Veterinary science and horses encompass the study and application of medical, surgical, and therapeutic practices to maintain and improve the health and welfare of equines. This field addresses a wide range of topics, including disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as nutrition, reproduction, and behavior. Research in veterinary science for horses often involves understanding the pathophysiology of equine-specific diseases, developing advanced diagnostic techniques, and improving treatment protocols. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in equine healthcare.
Gu X, Meleka-Boules M, Chen CL, Ceska DM, Tiffany DM.A capillary electrophoresis (CE) and a solid-phase extraction method was developed for the determination of flunixin in equine urine and serum. The suitable CE run conditions were described. The factors affecting flunixin recovery rates were investigated and optimum solid-phase extraction conditions for flunixin in equine urine and serum were established. Limits of detection and quantitation were 3.4 and 5.6 ng/ml for serum and 16.9 and 33.1 ng/ml for urine, respectively. The recoveries exceeded 96% for urine and 79% for serum. Urine samples from race horses and urine and serum samples from a ...
Tjälve H.The present article gives a summary of suspected adverse reactions reported by Swedish veterinarians during the period 1991-1995. The summary shows that severe adverse drug-reactions sometimes occur in Swedish veterinary practice. In horses, several cases of acute reactions in animals treated with procaine benzylpenicillin were reported and seven horses died within a few minutes after intramuscular injections of the drug. In cattle and swine most reports referred to the use of antimicrobial agents. In dogs reactions to vaccines were the most frequently reported adverse effects. The reactions w...
Les CM, Stover SM, Keyak JH, Taylor KT, Willits NH.The distribution of material properties within the equine third metacarpal bone (MC3), and its possible effect on the mechanics of the structure, was quantitatively evaluated using single-load-to-failure compressive materials testing of specimens from ten horses. Bone samples from six regions within five proximodistal levels of MC3 were milled into right cylinders and compressed at a strain rate of 0.01 s-1. Diaphyseal MC3 bone material was stiffer, stronger, deformed less to yield and failure, and absorbed more energy to yield, than metaphyseal cortical bone material. Lateral and medial MC3 c...
Ikeguchi M, Kato S, Shimizu A, Sugai S.The acid-unfolded state of equine beta-lactoglobulin was characterized by means of circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, analytical gel-filtration chromatography, and analytical centrifugation. The acid-unfolded state of equine beta-lactoglobulin has a substantial secondary structure as shown by the far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum but lacks persistent tertiary packing of the side chains as indicated by the near-ultraviolet circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. It is nearly as compact as the native conformation as shown by the gel filtration and sedime...
Breen M, Lindgren G, Binns MM, Norman J, Irvin Z, Bell K, Sandberg K, Ellegren H.Twenty equine microsatellites were isolated from a genomic phage library, and their genetical and physical localization was sought by linkage mapping and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Nineteen of the markers were found to be polymorphic with, in most cases, heterozygosities exceeding 50%. The markers were mapped in a Swedish reference family for gene mapping, comprising eight half-sib families from Standardbred and Icelandic horse sires. Segregation was analyzed against a set of 35 other markers typed in the pedigree. Thirteen of the microsatellites showed linkage to at least one o...
Rivas F, Diaz LA, Cardenas VM, Daza E, Bruzon L, Alcala A, De la Hoz O, Caceres FM, Aristizabal G, Martinez JW, Revelo D, De la Hoz F, Boshell J....In 1995, the first Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) outbreak in Colombia in 22 years caused an estimated 75,000 human cases, 3000 with neurologic complications and 300 fatal, in La Guajira State. Of the state's estimated 50,000 equines, 8% may have died. An epizootic IC virus, probably introduced from Venezuela, was rapidly amplified among unvaccinated equines. Record high rainfall, producing high densities of vector Aedes taeniorhynchus, led to extensive epidemic transmission (30% attack rate) in the four affected municipalities. Native Wayuu Indians, constituting 24% of the state's popul...
Blay KL, Gueirard P, Guiso N, Chaby R.Six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Bordetella pertussis (P1P3, 60.5), B. parapertussis (PP2, PP6, PPB) and B. bronchiseptica (BRg1) were used to examine the presence of antigenic determinants of LPS on B. bronchiseptica cells. Forty-eight clinical isolates of this Gram-negative bacterium (4 canine, 3 equine, 6 porcine, 4 rabbit and 31 human) were examined. Significant cross-reactivities with the heterologous anti-pertussis and anti-parapertussis mAbs were observed. The isolates also exhibited marked antigenic polymorphism. The 48 isolates could be classifie...
