Veterinary science and horses encompass the study and application of medical, surgical, and therapeutic practices to maintain and improve the health and welfare of equines. This field addresses a wide range of topics, including disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as nutrition, reproduction, and behavior. Research in veterinary science for horses often involves understanding the pathophysiology of equine-specific diseases, developing advanced diagnostic techniques, and improving treatment protocols. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in equine healthcare.
Garner A, Griffiths P.The purpose of this paper is to describe congenital defects, having no direct counterpart in
the literature, that affected both eyes of a new-born foal of pedigree racing stock, which
otherwise appeared to be entirely healthy as were both the sire and the dam.
Leikola E, Nieminen E, Teppo AM.Human epidermis, hair, nails, and kidney as well as bovine and horses' hooves were found to contain a lipid fraction, which on thin-layer chromatography migrated slightly ahead of the cerebroside sulfate esters and gave the color reaction specific for sialic acid. This fraction was isolated from horse hoof, in which it constituted nearly half of the total lipids. The purified fraction contained sulfur, but no phosphorus. The IR spectrum revealed the presence of a sulfate group, which was also determined by the benzidine method. Thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography of the products of acid h...
Darke PG, Holmes JR.The paper describes the distribution of cardiac potentials on the body surface of four horses. Potentials were recorded at 200 to 300 equallyspaced sites synchronously with a reference lead; they were measured at 10 msec. instants of time, and were plotted on diagrams. While some evidence of multiple dipolar activity occurred during each part of the cardiac cycle, the majority of potentials arose as if from a single resultant dipole.
Slade LM, Hintz HF.A comparative digestion trial was conducted between horses, ponies, rabbits and guinea pigs. Alfalfa and alfalfa-grain diets were compared.
Although there was a trend for ponies to be more efficient than horses in digesting proximate principles of both diets, differences were not significant. Digestibility coefficients for crude fiber and energy were lowest in rabbits. The digestion of nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was greatest in guinea pigs, whereas digestion of crude protein was lowest.
Horses, ponies and rabbits digested organic matter, NFE and energy in the mixed ration more efficient...
Mori M, Sakiyama Y.The histochemical distribution of some hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in developing odontoblasts and subodontoblasts in cattle, pigs and horses has been observed in cryostat sections of teeth that have been decalcified with neutral EDTA.
Undifferentiated dental epithelium and immature odontoblasts of the bell stage tooth germ showed lower levels of enzymatic activity as compared with the well-developed tooth germ.
When the dentine matrix began to form, the young odontoblasts appeared to have a significantly positive reaction for acid phosphatase, and gradually other enzymes developed a...
Chopineau M, Stewart F.Reverse transcription-PCR was used to clone the coding region of the donkey (Equus asinus) glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit transcript from pituitary gland RNA. The donkey alpha-subunit sequence demonstrated considerable identity with the horse (97% at the nucleotide level), confirming the very close evolutionary linkage between these two species. The predicted amino acid sequence revealed that the donkey alpha-subunit has the same unusual C-terminus as the horse alpha-subunit, when compared with all other mammalian alpha-subunits, including a Tyr-His transposition between positions 87 and 9...
Houghton E, Teale P, Dumasia MC, Wellby JK.The negative ion chemical ionization mass spectra of the MO-TMS derivatives of the corticosteroids prednisolone, betamethasone and dexamethasone have been obtained using capillary column gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The spectra showed abundant diagnostic ions at m/z greater than 300 allowing for clear discrimination between the three steroid derivatives. A capillary column gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method using negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry has been developed to confirm the presence of the parent steroids in horse urine following the administration of...
Lapan G, Awad-Masalmeh M, Hartig A, Silber R.In this study 55 strains of Taylorella equigenitalis isolated from horses of four different studs in Austria, and a comparative strain from the Federal Republic of Germany were investigated by different methods. These investigations were carried out with the help of SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, the analyses of genomes and by proof of plasmids. Furthermore, pathogenic mechanisms such as adhesion or the formation of toxins were investigated in vitro. On the basis of the results carried out by means of SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting all tested strains of Taylorella equigenitalis were alike, whereas by ...
Gordon ME, Edwards MS, Sweeney CR, Jerina ML.The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that feed additives such as chelated minerals, organic Se, yeast culture, direct-fed microbials, and Yucca schidigera extract would improve nutrient digestibility when included in an equine diet. Horses (Quarter Horse geldings 4.5 to 16 yr of age; mean BW 522 kg ± 46 kg) were acclimated to 100% pelleted diets formulated with (ADD) and without (CTRL) commercially available sources of the aforementioned additives followed by a 14-d collection period of feces and urine. Chelated sources of Cu, Zn, Mn and Co were utilized versus sulfated form...
