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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Histochemical changes in skeletal muscles of four male horses with neuromuscular disease. Skeletal muscle biopsy specimens were taken from 4 male horses with neuromuscular disease such as myotonia congenita, chronic myositis, exertional rhabdomyolysis, and shivers. Histologic and histochemical techniques were used to evaluate skeletal muscle morphologic features and fiber-type population, size, and area, as well as muscle enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and esterase). A histochemical and histologic profile were described for each muscle biopsy specimen.
Stringhalt in horses: a distal axonopathy. A detailed investigation of the neuropathology of a horse affected with stringhalt was performed. Qualitative and quantitative light and electron microscopy, and single teased fibre preparations of peripheral nerve demonstrated predominantly axonal degeneration, the stage of which was appropriate for the duration of clinical signs. There was selective involvement of large myelinated nerve fibres. A proximal to distal increase in the severity of pathological changes was present in the peripheral nerves. The long left recurrent laryngeal nerve was the most severely affected, followed in order by...
[Concentration of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in a 2-phase system of water-soluble polymers]. A three-step concentration of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus from tissue culture fluid was carried out in a two-phase system of polyethyleneglycol (PEG)--sodium dextran sulphate (SDS). The concentration method was based on the dependence of virus distribution coefficient upon NaCl content in the system which allowed alternating transfer of the virus from one phase of the system into the other. The infectious activity of the virus increased approximately 100-fold after the first step, 190-fold after the second, and 300-fold after the third step. The process of concentration was...
Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XX. Arthropod parasites of the Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra). The arthropod parasite burdens of 14 Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra), shot for survey purposes in the Mountain Zebra National Park in the eastern Cape Province, were determined. Three species of Gasterophilus larvae and 9 ixodid tick species were recovered. Larvae of Gasterophilus pecorum were the most numerous of the fly larvae recovered and Margaropus winthemi was the most abundant tick. Two horses examined in the park were infested with 3 species of Gasterophilus larvae and 7 species of ixodid ticks.
Isolation of piliated Escherichia coli from diarrheic foals. Escherichia coli was isolated from the feces and intestines of foals with and without diarrhea. Piliation of isolates was demonstrated by electron microscopy and agglutination in antisera having specificity for K88, K99, P987 and F41 pili. Piliation was also demonstrated by electron microscopy on organisms which did not react with any of the antisera.
[Cutaneous absorption of chemicals]. Chemicals have become indispensible for the maintenance of health in animals and man. The route of administration of each medicament is decided by factors such as site of desired action, chemistry of the active ingredient, age and species of the patient, and frequency of administration (or desired duration of activity). In situations where the oral and hypodermic routes, which are used most frequently, are inadequate or unsatisfactory, dermal application can provide a valuable alternative method to achieve systemic activity. Examples of formulations currently available for dermal application c...
Epidemiology and control of parasites in warm climates. The kind of parasites a horse acquires depends upon its environment. Because patterns of transmission vary greatly with climate and management, no one worming program has universal applications. This article discusses epidemiology and control of equine parasites in the southern United States, where climates vary from warm temperate to subtropical and from humid in the southeast to arid in the southwest.
Immunity and potential of vaccination. This article will focus on current information available on the equine immune response to helminth parasites as it relates to acquired resistance, hypersensitivity reactions, and vaccine development.
Experimental Babesia equi infection in mature horses. Nine 4-year-old Arabian geldings were experimentally infected with Babesia equi of European origin. All horses developed detectable parasitemia an average of 30 days after they were inoculated, which was accompanied by a decrease in PCV. The infections were generally mild with no animal deaths. All horses became serologically positive by the indirect fluorescent antibody test within an average of 23 days after they were inoculated and by the complement-fixation test 30 days after they were inoculated.
Behavior and viability of the premature neonatal foal after induced parturition. Parturition was induced in 2 groups of mares, less than 300 (n = 49) and 300 to 320 days gestation (n = 31), by the administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha or fluprostenol and oxytocin. Foals were categorized into 4 groups according to their ability to adapt in, and survive, the neonatal period. Group A had no demonstrable coordinating reflexes, were weak from birth, and all died within 90 minutes. Group B had some righting reflexes, but had poor coordination and a weak suck reflex. They showed some improvement for about 2 hours, but all died within 9 hours. Group C foals had a good suck refl...