Schusser GE, White NA.To determine the number of myenteric plexuses and neurons in the large colon of clinically normal horses and whether the number was decreased in the large colon of horses with colon disease. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Colon samples from 15 clinically normal horses and 31 horses with colon disease. Methods: Samples were obtained, fixed, and stained with H&E. The number of myenteric plexuses and neurons and longitudinal muscle thickness were determined in each segment of colon for clinically normal horses. Counts for segments were compared with each other and with counts in the sam...
Watson ED.Outbreaks of contagious equine metritis in Britain during 1996 emphasised the importance of preventing the disease through full and widespread implementation of the Horserace Betting Levy Board's code of practice. The provision of satisfactory samples for testing represents an integral part of applying the code. Here, in an article commissioned by the British Equine Veterinary Association, Dr Elaine Watson describes the techniques involved.
Mills PC, Scott CM, Marlin DJ.We investigated the role of NO in the control of thermoregulation. We measured sweating rate and body temperatures (core, rectal and skin) in five thoroughbred horses during exercise of variable intensity on a high-speed treadmill. A standard exercise test (SET) consisting of three canters (8 m s-1), with walking and trotting between each canter, was performed twice, in random order, by each horse and N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 20 mg ml-1), a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), was infused into the central circulation after the first canter in the test SET...
Yachida Y, Tsuchihashi K, Gasa S.A novel GM3 O-acetylated at C-4 and at C-9 of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (4,9-di-O-Ac GM3), together with a second GM3 O-acetylated at O-4 of the neuraminic acid and O-6 of D-galactose (4,6'-di-O-Ac GM3) were isolated from equine erythrocytes as a mixture in approximate 1:1 ratio. These two major species were chromatographically inseparable. Their structures, especially the positions of the acetoxy group(s), were determined by means of 1D- and 2D-1H NMR and fast atom bombardment-MS as well as by gas chromatography-MS of partially O-methylated O-trimethylsilylated monosaccharides derived from th...
The Journal of heredityMarch 1, 1997
Volume 88, Issue 2 162-164 doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023079
Lear TL, Bailey E.The U2 linkage group of horses includes the genes albumin (ALB), vitamin D binding protein (GC), mitochondrial glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 2 (GOT2), and haptoglobin (HP) which are found on two human chromosomes, namely, 4 (HSA 4) and 16 (HSA 16). Likewise these genes are also found on two different chromosomes in mice, rats, and cattle. Chromosome painting demonstrated that only horse chromosome 3 (ECA 3) hybridized with whole chromosome paints for both HSA 4 and HSA 16. This indicated that the equine U2 linkage group occurs on ECA 3, spanning the centromere. This technique will be use...
Olson ME, Thorlakson CL, Deselliers L, Morck DW, McAllister TA.Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are commonly identified intestinal pathogens in humans and animals. In light of the clinical disease, production losses and zoonotic potential of both Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections, a study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of these parasites in cattle, sheep, pigs and horses in Canadian farms at different geographical locations. A total of 104 cattle, 89 sheep, 236 pigs and 35 horses were sampled from 15 different Canadian geographical locations. Fecal samples were examined after concentration and immunofluorescent staining. Gi...
Chopineau M, Martinat N, Troispoux C, Marichatou H, Combarnous Y, Stewart F, Guillou F.Horse (Equus caballus) luteinizing hormone (eLH) and chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG), which have the same amino acid sequence, are unusual in that, although they express only LH activity in equids, they express dual LH and FSH activities in all other species tested. Donkey (Equus asinus) LH (dkLH) and CG (dkCG), which also share an identical peptide backbone, have been less well characterized and conflicting results concerning their FSH activity in heterologous species have appeared in the literature. In order to assess and compare the intrinsic LH and FSH activities of the horse and donkey LHs ...
Nadal MR, Thompson DL, Kincaid LA.Two experiments were conducted to determine 1) the prolactin response to different kinds of feedstuffs in stallions and 2) the effects of total feed deprivation on prolactin secretion in mares and its interaction with the prolactin response to feeding. Experiment 1 was performed with stallions as a 6 x 6 Latin square: A) no feed; B) pelleted feed fed to meet 82.5% of the horses' CP requirements; C) pelleted feed at 25% of the amount in B; D) pelleted feed as in B plus water ad libitum; E) cracked corn at the weight in B; and F) chopped alfalfa at the weight in B. The positive prolactin respons...
