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Topic:Veterinary Science
Veterinary science and horses encompass the study and application of medical, surgical, and therapeutic practices to maintain and improve the health and welfare of equines. This field addresses a wide range of topics, including disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as nutrition, reproduction, and behavior. Research in veterinary science for horses often involves understanding the pathophysiology of equine-specific diseases, developing advanced diagnostic techniques, and improving treatment protocols. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in equine healthcare.
Electromyographic properties of the myometrium of the pony mare during pregnancy. Recordings of uterine electrical activity were made from 5 pregnant pony mares from Day 141 to 320 of pregnancy. Three types of activity were identified. Short, medium and long bursts were quantified as the percentage of time each occurred during the hour analysed and further categorized according to frequency, amplitude and duration. The uterus was most active during the early stages recorded and became increasingly quiescent after Day 240. Short-burst activity was greatest when the uterus was most quiescent. Long bursts showed the greatest percentage of activity until Day 220 and then decrea...
Oxygen deficit-oxygen debt relationships in ponies during submaximal treadmill exercise. The O2 deficit-O2 debt relationship in ponies was examined at two levels of treadmill exercise. Five healthy ponies exercised for 8 min at two work rates (WR):(1) 50 m/min at 6% grade and (2) 70 m/min at 12% grade. The O2 deficit and O2 debt were calculated using open-circuit measurement of pulmonary gas exchange during the transition from rest to steady-state exercise and during recovery from exercise. The O2 deficit was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than the O2 debt at each of the two work rates. The means (+/- SEM) for the deficit and the O2 debt, respectively, in liters were: (1) ...
Autotransfer of Day 4 embryos from oviduct to oviduct versus oviduct to uterus in the mare. Embryo autotransfer is defined as the collection of an embryo from and the transfer of this embryo into the same animal. The objectives of this study were to: 1) test the hypothesis that oviduct transport of the equine embryo from the oviduct into the uterus is not dependent on a unilateral embryo-corpus luteum interaction, 2) develop an embryo autotransfer technique for the mare and 3) compare the success rates of Day 4 embryos surgically autotransferred from the oviduct ipsilateral to ovulation to either the oviduct (n=10 mares) or the uterine horn (n=10 mares) contralateral to ovulation. Se...
In vitro febantel transformation by sheep and cattle ruminal fluids and metabolism by hepatic subcellular fractions from different animal species. Febantel and one of its main metabolites, febantel sulphoxide, are chemically modified to only a slight extent when incubated in vitro with sheep and cattle ruminal fluids; other major metabolites, fenbendazole and oxfendazole, are respectively, oxidized to oxfendazole and reduced to fenbendazole. Febantel is negligibly metabolized by hepatic cytosol fractions but microsome preparations effect more extensive metabolic transformations. Important differences in this respect were found between microsome preparations from rat, horse, pig, cattle, sheep, chicken and trout livers.
Epidemiology of strongyles in ponies in Ontario. The transmission of strongyles among 54 Shetland-cross mature ponies was examined from May 30 to November 22, 1983 when the ponies were on pasture and over the ensuing winter when they were in loose housing. Fecal and pasture herbage samples were taken fortnightly through the pasture season and periodically thereafter. Three foals born and reared on pasture were weaned and removed from pasture, two in early August and one in mid-September, and housed for a period before necropsy. Daily maximum and minimum air temperature and total precipitation were recorded. The mean fecal strongyle egg count...
Arthroscopic examination of the femorotibial joints of horses. A technique for satisfactory arthroscopic examination of the lateral and medial femorotibial joints of the horse is described. The entry portal is made between the middle and medial patellar ligaments with the horse on its back and the stifle flexed. This position allows easy access to view the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. From this reference point, examination of all but the most caudal and medial structures of the joints are possible by manipulating the sleeve and telescope and maintaining joint distention. In a series of 20 examinations, iatrogenic trauma was recognized only once.
Survey of the designs of racehorse stables in the south west of England. The design of 96 racehorse stables in the south west of England were surveyed. The 'typical' racehorse is kept in a loose box, bedded on straw and remains indoors while the stable is cleaned. It is given a floor area of 12 m2 and shares its airspace of 39 m3 with seven other horses. Overall, the predicted minimum rate of air change by natural convection in calm winds is 6.6 air changes/h but this is reduced to 2.2 if the top door of the stable is closed. On balance, racehorse stables in use today are based on designs which are worse overall than the best available in the 19th century.
Effect of seasonal changes in Leydig cell number on the volume of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in Leydig cells and intratesticular testosterone content in stallions. Testes from 47 adult (4-20 years) stallions obtained in November-January (non-breeding season) and 41 adult stallions obtained in May-July (breeding season) were perfused with glutaraldehyde, placed in osmium and embedded in Epon 812. Percentage Leydig cell cytoplasm or nuclei in the testis was determined by point counting of 0.5 micron sections under bright-field microscopy. Testes from 6 randomly selected horses per season were processed for electron microscopy. The volume (ml) of SER/testis was calculated from the % SER in the cytoplasm % Leydig cell cytoplasm, and parenchymal volume. Numbe...