Gilbert RO, Marlow CH.Records of 1,009 pregnancies in 574 foaling, barren and maiden Thoroughbred mares on a single stud farm, over a period of 12 years were examined. The farm is situated in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa, at an elevation of 1,800 m, and in an area of climatic extremes. Records of 604 pregnancies in 249 foaling Thoroughbred mares were examined. For these purposes, those pregnancies in which a mare conceived in the same breeding season during which she had foaled were considered as pregnancies in foaling mares. Pregnancy was confirmed by rectal palpation by a single experienced practitio...
Vergara-Hernandez FB, Nielsen BD, Robison CI, Fabus TA, Kompare JL, LeCompte Lazić RA, Colbath AC.The main factors influencing speed in athletes are stride length (SL) and stride rate (SR). However, conflict remains whether SL or SR is the key determinant of higher speeds. Quarter Horses (QH) generally reach higher speeds in their races than do Thoroughbreds (TB). However, the influence of SL and SR on this greater speed is unclear. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to compare SL and SR in QH and TB raced in short (sprint) and long (classic) distances. We hypothesized that QH have a higher SR in comparison to TB, and SR decreases as distance increases. Two race distances were...
Yoshida S, Yamanouchi K, Hasegawa T, Ikeda A, Suzuki M, Chang KT, Matsuyama S, Nishihara M, Takahashi M.cDNAs encoding equine inhibin/activin beta A subunit were isolated from an equine follicle cDNA library and characterized. Using primers based on the rat inhibin/activin beta A subunit cDNA sequence, a RT-PCR was performed to generate the probe for screening. Four positive clones were isolated. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of these clones revealed that two pairs of identical clones were present, Eq-beta A-1 (0.9 kb) and Eq-beta A-2 (1.5 kb). Eq-beta A-2 clone contained a complete open reading frame encoding 426 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of equine inhibin/activin beta ...
Soma LR, Korber K, Anderson T, Hopkins J.The effects of furosemide (0.55 mg/kg IV) on the plasma and urinary fentanyl (PFE UFE) concentrations were studied during steady-state conditions. The PFE during the steady-state period was 0.31 +/- 0.027 ng/ml, with no significant changes occurring, even though the rate of excretion of fentanyl (EX) increased during the 1st hour from 112.0 +/- 21.6 to 534.5 +/- 82.9 ng/minute. The EX returned to control levels within 3 hours, as did the UFE. The injection of furosemide increased glomerular filtration rate from 1.97 +/- 0.21 to 3.81 +/- 0.75 ml/kg/min. The fractional reabsorption decreased fro...
Katić I, Kristiansen J.For almost 20 years the authors have been selecting and editing the material referring to the means of transport which Danish veterinarians used in the 18th, 19th and 20th century. The source material contains memoirs, advertisements from veterinary medical journals, obituaries and other sources, based on which a 210-page book in the Danish language has been published. The article presents an abridged version of this book. In Denmark, the first veterinarians rendered their services at the time when this profession had not yet established itself. They were relatively poor and very often they ha...
Vonaparti A, Lyris E, Panderi I, Koupparis M, Georgakopoulos C.In equine sport, theobromine is prohibited with a threshold level of 2 microg mL(-1) in urine, hence doping control laboratories have to establish quantitative and qualitative methods for its determination. Two simple liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) methods for the identification and quantification of theobromine were developed and validated using the same sample preparation procedure but different mass spectrometric systems: ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). Particle-free diluted urine samples were directly injected into the LC/MS ...
Viljanto M, Cutler C, Taylor P, Habershon-Butcher J, Gray B.MK-0677 (ibutamoren) is an orally active non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that binds to the ghrelin receptor stimulating the secretion of endogenous growth hormone. It is one of the most prevalent performance-enhancing compounds currently available online and is potentially subject to abuse both in human and equine sports. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether it could be detected in equine hair following oral administration of MK-0677 mesylate to a Thoroughbred racehorse. MK-0677 and its O-dealkylated metabolite were extracted using an existing method for prohibited s...
Romagnano A, Richer CL, Messier PE, Jean P.Silver staining shows the presence in the domestic horse of six NORs located on chromosomes 1, 26 and 31 as identified after R-banding. Following electron microscopy, the argyrophilic material was observed outside the terminal secondary constrictions (satellite stalks) on the terminal portion of the short arm of chromosome 1, outside the secondary constrictions on the proximal region of the long arms of chromosome 31, and beside the proximal region of the long arms of chromosome 26. Satellite staining applied to these chromosomes appears to reveal only the active NORs.
Zebarth BJ, Sheard RW.The 2 dominant processes involved in the horse hoof-to-racing surface interaction are the shock loading of the horse's leg upon impact with the racing surface and rotation of the horse's hoof into the racing surface. These processes were measured as impact resistance (ie, the peak deceleration of a moving body upon impact with the test surface) and as resistance to shear. The objective of the present study was to measure physically (under a variety of conditions) those soil and turf factors related to the 2 processes. It was concluded that thatch accumulation and mowing height of the turf did ...