Choi I, Collante WR, Simmen RC, Simmen FA.Pig blastocysts exhibit a transient period of estrogen production at periimplantation, with a second, more sustained period of estrogen synthesis occurring in endometrium and placenta at later pregnancy. Previously we reported the isolation of cDNA clones encoding a novel isoform of cytochrome P450 aromatase (the terminal enzyme in the estrogen biosynthetic pathway) from porcine periimplantation blastocysts. The present study investigated pregnancy-associated expression, in blastocysts and maternal reproductive tract tissues of this and an additional mRNA transcript encoding a distinct P450 ar...
Bowker RM, Linder K, Van Wulfen KK, Sonea IM.The anatomy of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint in the adult horse is described in relationship to the suspensory ligaments of the navicular bone, the neurovascular bundle and the sensory nerves to these periarticular regions. Using polymer plastic injections, the synovial cavity of the DIP joint was observed to have a complex relationship to the proximal suspensory or collateral sesamoidean ligament (CSL) of the navicular bone with the cavity forming cranial and caudal compartments around the CSL abaxially. Sensory nerves, as identified by peptide immunocytochemistry and silver/gold chl...
Peters JW.The most feared complication after a rectal examination of horses and ponies is to cause a tear of all the layers in the intraperitoneal part of the rectum. The description of the anatomy is an attempt to explain that the rectal tear is mostly located in the dorsal or dorsolateral part of the rectum. This article describes a relatively simple suture technique for the rectal tear by using the needle of Deschamp which is modified by Professor B. Huskamp. Furthermore there is a description of this method as treatment of two horses in practice circumstances. The issue whether causing a rectal tear...
Okumura M, Asano M, Fujinaga T.The optimum pH for the measurement of serum p-phenylenediamine oxidase (Ox) activity was given (pH 6.6), and the relationship between serum ceruloplasmin (Cp) concentration and its Ox activity was established in healthy adult horses. In adult horses, serum antigenic Cp concentrations were measured by the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) method with the affinity-purified antibody to equine plasma Cp and compared with its Ox activity. Efficient co-relation between Cp concentration and Ox activity in the sera (r = 0.93) and its Ox/Cp ratio were given. These results might contribute to the cal...
Kaneene JB, Saffell M, Fedewa DJ, Gallagher K, Chaddock HM.The Michigan equine monitoring system (MEMS) was designed and implemented in the State of Michigan, starting in 1991. The program was designed systematically to track the State's equine population, its health, and its economic implications to the equine industry. The MEMS was designed as a two-phase program. Phase I (the population and economic survey; the subject of this paper) was designed to provide new and statistically valid information describing the size, composition, location and economic characteristics of the Michigan equine industry. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect ...
Journal of mass spectrometry : JMSFebruary 1, 1997
Volume 32, Issue 2 152-158 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199702)32:2<152::AID-JMS456>3.0.CO;2-W
Anderson MA, Wachs T, Henion JD.A method based on ionspray liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the determination of reserpine in equine plasma. A comparison was made of the isolation of reserpine from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and by solid-phase extraction. A structural analog, rescinnamine, was used as the internal standard. The reconstituted extracts were analyzed by ionspray LC/MS/MS in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The calibration graph for reserpine extracted from equine plasma obtained using liquid-liquid extraction was linear from 10 to 5000 pg ml-1 and t...
Dunnett M.N-alpha-Acetyl-L-carnosine (NAcCAR) in perchloric acid extracts of equine plasma was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography on a 3 microns Hypersil ODS (150 x 4.6 mm I.D.) column eluted with 5 mM phosphoric acid-1 mM triethylamine, pH 2.58. NAcCAR was isolated by solid-phase extraction on Isolute PRS (propylsulphonyl) columns. The HPLC mean retention time for NAcCAR was 5.9 +/- 0.2 min. The recovery from plasma by solid-phase extraction was 93.9-99.7% and lower limit of detection in plasma was 0.18 microM. The normal NAcCAR concentration in equine plasma was 2.4 +/- 0.3 microM. The ...