Diagnostic laparoscopy in the horse. Laparoscopy was performed in 5 clinically normal horses. Abdominal fluid protein content and WBC count increased markedly in all horses. Necropsy findings were confined to an increased amount of slightly turbid abdominal fluid. Five examples of applications of laparoscopy in horses with abdominal problems indicated that laparoscopy can be a valuable diagnostic procedure in the horse.
Anthelmintics and drug resistance. Equine anthelmintics and the resistance of nematode parasites to anthelmintics are reviewed. Recommendations are made for effective treatment of these parasites and for procedures that can be performed to minimize the problem in the future.
The effects of natural exposure to high levels of zinc and cadmium in the immature pony as a function of age. To study the effects of environmental exposure to zinc and cadmium in immature foals, five pregnant ponies were raised within 2.9 km of the New Jersey Zinc Smelter in Palmerton, Pennsylvania. The mares and their foals were kept outdoors on timothy hay and orchard grass. The foals were examined daily for signs of illness and blood samples were taken monthly for estimation of serum zinc, copper, and ceruloplasmin levels. The foals were sacrificed at 2.5, 4.5, 8.5, 13.5, and 18.5 months of age. Necropsy revealed generalized osteochondrosis in joints of the limbs and cervical vertebrae, lymphoid h...
Histochemical staining characteristics of normal horse skeletal muscle. The histologic and histochemical staining characteristics of the triceps brachii (long head), extensor carpi radialis, gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles of 8 Thoroughbreds, 2 Quarter Horses, 1 Arabian, 1 Paso Fino, and 1 Shetland Pony are described. Muscle fiber morphology, staining distribution and intensity, amount of IM connective tissue, number of IM blood vessels and IM nerves, calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity (CaATPase), percentage of fibertype population, percentage of relative fibe...
Other parasites. Recent advances. This article briefly reviews new information on trichostrongylid stomach worms, spirurid stomach worms, tapeworms, threadworms, pinworms, intestinal protozoa, lungworms, eye worms, and numerous other aberrant parasites as it relates to prevalence, pathogenesis of diseases, and treatments.
Ultrastructural study of the equine cecum during onset of laminitis. The morphologic and pathologic changes which occurred within the cecal mucosa of 4 horses during the onset of laminitis were determined from cecal biopsy materials obtained via a cecal fistula; the laminitis was induced with carbohydrate overload. The cecal epithelial mucosa specimens were obtained at 0 (base line), 24, 32, 48, and 72 hours after horses were given carbohydrate overload, and these were fixed and subsequently photographed. Changes in the cecal epithelium were examined by transmission electron and scanning electron microscopies. These histopathologic changes indicated that the mu...
Pharmacokinetic disposition of dimethyl sulfoxide administered intravenously to horses. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was administered IV to 6 Thoroughbred horses at 2 dosages: 1.0 g/kg and 0.1 g/kg. The pharmacokinetics seemed linear, with biological half-lives of 8.6 +/- 0.3 hours and 9.8 +/- 2.2 hours for the 1.0 g/kg and 0.1 g/kg dosages, respectively. This was further substantiated by mean residence times of 9.8 +/- 0.44 hours and 13.8 +/- 4.25 hours, areas under the curve of 12.55 +/- 1.42 mg/ml/hr and 1.63 +/- 0.49 mg/ml/hr, and the clearances of 0.081 +/- 0.009 L/kg/hr and 0.066 +/- 0.022 L/kg/hr for the large and small dosages, respectively. At 12 hours after 1.0 g/kg was ad...
A quantitative study of Sertoli cell and germ cell populations as related to sexual development and aging in the stallion. Testes from 47 stallions, 1-20 yr of age, were used to examine the influence of age on Sertoli and germ cell populations as well as on functional activity of Sertoli cells. For these stallions, the number of Sertoli cells per paired testes declined linearly with age, and was only 41.7% as great at age 20 as at age 2. However, development of reproductive organs proceeded until age 12-13, as evident from increases in paired testes weight and quantitative rates of spermatozoal production. Although the absolute number of Sertoli cells declined during this period of development, individual Sertoli ...
