Virology in horses encompasses the study of viruses that affect equine species, including their biology, transmission, and impact on horse health. This field investigates viral pathogens that can lead to a range of diseases, from respiratory infections to neurological disorders. Common viruses affecting horses include equine influenza virus, equine herpesvirus, and West Nile virus. Understanding these viruses involves examining their genetic makeup, modes of transmission, and interactions with the equine immune system. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control measures of viral infections in horses.
Osawa S, Furuse K, Watanabe I.To determine the distribution pattern of ribonucleic acid (RNA) coliphages (classified by serological groups I through IV) in animal sources, we isolated RNA phages from (i) feces samples from domestic animals (cows, pigs, horses, and fowls), some other animals in a zoological garden, and humans, (ii) the gastrointestinal contents of cows and pigs, and (iii) sewage samples from treatment plants in slaughter houses. These samples were then analyzed serologically. The concentration of RNA phages in the first and second kinds of material was fairly low (10 to 10(3) plaque-forming units per origin...
Benton CV, Brown BL, Harshman JS, Gilden RV.Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) was successfully inoculated onto cell cultures of canine and feline origin, resulting in chronic infections in these cultures. Infection of equine cell cultures, which were the previous sole in vitro source demonstrated for virus production, was also performed for comparative purposes. Determination of the nature of the virus produced in the heterologous as well as the equine cells was accomplished in several ways. SDS-PAGE of purified virus from the different cell lines indicated very similar protein composition. Immunological identity was observed in gel...
Gleeson LJ, Coggins L.Twenty-one pregnant mares were inoculated with EHV1. Nineteen became infected as evidenced by clinical signs and/or viremia but only one mare aborted a virus-infected fetus. The viremias were leukocyte-associated and appeared to be non-productive, latent infections of these cells. Infectivity, detectable by cocultivation, persisted in the circulating leukocytes for as long as 9 days without resulting in abortion. The data suggest that it is extremely difficult to evaluate the efficacy of vaccines in preventing EHV1 (Rhinopneumonitis) abortion due to the paucity of non-exposed mares, lack of te...
Kono Y, Sentsui H, Ito Y.A virus (Sakai) which had been recovered from an outbreak of disease in horses was found to be a small spherical enveloped RNA virus with a diameter of approximately 70 nm and a buoyant density of 1.22 g per ml. It grew well and produced a cytopathic effect in a variety of cell cultures; it was sensitive to organic solvents, heat and low pH. It agglutinated goose erythrocytes in a 0.35 M sodium chloride solution at an optimum pH of 6.2 and was antigenically identical or closely related to Getah virus, a member of the alphavirus subgroup of the Togaviridae.
Sentsui H, Kono Y.During the autumn of 1978 a disease characterised by fever and occasionally by exanthema and/or oedema of the limbs was seen in approximately 13 per cent of horses in a training stable in the Kanto district of Japan. A virus was isolated by the intracerebral inoculation of one-day-old mice from blood and nasal swabs taken from naturally and experimentally infected horses. The virus was subsequently passaged in two monkey kidney cell lines in which it produced complete cytopathic changes. Infected horses developed neutralising, complement fixing and haemagglutinin inhibiting antibodies to the v...
Potgieter LN, Rouse BT, Webb-Martin TA.A modification of the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed which used staphylococcal protein A linked to horseradish peroxidase. Virus antibodies in equine, bovine, porcine, feline, canine, lagomorphic (rabbit), and human sera were detected, using the indirect ELISA in which the antiglobulin enzyme conjugate was replaced by protein A linked to horseradish peroxidase. Results of the ELISA were compared with the results of the serum-virus neutralization test. The application of the test in laboratories performing serologic assays with sera from diverse animal species ...
McGowan JJ, Allen GP, Barnett JM, Gentry GA.Infection of horse KyED cells with equine herpesvirus type 3 (EHV-3) resulted in a sevenfold increase in cytosol deoxythymidine kinase (dTK) activity. The EHV-3 dTK was purified from KyED cytosol dTK by affinity chromatography on deoxythymidine-Sepharose and characterized with respect to its electrophoretic mobility, molecular weight, substrate specificity, phosphate donor specificity, and immunological specificity. The purified EHV-3 dTK migrated in polyacrylamide gels with an Rf of 0.30 and sedimented in glycerol gradients with an S value of 5.13, corresponding to a molecular weight of 83,00...