[Evaluation of the effects of lipids isolated from sublimated mare’s milk on the indicators of lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition of blood plasma, erythrocyte stroma and liver tissue in rats]. During six weeks rats were given a ration containing, as the only source of fat, lipids of sublimated mare's milk that had been stored with or without antioxidants (quercitrol, bisalcophen) during 3 months. The influence of specific quality of the ration fat on lipids and fatty acid composition of lipids in blood plasma, erythrocytic stroma and liver tissue, as well as on lipid peroxidation in the tissues was studied in the test animals. No changes induced by the lipids from sublimated mare's milk were detected in the parameters studied.
Heterogeneity and linkage of equine C4 and steroid 21-hydroxylase genes. The fourth component of complement (C4) is polymorphic in most species studied, and is encoded by a gene or genes within the MHC. In man and mouse there are two closely linked C4 and steroid 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) genes. Therefore we have used Southern blotting to determine whether equine C4 and 21-OH genes are linked. C4 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was found with the enzymes EcoRI and BamHI. Comparison of the sizes of EcoRI-digested fragments of genomic DNA hybridizing with C4 and 21-OH probes revealed that equine C4 and 21-OH genes are separated by no more than 13 kb. Fur...
Retinal astrocytes: their restriction to vascularized parts of the mammalian retina. The distribution of astrocytes has been studied in whole-mounted horse and monkey retinae by the immunocytochemical localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In the horse, astrocytes were found to be restricted to a narrow zone close to the optic nerve head. This is also the only region of the horse retina that is vascularized. In the monkey, astrocytes were found ubiquitously in the nerve fiber layer of the retina, apart from the avascular fovea centralis which lacked astrocytes. These observations strongly suggest that retinal astrocytes co-occur with blood vessels, a feature w...
Functional design of horse hoof keratin: the modulation of mechanical properties through hydration effects. Tensile moduli and J-integral fracture toughness values were determined for horse hoof-wall keratin at four hydration levels. The stiffness of hoof-wall was influenced by water content to a greater degree than is the stiffness of other mammalian hard keratins. Young's modulus increased from 410 MPa at 100% relative hydration (RH) to 14.6 GPa at 0% RH. Fracture toughness was maximal (22.8 kJ m-2) at an intermediate hydration (75% RH), which represents a two-fold increase over both fully hydrated and dehydrated material. Maximum fracture toughness occurred at a hydration level which is within th...
The amino acid sequence of an amyloid fibril protein AA isolated from the horse. The amino acid sequence of the amyloid fibril protein AA from horse was established from characterization of cyanogen bromide fragments, tryptic peptides, and a peptide derived from a digest with Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteinase. The protein was found to consist of 80 amino acid residues. Sequence homologies with protein AA from other species were very striking, and revealed an insertion of two amino acid residues between positions 72 and 73. In position 44, two amino acid residues were found which provide further evidence for a polymorphism in the amyloid fibril protein AA.
Serological responses of equids fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. SEROLOGICAL and parasitological surveys indicate that Toxoplasma gondii infection is widely prevalent in horses (Riemann et a! 1975). To study the pathogenesis of orally-induced toxoplasmosis, 13 equids aged between Aix months and 13 years (nine ponies, three horses and one mule) were each inoculated orally with 10,000 oocysts of the GT-I strain of TRondii. The equids were killed 33 to 476 days after inoculation and their tissues were bioassaycd for T gondit (Dubey 1985). Details of inoculation, housing, clinical response and parasitological and histological findings were previously reported (...
Structural studies on equine glycoprotein hormones. Amino acid sequence of equine chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit. The complete amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG beta) has been established by both automated Edman and manual 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl-Edman degradations. Specific fragments were produced by cleavage with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, trypsin, or dilute HCl. For the sequence analyses of the heavily glycosylated COOH-terminal portion, a chemical deglycosylation procedure with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid was employed. The peptide chain of eCG beta consists of 149 amino acid residues. Five or more oligosaccharide chains are attached t...
Structural studies on equine glycoprotein hormones. Amino acid sequence of equine lutropin beta-subunit. The amino acid sequence was determined for equine lutropin beta (eLH beta). Large fragments were derived from reduced, carboxymethylated eLH beta by digestion with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, by cyanogen bromide cleavage, and by cleavage of acid-labile Asp-Pro bonds. The fragments were purified by gel filtration and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fragments were sequenced by automated Edman degradation to establish the primary structure of eLH beta. Some peptides were further digested with chymotrypsin and the resulting peptides purified by HPLC. In addition to sequen...