Dunnett M, Harris RC.The combined solid-phase extraction (Isolute PRS columns) and reversed-phase gradient HPLC method presented provides a sensitive, reproducible and selective quantification of carnosine, balenine, homocarnosine, histidine, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine in equine and camel muscle and individual muscle fibres. Recoveries were 91-115%. Lower limits of detection were 0.005-0.010 mmol kg-1 dry muscle. The compounds were isolated from other physiological amino acids and small peptides and resolved within a single chromatographic run of 55 min. Concentrations of these compounds in equine myo...
Cano MR, Miró F, Diz AM, Agüera E, Galisteo AM.The aim of this study was to determine the influence of a 10-month training programme on the linear, temporal and angular characteristics of the fore and hind limbs at the trot in the Andalusian horse, using standard computer-aided videography. Sixteen male Andalusian horses were observed before and after training. Six strides were randomly selected for analysis in each horse and linear, temporal and angular parameters were calculated for fore and hind limbs. The training programme used here produced significant changes in kinematic parameters, such as shortening of stride length, and increase...
Pyrek P, Siwinska N, Zak-Bochenek A.Control of body condition is an important aspect of horse management. Its correct evaluation, and the possibility of using universal indicators are of key importance for preserving the animals' wellbeing and for providing them with proper care. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agreement between body condition scores assessed by teams and individuals, using the 9-point Body Condition Score scale created by Henneke. The evaluation of a herd of 49 healthy adult Silesian horses was conducted by veterinary medicine students with adequate training in body condition assessment. Group a...
May-Davis S, Vermeulen Z, Brown WY.The 55-million-year history of equine phylogeny has been well-documented from the skeletal record; however, this is less true for the soft tissue structures that are now vestigial in modern horse. A recent study reported that two ligamentous structures resembling functional interosseous muscle II and IV were evident in Dutch Konik horses. The current study investigates this finding and compares it to members of the genus Equus to identify either a breed anomaly or functional primitive trait. Distal limbs (n = 574) were dissected from four species of Equus; E. caballus, E. asinus, E. przewalski...
De Clercq D, Broux B, Vera L, Decloedt A, van Loon G.In human and veterinary medicine, monophasic action potential (MAP) analysis and determination of local refractory periods by contact electrode technique gives valuable information about local cardiac electrophysiological properties. It is used to investigate dysrhythmias and the impact of drugs on the myocardium. Precise measurement of total MAP duration is difficult, therefore the MAP duration is usually determined at a repolarization level of 90% (APD90). Until now, no studies are published about the feasibility of this technique in the standing non-sedated horse. In 6 healthy Warmblood hor...
Visser S, Jenness R, Mullin RJ.Three groups of casein components were isolated from horse milk. Group I is almost insoluble at acid and neutral pH, and is rather heterogeneous on alkaline gels with or without sodium dodecyl sulphate. Group II shows strong similarity to beta-casein from other species, as concluded from its amino acid composition and its N- and C-terminal sequences. This group consists of five electrophoretically distinguishable forms, all containing ester phosphate groups but no carbohydrate. Group III is composed of C-terminal fragments of the beta-like (group II) fraction and probably arises from the actio...
Paradis MR, Breeze RG, Bayly WM, Counts DF, Laegreid WW.The hematologic and pathologic effects of orally administered L-tryptophan and indoleactic acid and of L-tryptophan administered IV were studied in ponies. Sixteen adult Shetland ponies were allotted into 4 experimental groups. Group 1 consisted of 5 ponies (1-5) given 0.6 g of tryptophan/kg of body weight in a water slurry via stomach tube. Group 2 included 4 ponies (6-9) given 0.35 g of tryptophan/kg orally. Group-3 ponies (10-13) were given 0.35 g of indoleacetic acid/kg orally. Group 4 consisted of 3 ponies (14-16) given a single 4-hour IV infusion of 0.1 g of tryptophan/kg. Restlessness, ...
Gandarillas M, Keim JP, Gapp EM.Horses are hindgut fermenters, and it is therefore important to determine the postgastric nutritive value of their feedstuffs and diets. Moreover, it has been demonstrated in other animal species that the fermentation of diets results in different values than those expected from pure ingredients. Therefore, the general objective of this work is to evaluate the gas production (GP) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, as well as the associative effects, of mixtures of different forages and concentrated foods, which are representative of the traditional diets of high-performance horses. M...