England JJ, Reed DE.Negative contrast electron microscopy (NCEM) was utilized as a routine tool in the diagnosis of viral infections of domestic and wild animals. Viruses identified by this technique were observed in infected culture systems or clinical specimens from several species including horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, pigs, deer, Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep, antelope, and several avian species. Viruses were identified by NCEM based on their size, morphology, and symmetry and consisted of adenoviruses, herpesviruses, paramyxoviruses, myxoviruses, picornaviruses, parvoviruses, coronaviruses, reoviruses, ...
Mumford JA, Rossdale PD.Racehorses perform badly for many different reasons. Trainers often expect clinicians to determine the cause in individual cases and, more especially, where most of the immates of the stable are apparently affected by loss of form. Clinical examinations may reveal signs including fever, serous nasal discharge and the occasional cough. Haematology and blood biochemistry are commonly used aids to diagnosis in the field and may be helpful, but there is a need for facilities for virological investigations to be made readily available for use by clinicans as an adjunct to more commonplace laborator...
Tåmová B, Stumpa A, Zakopal J, Vĕzníková D, Mensík J.Equine influenza occurred in Czechoslovakia 14 years after the last epizootic in horses that had returned from abroad. Six strains A (Heq1Neq1) antigenically related to, but not identical with, strain A/eq/Praha/56 were isolated from 10 washings. Seroconversion was demonstrated with paired sera, but the antibody increase was more marked against the newly isolated strain.
Smith M, Tzipori S.Rotavirus RNA prepared from calf, pig, mouse, deer, foal and dog-adapted human isolates was compared using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Reproducible differences in the RNA migration patterns were found between all isolates. There were 11 clearly resolved segments in the pig, mouse and foal samples. The calf rotavirus RNA and deer rotavirus RNA separated into 9 bands and 10 bands, respectively. The dog-adapted human virus migrated in 12 bands, and this probably results from the complex passage history of the original human rotavirus isolate.
Theodoridis A, Nevill EM, Els HJ, Boshoff ST.Five viruses, unrelated to bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), were isolated from Culicoides biting-midges collected during the summer months of the years 1968-69 and 1969-70 near a cattle herd in which cases of BEF occurred and at an open horse stable at Onderstepoort. These viruses were investigated by means of serological, electron-microscopical and physicochemical tests. It was established that 2 isolates, Cul. 1/69 and Cul. 2/69, were related to each other and belonged to the Palyam subgroup of the genus Orbivirus, that isolate Cul. 3/69 belonged to the equine encephalosis subgroup of th...
Fujimiya Y, Perryman LE, Crawford TB.Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and direct cytotoxicity assays were performed with equine infectious anemia virus-infected target cells, equine leukocytes, and equine anti-equine infectious anemia virus antibody to determine whether these mechanisms play a role in controlling viral replication in equine infectious anemia. Direct cytotoxicity was observed by using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 7 of 10 infected horses. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity was not observed. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity reaction in horses was then studied by using sheep eryth...
Roumillat LF, Feorino PM, Lukert PD.Infection of a human lymphoblastoid cell line (Jijoye line derived from a Burkitt lymphoma which contains Epstein-Barr virus) with equine herpesvirus 1, maintained and observed for 53 days, was characterized by the continuous production of infectious extracellular and intracellular virus. Maximum virus production correlated with active cell multiplication. Less than 15% of the cells possessed viral capsid antigen at any one time. Five percent of the cells in the Jijoye line possess Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigen; 80% of the Epstein-Barr viral caspid-containing cells also contained equine he...
Rice NR, Coggins L.In the endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction, equine infectious anemia virus is able to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) of 8,000 nucleotides in high yield. After 2 h in 50 muM dNTP, about 2.8 mug of cDNA per mg of protein is produced, almost 30% of which is long cDNA. The system thus compares favorably with the other two well-characterized endogenous reaction systems, Moloney murine leukemia virus and avian sarcoma virus. Elongation rates of 100 to 150 nucleotides per min have been observed; these rates are comparable to those seen with purified avian myeloblastosis virus reverse trans...
