418 days, whereas the second comprised seven mares and their foals, which were sampled at monthly intervals from parturition until the foals were about 180 days old. There was a complex pattern of transmission, with 15 different viruses isolated from both groups. Four distinguishable viruses were isolated from the three yearlin...
Effect of altrenogest on pregnancy maintenance in unsynchronized equine embryo recipients. Non-surgical embryo recovery attempts were done on Day 7 after ovulation. Embryo recovery rate from mares of varied reproductive histories was 57% (38/67). Non-surgical transfer of these embryos into altrenogest-treated recipient mares that ovulated between 3 days before and 3 days after the donor resulted in a 30-day pregnancy rate of 77% (10/13). Transfer of embryos into altrenogest-treated recipients that ovulated between 4 days before and 6 days after the donor resulted in an overall pregnancy rate of 64% (16/25) at Day 30 of gestation. No recipients that were in oestrus at the start of tr...
Equilin and equilenin biosynthesis. Stereochemistry of aromatization of 3-hydroxy-3,5,7-androstatrien-17-one by horse placenta. The metabolic pathway leading to equilin and equilenin biosynthesis in the pregnant mare is different from that of estrone and estradiol and it is apparently cholesterol-independent. The precise precursors and intermediates and the stereomechanism of equine placental aromatization have not been established. [1,2-3H, 4-14C]3-Hydroxy-3,5,7-androstatrien-17-one was synthesized as a potential substrate and the 3H-distribution was analyzed by biochemical and chemical derivatization methods. The substrate was converted to equilin, equilenin and Heard's ketone by horse placental microsomes with a sp....
Frequencies of plasma protease inhibitor alleles in Australian horse breeds and the recognition of two new alleles. Investigation of the plasma protease inhibitor system (Pi) in the Arabian and quarter horse breeds and re-examination of the standardbred breed resulted in the recognition of two new Pi alleles, designated E and L2. PiE is rare and has been found in only three quarter horses. In contrast, PiL2 is relatively common in the standardbred (0.107) and allowed subdivision of PiL into PiL and PiL2. Splitting of PiL resulted in an exclusion probability (PE) of 0.649 for the standardbred Pi system. Frequencies of the Pi genes have now been determined for four breeds (thoroughbred, standardbred, quarter ...
Equine half sibs with an unbalanced X;15 translocation or trisomy 28. Two unrelated chromosome abnormalities were found in equine half sibs. The proposita, Case 1, which was short in stature and infertile, had a de novo unbalanced X;15 translocation involving loss of Xp. Replication studies indicated that the translocated X was preferentially late replicating and that this late replication spread variably into the autosomal segment. Case 2, a half brother of the proposita, was short in stature, had cryptorchidism, and was trisomic for chromosome 28. Cytogenetic analysis of the dam, the sire of Case 1, and two other phenotypically normal half sibs revealed normal...
Serological and virological investigations of an equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) abortion storm on a stud farm in 1985. An extensive outbreak of EHV-1 abortions occurred on a stud farm in England in 1985. Of the 67 pregnant mares present on the stud farm, 31 were challenged with EHV-1, resulting in the loss of 22 fetuses or foals. Laboratory investigations revealed that the spread of the virus closely followed movement of apparently healthy mares (during the incubation period of the infection). During the outbreak mares were challenged 1-4 months before the expected foaling date. There was no relationship between the gestational age at the time of challenge and the subsequent outcome of infection in terms of ab...
Relationship of age and season and consumption of Senecio vulgaris to LH/hCG receptors in the stallion testis. Testes were obtained from 70 colts and stallions and were pooled according to age (4 months to 23 years) to determine the relationship of age to LH/hCG receptor kinetics. The receptor concentration (Rt) increased from 0.069 x 10(-11) M/mg crude membrane fraction (CMF) for the 4-14-month pools to 0.464 x 10(-11) M for the 2-3-year-old pools. A 10-fold increase in testicular size also occurred, and so the total number of receptors per testis was significantly increased. A further increase to 1.237 x 10(-11) M/mg CMF was observed for stallions older than 5 years. No differences in binding affinit...