Anzulewicz A, Fenner K, Hyde M, Heald S, Burattini B, Romness N, McKenzie J, Wilson B, McGreevy P.Current evidence of how human sex-related differences in riders and handlers may influence horse behaviour is limited. The Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ) was used to collect demographic data on riders and handlers ( = 1420) and behavioural data on their horses. It includes demographic items about the sex of the respondent and how frequently the horse has been ridden or handled by male and female humans. The questionnaire then gathers observations on the horse's behaviour on the ground and under saddle or when driven Using E-BARQ's battery of 97 questions, the c...
Sklan D, Donoghue S.1. Serum and intracellular distribution of retinol was determined in equines maintained on four levels of vitamin A intake. 2. The form of retinol transported in serum was determined by gel filtration and chromatography to be a complex of retinol bound to a protein of molecular weight (MW) of approximately 20000, which was in turn complexed probably with prealbumin to yield a complex with a MW of 75000 to 80000. 3. Increasing dietary vitamin A levels enhanced the concentration of lipoprotein-bound retinyl esters in the plasma. 4. Vitamin A in the liver cytosol was found predominantly as retiny...
Raidal SL, Bailey GD, Love DN.Flow cytometric techniques were developed for the evaluation of oxidative burst activity in equine peripheral blood neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as bronchoalveolar lavage derived pulmonary alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes. The oxidation of dichlorofluorescin was measured by the increased fluorescence of cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or a variety of other stimulants. Flow cytometry was a suitable method for the evaluation of the intracellular oxidation in all cell populations evaluated. Analysis was rapid and cell separation before analysis was not required. Hetero...
Bergmann T, Lindvall M, Moore E, Moore E, Sidney J, Miller D, Tallmadge RL, Myers PT, Malaker SA, Shabanowitz J, Osterrieder N, Peters B, Hunt DF....Quantitative peptide-binding motifs of MHC class I alleles provide a valuable tool to efficiently identify putative T cell epitopes. Detailed information on equine MHC class I alleles is still very limited, and to date, only a single equine MHC class I allele, Eqca-1*00101 (ELA-A3 haplotype), has been characterized. The present study extends the number of characterized ELA class I specificities in two additional haplotypes found commonly in the Thoroughbred breed. Accordingly, we here report quantitative binding motifs for the ELA-A2 allele Eqca-16*00101 and the ELA-A9 allele Eqca-1*00201. Uti...
Beldoménico HR, Baroni E, Campagnoli DU, Sigrist ME, Rubio M, Boggio JC.In this paper we report the results of surveys conducted in Argentina between 1997 and 1998 to know the Cd concentrations in kidney from horses of different age, sex, and origin. Cd in renal cortex and medulla was positively correlated, and higher concentrations in the cortex were found. No significant differences between values from left and right kidneys of the same animal were found. An increase in Cd levels with age of animals were observed, and no sex incidence was verified in renal Cd composition. No detectable residues were found in the fetuses tested. Levels observed in Argentine equin...
Gray BP, Teale P, Pearce CM.Analysis of equine plasma samples to detect the abuse of anabolic steroids can be complicated when the parent steroid is endogenous to the animal. Anabolic steroids are usually administered intramuscularly as synthetic esters and therefore detection of the exogenous esters provides unequivocal proof of illegal administration. An ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC-MSMS) method for the analysis of esters of testosterone (propionate, phenylpropionate, isocaproate, and decanoate) and boldenone (undecylenate) in equine plasma has been developed. Esters were...
Hansen S, Otten ND, Spang-Hanssen L, Bendorff C, Jacobsen S.Studies in people have found neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations are increased in asthma and can be used to distinguish between asthma subtypes. NGAL has not yet been investigated in equine asthma (EA). Objective: To investigate the ability of NGAL concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum to distinguish between control horses, horses with mild-moderate EA (MEA) and horses with severe EA (SEA). Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: Details of endoscopic examination including tracheal mucus score (TMS, scale 0-5) and BAL cytolog...
Farfan M, Genton M, Rossignol F.To describe reliable minimally invasive procedures for (1) removing cartilage by joint distraction and articular drilling for equine metacarpophalangeal (MCP)/metatarsophalangeal (MTP) arthrodesis; (2) applying a palmar/plantar tension band without MCP/MTP joint luxation. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Cadaveric equine limbs (n = 12). Methods: All limbs were used to evaluate the drilling technique. First the MCP/MTP joint was distracted with a 5.5-mm cortical screw. Then, through four stab incisions, articular cartilage was removed with a 4.5-mm drill. Six randomly chosen limbs were the...