Dietz WH, Peralta PH, Johnson KM.The clinical and laboratory findings in ten humans infected with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, subtype I-D, are described in this report. Clinical and laboratory data indicate that, in contrast to equine infections, human infection with these enzootic virus strains (I-D) is similar to human infection with epizootic strains (I-ABC). In most cases there was an abrupt onset of fever, muscle pain, and vomiting. Virus was recovered from sera obtained during the first 3 days of illness. Lymphopenia occurred in all patients, and neutropenia occurred in three. No sequelae of these infections w...
Charman H, Long C, Coggins L.Three structural proteins of equine infectious anemia virus were purified, labeled with 125I, and utilized in radioimmunoassays with horse sera and antisera to heterologous retroviruses. Whereas radioimmunoassay titers for the major protein, p25, were 500- to 1,000-fold higher than titers in immunodiffusion, for clinical purposes these two procedures were equivalent. Antibodies to two low-molecular-weight proteins, p12 and p10, were also found in infected horses, but with a lower frequency and lower titers. As a rule, only sera positive for p25 also contained antibody to p12 and p10. Antisera ...
Agnihotri K, Pease B, Oakey J, Campbell G.In 2011, a 2-year-old horse in northern Queensland, Australia, was reported to have developed mild neurologic signs, and a blood sample was submitted for laboratory investigation. Virus isolation was performed using the blood sample, and an orbivirus was isolated. This was confirmed to be a strain of Elsey virus (ELSV) after transmission electron microscopy and nucleotide sequencing. The nucleotide sequence was compared with those in GenBank, and had 100% identity with ELSV previously reported from the Northern Territory, Australia. ELSV is taxonomically closely related to Peruvian horse sickn...
Haikerwal A, Barrera MD, Bhalla N, Zhou W, Boghdeh N, Anderson C, Alem F, Narayanan A.Acutely infectious new world alphaviruses such as Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) pose important challenges to the human population due to a lack of effective therapeutic intervention strategies. Small interfering RNAs that can selectively target the viral genome (vsiRNAs) has been observed to offer survival advantages in several in vitro and in vivo models of acute virus infections, including alphaviruses such as Chikungunya virus and filoviruses such as Ebola virus. In this study, novel vsiRNAs that targeted conserved regions in the nonstructural and structural genes of the VEEV ...
Smith KC, Tearle JP, Boyle MS, Gower SM, Mumford JA.Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1; Ab4 isolate) was inoculated unilaterally into the cavum vaginale of four pony colts under general anaesthesia. The animals were monitored daily for evidence of scrotal or testicular swelling and euthanased electively on days 3, 4, 6 and 12 after infection. Detailed pathological examination of the male genital tract was carried out. In animals examined at days 3 and 4 after infection, replication of EHV-1 was detected bilaterally in mesothelial and endothelial cells of the parietal and visceral vaginal tunics. The mesothelial infection had resolved by day 12 after in...
Whalley JM, Love DN, Tewari D, Field HJ.A series of recombinant baculoviruses containing genes for glycoproteins C, D, H and L of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) have been constructed, and the EHV-1 products characterised by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. The EHV-1 glycoproteins expressed in insect cells were similar but not identical in apparent sizes to those expressed in EHV-1 infected mammalian cells. Each of the EHV-1 products was recognised by convalescent equine sera, indicating that they were all targets for an equine immune response. Mice immunised with baculovirus-expressed EHV-1 gD and gC acquired an enhanced abilit...
Robinson NE, Dabney JM, Weidner WJ, Jones GA, Scott JB.The digital circulation was isolated in 12 ponies under pentobarbital anesthesia. Blood flow was either controlled by a pump or measured under natural perfusion. The responses to rapid changes and stoppages of blood flow indicated no evidence of autoregulation or reactive hyperemia. Local administration of acetylcholine, histamine, and prostaglandins E1 and E2 decreased prevenous resistance, whereas epinephrine and serotonin caused prevenous constriction. Large doses of epinephrine and serotonin decreased venous caliber. The effects of prostaglandins A1 and F2alpha were variable. The equine di...