An update of chromosomal abnormalities in mares. Chromosomal abnormality was detectable in 98 of 180 mares aged 3 years or over with gonadal dysgenesis. The most common abnormality was X monosomy (63,X). The second most common abnormality was a karyotype indistinguishable by G- or C-banding from that of a male horse (64,XY). Two mares demonstrated structural abnormality of one X chromosome [64,X,del(Xp)] which has not previously been reported in horses. One of these foaled a filly with the same karyotype as her dam. Blood typing confirmed parentage of the foal. This is the only example in our experience of fertility in a mare with gonadal dy...
Detection of serum antibodies against Ehrlichia risticii in Potomac horse fever by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed which was specific and sensitive in detecting antibodies to Ehrlichia risticii in Potomac horse fever (PHF). The ELISA antibody titers were correlated with the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) titers. E. risticii propagated in human histiocyte culture was purified on renografin gradient and the band of the organisms at a density of 1.182 g/ml was used as antigen. ELISA antibody titers were determined through computer assisted analysis, the observed antibody titers were derived by serial serum dilutions and using a resultant...
Measurement of free cortisol and the capacity and association constant of cortisol-binding proteins in plasma of foals and adult horses. A direct method for measuring the capacity of the high-affinity binding protein, CBG, based on charcoal adsorption, was validated for use in the horse. Several unique aspects of cortisol binding in the horse were observed: (1) CBG content at birth was the lowest of any species studied, (2) CBG concentration increased with age whereas in other species it decreases, (3) the plasma of the new born foal has a binding protein, not reported for other species, which binds as much cortisol as does CBG. Its capacity and affinity are intermediate between albumin and CBG. It may be involved prenatally in...
Exogenous hormone regimens to utilize successfully mares in dioestrus (days 2-14 after ovulation) as embryo transfer recipients. Two hormone regimens were utilized for recipient mares which were 2-14 days after ovulation at the time of non-surgical embryo transfer. In Exp. I, 20 embryos were transferred non-surgically into recipient mares which had been given 22 mg altrenogest daily starting the day of recipient ovulation. Higher (P less than 0.05) pregnancy rates (50% vs 0%) were obtained in mares which were 2-6 days after ovulation at the time of transfer compared with mares which were 7-12 days after ovulation. In Exp. II, on the day the donor mare ovulated (Day 0), 10 mg PGF-2 alpha were given to the recipient mare ...
Investigation into the heredity of congenital lateral patellar (sub)luxation in the Shetland pony. A breeding experiment was carried out in a group of Shetland ponies in order to investigate the heredity of congenital lateral patellar (sub)luxation. A breeding herd was established and consisted of stallions and mares acquired at different times. Some were free from, and others were affected by lateral patellar (sub)luxation in either one or both femoropatellar joints. Over a period of 20 years, 49 foals were born from different mating combinations. Some offspring were free from the defect and others showed the abnormality. Though the number of foals bred during the experiment is rather smal...
Analysis of X-chromosome inactivation in horse embryos. To define the time of X-chromosome inactivation in the horse, 122 conceptuses were collected transcervically between Days 6 and 28 (ovulation = Day 0) and subjected to cytogenetic analysis: 59 of the embryos were divided and in 41 of these separate cytogenetic analysis of the embryonic disc and remaining tissues was possible. Conceptuses were measured and photographed before capsule removal, culture in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and subsequent fixation for cytogenetic analysis. On average, 15 slides were prepared per conceptus. C-banding was used to determine the sex of each conceptus...
Development and survival of free-living stages of equine strongyles under laboratory conditions. In a series of laboratory studies the optimum conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of strongyle parasites occurring in horses in tropical north Queensland were determined. No differences in behaviour were noted between the strongyle species. Development to the infective stage occurred only between 10 and 35 degrees C. The rate was affected by temperature, taking 15-24 days and 3 days, respectively, at the lowest and highest temperatures for the developing stages to reach the infective third stage. Yields of infective larvae were very low outside the range 20-33...