Ledeck J, Dufour P, Evrard É, Le Goff C, Peeters S, Brutinel F, Egyptien S, Deleuze S, Cavalier É, Ponthier J.This study describes 17-β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and estrone-sulfate (E1S) concentrations between 4 and 11 months in healthy equine pregnancies of two different breeds using Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass-Spectrometry (LC-MS). In 2 stud-farms including 15 Spanish PureBred (SPB) and 11 Showjumping (SJ) types mares, combined thickness of the uterus and the placenta (CTUP) was measured and blood was sampled monthly between 4 and 11 months of gestation. Concentrations of E2, E1 and E1S were assayed with LC-MS in mares with normal CTUP. Effects of breed, day of pregnancy and mare's pa...
Daugschies A, Epe C.In Lower Saxony approximately 3500 veterinarians were asked to fill in a questionnaire focused on the prevalence of parasitic infections in cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses, the preferred control measures and the antiparasitic drugs in use. Although the disappointing low number of only 48 veterinarians that participated in this survey prevented any representative conclusions the following trends were remarkable: gastrointestinal strongyles were the most prevalent parasites in cattle (34.8%), sheep (28.0%), and horses (42.3%). In pigs, ascarids were most often diagnosed (41.9%) followed by the s...
Dumasia MC, Houghton E, Jackiw M.After homogenization of testicular tissue from stallions aged 1, 2 and 5 years, the unconjugated and conjugated steroids were isolated by a combined solvent-solid extraction procedure. The conjugates were further separated into glucuronides and sulphates by chromatography using Sephadex LH-20. After enzyme hydrolysis and solvolysis of the respective conjugate classes, the three extracts, unconjugated steroids, aglycones and solvolysed sulphates, were purified by chromatography using Kieselgel 60H columns. Five fractions were resolved from each extract; an aliquot of each fraction was derivatiz...
Chay S, Woods WE, Rowse K, Nugent TE, Blake JW, Tobin T.Studies were undertaken to determine blood levels of furosemide in horses after 0.5- and 1.0-mg/kg doses administered iv. Analyses indicated that the pharmacokinetic parameters were dose independent and best described by a three-compartment open model. The alpha-, beta-, and gamma-phase half-lives of 5.6, 22.3, and 158.5 min, respectively, were observed after the 0.5-mg/kg dose. Similarly, the respective half-lives after the 1.0-mg/kg dose were 5.8, 24.1, and 177.2 min. After a 0.5-mg/kg dose of furosemide, population frequency distributions were evaluated at 1 hr and 4 hr post-drug administra...
Palme R, Entenfellner U, Hoi H, Möstl E.Non-invasive pregnancy diagnosis in mares by measuring faecal oestrogens has been performed over years with great accuracy. However, results have indicated breed-related differences in the amount of excreted steroids during late pregnancy. Therefore faecal samples were collected during the last 4 months of pregnancy of Thoroughbred (n = 10), New Forest pony (n = 9), Shetland pony (n = 10) and Iceland pony mares (n = 11). Concentrations of oestrogens, 20alpha-hydroxy- and 20-oxopregnanes were measured using enzyme immunoassays. Breed differences concerning both levels (though significant only i...
Deficiency of the necessary complex of micronutrients under abnormal nutrition structure creates a problem for the preservation of health and performance of the population. In this regard, it is very relevant to develop a science-based strategy for the consumption of traditional Yakut national food that have a high nutritional value and are able to satisfy the requirements of the human body in micronutrients. of the research was to investigate the content of selenium and zinc in the local foods which are most commonly consumed by the population of Yakutia. . The objects of study were meat (7-...
Rehbein G, Heidrich-Joswig S.Eight ponies infected with Babesia equi were investigated for their serological response to B. equi schizont and piroplasm antigen with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and complement fixation test (CFT). Piroplasm antigen was prepared from an infected splenectomized pony, while schizont antigen was produced from cultured lymphoid cells which contained B. equi macroschizonts. The IFAT detected a rise in antibody titres to schizont antigen as well as to piroplasm antigen, but differences were obtained in the duration of antibody detection. Significant antibody titres to piroplasm a...