Ghanem YM, Ibrahim el-SM, Yamada S, Matsumura T, Osterrieder N, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H.The pathogenicities of RacL11 and Kentucky D strains of equine herpesvirus 1 in the hamster infection model are different from those of Ab4p and the Japanese isolates. Virus genome restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequence comparison of an intergenic region, glycoproteins and tegument genes showed higher conservation but with some strain-specific differences. These results indicate that point nucleotide differences in RacL11 and Kentucky D might be responsible for their pathogenicity in rodent models.
Ochi A, Bannai H, Aonuma H, Kanuka H, Uchida-Fujii E, Kinoshita Y, Ohta M, Kambayashi Y, Tsujimura K, Ueno T, Nemoto M.Mosquitoes and EDTA-treated blood samples from febrile racehorses were investigated for Getah virus infection from 2016 to 2019 at the Miho Training Center, where several outbreaks of Getah virus have occurred. We collected 5557 mosquitoes and 331 blood samples from febrile horses in this study. The most frequently captured mosquito species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus (51.9%), followed by Aedes vexans nipponii (14.2%) and Anopheles sinensis (11.2%). Getah virus was detected in mosquitoes (Aedes vexans nipponii) in 2016 (strain 16-0810-26) but not in 2017-2019. Six of 74 febrile horses in 2016 ...
Chen J, Guo X, Li L.The nucleocapsid (N) protein is the most conserved structural protein in equine arteritis virus (EAV). This study aimed to identify the minimal conserved B cell epitope on the EAV N protein. The purified N protein was used to immunize mice for preparing monoclonal antibody (mAb). The reactivity of mAb was evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Moreover, 11 overlapping peptides (named MBP-N1 to MBP-N11) were designed to localize the linear antigenic epitope within the N protein. The peptides were identified by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot....
Sentsui H, Wu D, Murakami K, Kondo T, Matsumura T.Recombinant equine interferon-gamma (reIFN-gamma) was prepared using a baculovirus expression system and its antiviral activity was investigated using several equine viruses. The reIFN-gamma suppressed the replication of all equine viruses used in the present experiment in horse cell cultures, but did not affect the growth of host cells at concentrations of less than 1000 u/ml. A strong antiviral effect was observed, especially against RNA viruses. Equine picornavirus, equine rhinovirus and equine arteritis virus could not be propagated at all in 100 u/ml reIFN-gamma when 100 TCID(50) of infec...
Ramsay JD, Evanoff R, Mealey RH.Hepacivirus A (also known as nonprimate hepacivirus and equine hepacivirus) is a hepatotropic virus that can cause both transient and persistent infections in horses. The evolution of intrahost viral populations (quasispecies) has not been studied in detail for hepacivirus A, and its roles in immune evasion and persistence are unknown. To address these knowledge gaps, we first evaluated the envelope gene (E1 and E2) diversity of two different hepacivirus A strains (WSU and CU) in longitudinal blood samples from experimentally infected adult horses, juvenile horses (foals), and foals with sever...
Mazzei M, Savini G, Di Gennaro A, Macchioni F, Prati MC, Guzmàn LR, Tolari F.West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae included in the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex (JEAC). A seroepidemiological study was carried out in 2011 using 160 horse sera collected from different areas of Bolivia to investigate the presence of WNV antibody. A high proportion (59.4%) of the tested sera were positive to a commercially available WNV competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA). Sixty-six randomly selected C-ELISA-positive sera were further tested by WNV plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), virus neutralization ...
Surma-Kurusiewicz K, Winiarczyk S, Adaszek Ł.The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the ORF5 gene fragment nucleotide sequences and the GP5 protein amino acid sequences formed on this matrix, for the equine arteritis virus (EAV) strains isolated from the semen of infected stallions from Eastern Poland. The study covered 41 stallions whose blood serum tested positive for antigens specific to the EAV. The presence of EAV genetic material was shown in material from 5 horses, in one of which permanent presence of viral RNA was detected over the entire 4-year study period (the material was sampled four times at yea...
Adolf GR, Traxler E, Maurer-Fogy I.Equine interferon-beta 1 (EqIFN-beta 1) was purified from extracts of recombinant Escherichia coli by sequential chromatography on hydroxylapatite, anion-, and cation-exchangers. The resulting protein was greater than 98% pure as determined by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, gel permeation HPLC, and reverse-phase HPLC. Amino-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that essentially all molecules contained an additional amino-terminal methionine. The specific antiviral activity of EqIFN-beta 1 determined on equine dermal fibroblasts challenged with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was...