Equine arteritis virus-induced polypeptide synthesis. Intracellular virus-specific proteins induced by equine arteritis virus (EAV) have been compared with in vitro translation products of virion and intracellular EAV RNAs. In infected BHK-21 cells, the two major virion proteins (C and E1) and polypeptides with mol. wt. of 60,000 (p60), 42,000 (p42) and 30,000 (p30) were found. There were no indications that the viral proteins were processed from a larger precursor as shown by pulse-chase, amino acid analogue and protease inhibitor experiments. The six polyadenylated RNAs that occur in EAV-infected cells were isolated and translated in an mRNA-de...
Intracellular equine arteritis virus (EAV)-specific RNAs contain common sequences. Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is a nonarthropod-borne togavirus. Six virus-specific RNA species have been found in EAV-infected cells having the following molecular weights: 4.3 X 10(6) (RNA1), 1.3 X 10(6) (RNA2), 0.9 X 10(6) (RNA3), 0.7 X 10(6) (RNA4), 0.3 X 10(6) (RNA5), and 0.2 X 10(6) (RNA6). RNA1 comigrates with the viral genome (M. F. Van Berlo, M. C. Horzinek, and B. A. M. Van der Zeijst, 1982, Virology 118, 345-352). All RNAs hybridized with a radio-labeled cDNA probe representing RNA6, indicating that they contain common sequences. To study this homology in more detail, RNase T1 oligon...
Nucleotide sequence of the 26 S mRNA of the virulent Trinidad donkey strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and deduced sequence of the encoded structural proteins. A cDNA clone containing all of the 26 S mRNA coding region of the RNA genome of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus, virulent strain Trinidad donkey (TRD), has been constructed and sequenced. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the 26 S RNA of VEE virus conform to the general organization of the alphavirus subgenomic mRNA. Excluding the poly(A) tail, the VEE 26 S RNA is 3913 nucleotides long with a protein coding region of 3762 nucleotides. Codon usage in the translated region is nonrandom and correlates well with that reported for Sindbis (SIN), Semliki Forest (SF), and ...
Cloning and characterization of an equine cutaneous papillomavirus. Equine papillomaviruses (EqPV) from naturally occurring cases of cutaneous papillomatosis in several ponies and one horse were isolated, cloned, and characterized. Group specific papillomavirus structural antigens were detected in sections of the papillomas by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, and virions were observed in the in the nuclei of cells in the stratum granulosum and corneum. Negatively stained virions purified from papilloma homogenates by isopycnic CsCl centrifugation were 55 nm in diameter and had typical papillomavirus morphology. The entire viral genomes of two separate ...
Nosocomial infections and bacterial antibiotic resistance in a university equine hospital. A base-line study of bacteria isolated from horses admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital during a 6-month period was performed to determine the extent of multiresistant nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative aerobic bacteria other than Salmonella spp. Results of this study indicated that 21.9% of the 105 horses from which cultures and sensitivities were available had developed nosocomial gram-negative aerobic infections, with high rates of resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, and trimethoprim sulfadiazine, three of the most often prescribed antibiotics in this hospital. I...
Bilateral renal hypoplasia in four young horses. Three horses less than or equal to 3 years old were evaluated because of stunted growth, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and lethargy of at least 1 month's duration. A neonatal foal was examined after its death. In each case, gross and microscopic renal lesions were compatible with bilateral renal hypoplasia (ie, cortical hypoplasia with severe medullary hypoplasia). In young horses with renal failure, bilateral renal hypoplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis, and may represent a congenital lesion.
Clinical experiences with isoflurane in dogs and horses. The inhalational anaesthetic agent isoflurane was administered to 22 dogs and 21 horses undergoing a variety of surgical procedures. Satisfactory anaesthesia was produced in all the animals. The cardiopulmonary changes were similar to those observed with halothane. Rapid changes in the depth of anaesthesia were achieved and recovery from anaesthesia was rapid in both dogs and horses, which was a reflection of the relative insolubility of isoflurane. Recovery from anaesthesia in the horses was particularly smooth and rapid with the animals spending a greater part of their recumbency in the ster...
Pi granules and related intracytoplasmic inclusions in equine Schwann cells. Suchwann cells from a variety of nerves in two adult horses and one adult pony contained perinuclear intracytoplasmic inclusion complexes consisting of lipid droplets, variably electron-dense rounded to elongated bodies and rod-shaped multilamellar structures. The latter were characteristic of pi granules of Reich. There were no significant axonal or myelin alterations associated with these inclusions. It was concluded that the inclusions are a component of normal equine Schwann cells.