Basova NE, Kormilitsin BN, Perchenok AIu, Rozengart EV, Saakov VS, Suvorov AA.There was studied action of aliphatic alcohols (ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, secbutanol, tretbetanol) and pH on various kinds of reactional capability the serum cholinesterase. At the alcohols-affected inhibition of the cholinesterase hydrolytic activity, the determining role was played not the total number carbon atoms in the alcohol molecule, but by the "effective length" of the carbohydrate chain. The fact that the presence of alcohols did not affect parameters of the reverse cholinesterase inhibition with onium ions tetramethylammonium and choline allows suggestin...
Enders AC, Liu IK.The free allantois and allantochorion of conceptuses from 17 mares between 20 and 90 days of gestation were examined to determine the manner in which the associated mesodermal derivatives differentiated. It was found that a robust basement membrane developed under the allantoic endoderm, and that this basement membrane was partially isolated from the vascular layer of the allantois by a mesothelial layer and an exocelom-like space. The exocelom-like space persisted until approximately the stage of villous formation, and remnants of the space persisted over larger allantoic vessels even later. ...
Zander R, Flachowsky G, Schubert R, Gruhn K.The nylon-bag method was applied for determination of the rumen degradation of dry matter and nitrogen of 15N-labelled wheat straw. For the experiment 4 wethers fitted with a rumen cannula were used. The bags containing 15N straw were introduced into the rumen and withdrawn 3, 6 or 12 h after incubation. In a second experiment the apparent 15N-digestibility of the same straw was determined in wether and pony. The dry matter disappearance varied between 6 and 23%. For 15N-labelled straw the disappearance of 15N was higher than that of total N. 12 h after incubation 71% of 15N and only 25% of to...
Ben-Menahem D, Grotjan HE.Chorionic gonadotropins (CG) are unique because they have a carboxyl terminal peptide (CTP) extension on their beta subunits that prolongs circulatory survival. CGbeta genes from the human being and horse have evolved from ancestral luteinizing hormone (LH) beta genes by different pathways that involve deletions that change the reading frames and yield a CTP. Here we further review our previous analysis, aimed at determining whether LHbeta genes in non-primate, non-equid species inherently possess DNA sequences that encode CTP-like domains. In multiple mammalian species, simple frame-shift mut...
Yamada S, Suruga K, Ogawa M, Hama T, Satoh T, Kawachi R, Nishio T, Oku T.The appearance of NO2- reducing activity of cytochrome c (Cyt c) upon heat denaturation was investigated with equine heart Cyt c. Denatured equine heart Cyt c (dCyt c), which was treated at 100 degrees C for 30 min, had NO2- reducing activity in the presence of dithionite and methylviologen in an aqueous solution under anaerobic conditions. In contrast, hemoglobin and myoglobin had no such activity under the same conditions. Using spectroscopic methods, we found that the appearance of this activity in the Cyt c was due to the following intramolecular changes: unfolding of the peptide chain, ex...
BOYD WL, BOYD JW.Boyd, William L. (Ohio State University, Columbus) and Josephine W. Boyd. Viability of coliform bacteria in antarctic soil. J. Bacteriol. 85:1121-1123. 1963.-The distribution of coliform bacteria in soils of Ross Island and the nearby mainland was studied. None was found in almost all of the samples collected, including some from the Adelie penguin rookeries at Cape Royds and Cape Crozier and in soil at the McMurdo Base which had been recently contaminated by human sewage. Samples of pony manure left from previous expeditions were also negative, with one exception where Escherichia coli were p...
Ramírez A CE, Hurtado-Macías A, Talamantes R, Flores E, Ladrón de Guevara HP, Delgado JI, Estrella RA, Riestra JM, Montes JM, Esmonde-White K....Guided bone regeneration surgeries are based on grafting a scaffold in the site to be repaired. The main focus of the scaffold is to provide mechanical support to newly formed blood vessels and cells that will colonize the grafted site, achiving bone regenertation. In this regards, the aim of this study was to characterize the anatomy, structular, surface morphologycal, chemical composition, and nanomechanical properties of ostrich and equine trabecular bone. Ostrich and equine specimens were obtained from a local abattoir and bone was obtained by blunt dissection, n = 5. Tissue bone anatomy...
Polten B.Since the last report there have been major revisions of laws and ordinances. Deliberations on rules of Community law were also continued. On national level, the Act on the Shoeing of Horses amending the Animal Welfare Act and amendments of animal welfare provisions as well as the Deregulation Act were prepared, some of which have meanwhile entered into force. At legislative level, the work on the ratification laws for the Council of Europe conventions (Strasbourg) was concluded in order to enable Germany to adopt the revisions. They include (1) the European Convention for the protection of an...