Smith IM, Girard A, Corner AH, Mitchell D.Using two known positive equine viral rhinopneumonitis (EVR) sera, conjugates were prepared with fluorescein isothiocyanate and tested for specificity using EVR infected tissue culture cells. The conjugate was then applied to selected tissues from 32 aborted fetuses and foals submitted during a natural outbreak of EVR. Antigen was detected in various tissues by immunofluorescence in 20 cases (62.5%). In 24 cases bovine fetal kidney cell monolayers were inoculated with a pool of lung and liver and EVR virus was isolated from 15 (62.5%). Histological examination of various tissues from 29 cases ...
Ma J, Zhang Z, Yao Q, Su C, Yin X, Wang X.Rev, an important accessory protein of equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV), induces the nuclear export of incompletely spliced viral mRNAs. Rev is translated from the tat-rev mRNA through leaky scanning of the tat CUG. In this study, the function of the Kozak sequence at the beginning of the rev ORF was investigated. Deletion or attenuation of the Kozak sequence resulted in expression of an N-terminal 11 aa-truncated Rev in addition to WT Rev. Truncated Rev displayed weaker promotion of Gag expression and processing than WT Rev. Furthermore, EIAV rescued from an infectious molecular clon...
Black JB, Frampton AR.Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a highly transmissible pathogen that leads to a variety of clinical disease outcomes in infected horses. A major sequela that can occur after an EHV-1 infection is a neurological disease termed equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Clinical manifestations of EHM include fever, ataxia, incontinence, and partial to full paralysis, which may ultimately lead to the euthanization of the infected horse. To develop an effective treatment strategy for EHM, it is critical that the specific virus-host interactions that lead to EHM be investigated so that safe...
Wiebe ME, Scherer WF, Peick WJ.Ninety-four strains of Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus isolated from sentinel hamsters exposed in the Middle American countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras were examined for the presence of virions with marker characteristics of strains that cause large epidemics and equine epizootics. Thirty-four strains came from before and 60 strains came from after the Middle American epidemics and equine epizootics of 1966 and 1969-1972. Twenty-three virion clones that resembled epizootic strains by hydroxylapatite chromatography and Vero monkey kidney cell plaque size determinations wer...
Ahn B, Zhang Y, Osterrieder N, O'Callaghan DJ.The 150 kbp genome of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is composed of a unique long (UL) region and a unique short (Us) segment, which is flanked by identical internal and terminal repeat (IR and TR) sequences of 12.7 kbp. We constructed an EHV-1 lacking the entire IR (vL11ΔIR) and showed that the IR is dispensable for EHV-1 replication but that the vL11ΔIR exhibits a smaller plaque size and delayed growth kinetics. Western blot analyses of cells infected with vL11ΔIR showed that the synthesis of viral proteins encoded by the immediate-early, early, and late genes was reduced at immediate-early...
Mason JB, Gurda BL, Van Wettere A, Engiles JB, Wilson JM, Richardson DW.Our long-term aim is to develop a gene therapy approach for the prevention of laminitis in the contralateral foot of horses with major musculoskeletal injuries and non-weightbearing lameness. Objective: The goal of this study was to develop a practical method to efficiently deliver therapeutic proteins deep within the equine foot. Methods: Randomised in vivo experiment. Methods: We used recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAVs) to deliver marker genes using regional limb perfusion through the palmar digital artery of the horse. Results: Vector serotypes rAAV2/1, 2/8 and 2/9 all succes...
Allen GP, Cohen JC, Randall CC, O'Callaghan DJ.The replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 3 (EHV-3) was unimpeded in three different cell types-equine epithelial cells, equine fibroblasts, and mouse fibroblasts-which had been blocked in their capacity to synthesize host DNA by 2.5 mM hydroxyurea (HU) or 2 mM thymidine (TdR). The rate of DNA synthesis in uninfected or equine herpesvirus-infected cells in the presence of HU or TdR was measured by pulse-labeling cell samples with a labeled DNA precursor at different times after infection. DNA synthesis in uninfected cultures was completely inhibited by both compounds. Howev...