Álvarez C, Luño V, González N, Guerra P, Gil L.This study aimed to evaluate the addition of mare colostrum in stallion freezing extenders to improve sperm quality. First, colostrum samples were collected from four mares after the foal's birth and their composition was determined. Ejaculates were collected from nine fertile stallions. Sperm samples were pooled, diluted, and cryopreserved into three experimental extender groups: Lactose-based extender supplemented with mare colostrum (20%), lactose-based extender supplemented with egg yolk (20%), and BotuCrio. The quality of the post-thaw semen samples were evaluated assessing sperm motility...
de Arruda Coutinho LC, de Jesus AL, de Paiva Fontes KF, Coimbra EC, Mariz FC, de Freitas AC, de Cássia Carvalho Maia R, de Castro RS.Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a persistent lentivirus infection of horses which causes a chronic clinical condition with worldwide importance in veterinary medicine. The p26 protein is usually prepared for use as an antigen in serological tests for EIA diagnosis since it is a well-conserved gene sequence and very immunogenic. In view of the ability of yeast to make post-translational modifications of proteins, this study was carried out to allow Pichia pastoris to be used for the expression of a synthetic codon-optimized EIAV p26 gene. The gene was cloned into pPICZαA vector after appropr...
Pagliara E, Nicolo A, Rossi C, Cammaresi C, Donadio G, Bertuglia A.Perineural anaesthesia is an essential part of lameness investigation in horses. Painful reactions to injections imply a high risk of accidents for veterinarians. To evaluate the efficacy of two topical anaesthetic creams on desensitization of the skin at two perineural injection sites and to evaluate the effects these formulations may have on pain perception distally to the application sites. Randomized, blind, prospective study. 14 healthy horses were randomly divided in two groups of 7 horses each, one treated with EMLA and one with PLIAGLIS preparations. The mechanical nociceptive thresh...
Drum MG, Les CM, Park RD, Norrdin RW, McIlwraith CW, Kawcak CE.The purpose of this study was to compare subchondral bone density obtained using quantitative computed tomography with ash density values from intact equine joints, and to determine if there are measurable anatomic variations in mean subchondral bone density. Five adult equine metacarpophalangeal joints were scanned with computed tomography (CT), disarticulated, and four 1-cm(3) regions of interest (ROI) cut from the distal third metacarpal bone. Bone cubes were ashed, and percent mineralization and ash density were recorded. Three-dimensional models were created of the distal third metacarpal...
Bleyaert HF, Madison JB.To describe a method for internal fixation of supraglenoid tubercle fractures in conjunction with complete tenotomy of the biceps brachii tendon. Methods: Three horses, ranging in age from 8 months to 2 years and weighing from 300 to 400 kg. Methods: Fractures were repaired by open reduction-internal fixation using bone screws placed in lag fashion and complete tenotomy of the biceps brachii tendon. Results: All three horses were sound for their intended use with a good cosmetic result 6 months after surgery. Conclusions: Complete transection of the biceps brachii tendon facilitates supragleno...
Poškienė I, Gruodytė R, Autukaitė J, Juozaitienė V, Antanaitis R.Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) has described equine endurance racing as the second largest discipline in the world, above which is only show jumping. The Žemaitukai is an ancient indigenous Lithuanian horse breed known since the 6th or 7th century. The Arabian horse breed is one of the oldest human-developed horse breeds in the world. Compared with other race horse breeds, the muscle tissue of Arabian horses is characterized by significant differences in structure-a predominance of oxidative fiber type I is observed in Arabians, making them the prevailing breed in endurance racing...
Miller PA, Lawrence LM.Eight horses exercised to fatigue were used to characterize the resulting changes in blood pH, in blood lactate, free fatty acid, bicarbonate, and ammonia concentrations, and in muscle glycogen concentrations. The exercise test was conducted at a speed of 4.5 m/s on a motorized equine treadmill set at a 9% grade. At fatigue, all variables differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from base-line values. Heart rate averaged 191.1 +/- 6.5 beats/min at fatigue, and the plasma lactate concentrations increased from 7.8 +/- 0.95 mg/dl to 94.3 +/- 19.2 mg/dl. Ammonia concentrations increased from 66.7...
Reinert M, Calvete JJ, Sanz L, Töpfer-Petersen E.SSP-7 is a protein originally isolated from stallion seminal plasma. It has extensive amino acid sequence homology with boar spermadhesin AWN, and, like its porcine counterpart, SSP-7 displays zona pellucida-binding activity. Strikingly, however, immunohistochemical studies presented here show that the stallion and the boar spermadhesin homologues are secreted at different places of the male genital tract. Furthermore, indirect immunofluorescence shows that the topography of SSP-7 on the surface of stallion spermatozoa is restricted to the equatorial segment, whereas boar AWN epitopes cover th...