Boero MJ, Schneider JE, Mosier JE, Guffy MM, Butler HC, Leipold HW.A 1 cm defect was created in the proximal medial cortex of 12 tibiae, cancellous bone was removed from the site, and the bones were fractured by loading in torsion. The fractures did not occur through the donor sites and the fracture patterns and loads to fracture were similar for the treated tibiae and their untreated mates. Cancellous bone was harvested from the proximal medial aspect of both tibiae in nine adult horses. The soft tissue wounds were monitored for more than 10 days in seven horses and healing of the osseous defects was evaluated radiographically at regular intervals to month 6...
Shideler RK, Voss JL, Aufderheide WM, Hessemann CP, Squires EL.Twenty mares were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: no altrenogest; altrenogest at 0.044 mg/kg BW; altrenogest at 0.132 mg/kg BW; or altrenogest at 0.220 mg/kg BW. Treatment was administered daily for 86 days. No signs of illness attributable to feeding altrenogest were observed during the trial. Treatment had no effect (P greater than .05) on the following parameters: WBC, differential WBC, platelet number, creatinine, LDH, CPK, total bilirubin, cholesterol, globulin, BSP, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. When comparing values over time with pretreatment means or among treatment groups, there wer...
Adeyefa CA.The clinicopathological features and treatment of cases of dermatomycotic infections in horses are reported. Organisms isolated from these cases include Trichophyton mentagrophyte, T. equinum and Micosporum equinum. The Veterinary, medical and economic importance of the disease is discussed.
Ho EN, Kwok WH, Wong AS, Wan TS.Quaternary ammonium drugs (QADs) are anticholinergic agents some of which are known to have been abused or misused in equine sports. A recent review of literature shows that the screening methods reported thus far for QADs mainly cover singly-charged QADs. Doubly-charged QADs are extremely polar substances which are difficult to be extracted and poorly retained on reversed-phase columns. It would be ideal if a comprehensive method can be developed which can detect both singly- and doubly-charged QADs. This paper describes an efficient liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) m...
Blair MJ, Gionfriddo JR, Polazzi LM, Sojka JE, Pfaff AM, Bingaman DP.To evaluate the feasibility of using a subconjunctivally implanted micro-osmotic pump for continuous delivery of medication to the eyes of horses- during a 7-day period. Methods: 4 healthy adult horses. Methods: With horses restrained in a standing position, micro-osmotic pumps were implanted subconjunctivally in each eye for 7 days. The treatment eye received an atropine-loaded micro-osmotic pump (100 microl of 1.5% atropine), and the contralateral eye received a sterile saline-loaded pump (100 microl of 0.9% NaCl) as a control treatment. Pupil size was measured at 12-hour intervals until val...
Matteri RL, Baldwin DM, Lasley BL, Papkoff H.Previous studies from this laboratory have described the properties of purified luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from horse and donkey anterior pituitary glands. The present study afforded the opportunity to further characterize these previously purified hormone preparations and to compare them with enriched gonadotropin fractions from zebra pituitary glands. Although a single LH and FSH fraction was usually obtained for each pool of pituitaries, two separate zebra LH and two donkey FSH preparations were generated. Purified hormone preparations from the horse wer...
Geelen SN, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Beynen AC.Feeding fat-supplemented diets to horses has drawn considerable interest. One of the advantages of such diets is that the energy density is increased, so that less feed is needed to meet energy requirements. In addition, adding fat to the diet enhances the contribution of fat oxidation to energy production, thus sparing muscle glycogen. The 'spared' glycogen is available for energy metabolism when the acutely exercising horse reaches a point of oxygen deficit and must rely on anaerobic metabolism. This appears to be beneficial for both aerobic and anaerobic performance. Fats are readily digest...
López-Plana C, Sautet JY, Ruberte J, Sabaté D.Histochemical and morphometric parameters of the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle of the horse are presented. Using myosin ATPase staining after acid preincubation, 3 fibre types (I, IIA and IIC) were identified. Using NADH-TR staining, type I fibres showed high oxidative capacity, whereas type II fibres had high or low oxidative capacity. The type I to type II ratio was of 35:65. This ratio remained constant in the age range examined. Statistically significant (p < 0.01) differences were found in values for fibre size between groups of horses weighing more than 500 kg and less than 400 k...
Monkos K.This paper presents the results of viscosity determinations on aqueous solutions of equine, porcine and rabbit serum albumin over a wide range of concentrations and at temperatures ranging from 5 degrees C to (42-45) degrees C. The results are compared with human and bovine serum albumin previously studied. Viscosity-temperature dependence is discussed on the basis of the modified Arrhenius formula. The effective specific volume, the activation energy and entropy of viscous flow for all investigated albumins are compared. Viscosity-concentration dependence, in turn, is discussed on the basis o...