Diaz-Méndez A, Viel L, Shewen P, Nagy E.Equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) is an ubiquitous virus, routinely identified in equine respiratory infections; however, its role in disease and genetic features are not well defined due to a lack of genomic characterization of the recovered isolates. Therefore, we sequenced the full-length genome of a Canadian ERAV (ERAV/ON/05) and compared it with other ERAV sequences currently available in GenBank. The ERAV/ON/05 genome is 7,839 nucleotides (nts) in length with a variable 5'UTR and a more conserved 3'UTR. When ERAV/ON/05 was compared to other reported ERAV isolates, an insertion of 13 nt in t...
Onasanya AE, El-Hage C, Diaz-Méndez A, Vaz PK, Legione AR, Browning GF, Devlin JM, Hartley CA.Equid gammaherpesvirus 2 (EHV2) is a gammaherpesvirus with a widespread distribution in horse populations globally. Although its pathogenic significance can be unclear in most cases of infection, EHV2 infection can cause upper respiratory tract disease in foals. Co-infection of different strains of EHV2 in an individual horse is common. Small regions of the EHV2 genome have shown considerable genetic heterogeneity. This could suggest genomic recombination between different strains of EHV2, similar to the extensive recombination networks that have been demonstrated for some alphaherpesviruses. ...
Hornyák A, Dénes B, Szeredi L, Dencsö L, Rusvai M.Two monoclonal antibodies against the Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV) were produced, and according to immunoperoxidase reaction following Western blot of electrophoresed EAV structural proteins, they recognized the nucleocapsid (N) protein antigen (14-kDa protein). Besides reacting with the blotted polypeptide, the antibodies of the two clones (designated 1H1 and 4G6) selected from 576 have shown high affinity and specificity to intracellular virus antigen as well. Both antibodies reacted with the representatives of the different subtypes of equine arteritis virus providing a su...
van Maanen C, Vreeswijk J, Moonen P, Brinkhof J, de Boer-Luijtze E, Terpstra C.Ten monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV1). Two appeared type-specific, while the other eight were directed against epitopes common to both EHV1 and EHV4. Two MAbs directed against the glycoprotein gp2 recognized linear epitopes, as demonstrated by Western blotting. With pools of type-specific MAbs, 282 field isolates were typed in an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA). From a total of 254 fetal or neonatal isolates, 244 (96%) were typed as EHV1, whereas 14 out of 15 (93%) respiratory tract isolates were typed as EHV4. Surprisingly, 3 out of 1...
Morris BA, Sadana A.A fractal analysis is presented for the detection of pathogens such as Franscisela tularensis, Yersinia pestis (the bacterium that causes plague), Bacillus anthracis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus, Vavcinia virus, and Escherichia coli using a cellular analysis and notification of antigens risks and yields (CANARY) biosensor [T.H. Rider, M.S. Petrovic, F.E. Nargi, J.D Harper, E.D. Schwoebel, R.H. Mathews, D.J. Blanchard, L.T Bortolin, A.M. Young, J. Chen, M.A. Hollis, A cell-based sensor for rapid identification of pathogens, Science 301 (2003, 11 July) 213-215, T.H. Rider, M.S. Pe...
Heerkens TM.Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes rhinopneumonitis, abortion, and rarely, myeloencephalopathy. The neurovirulence of this virus is due to a point mutation in the DNA polymerase gene. Diagnosis by virus isolation has been replaced by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays that can detect strains, viral loads, and states; this may aid in control and management of the disease. L’herpèsvirus équin de type-1 (EHV-1) cause la rhinopneumonie, l’avortement et rarement la myéloencéphalopathie. La neurovirulence de ce virus est attribuable à une mutation ponctuelle à l’intér...
Yoon J, Park T, Kim A, Park J, Park BJ, Ahn HS, Go HJ, Kim DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi IS.Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) is one of the etiological agents of Theiler's disease, causing fulminant hepatitis; however, its transmission route and pathogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, we aimed to determine EqPV-H shedding in oral/nasal/vaginal swabs or semen samples from horses living in Korea using nested polymerase chain reaction. We then used the data obtained to investigate various risk factors associated with EqPV-H including viral shedding, hepatopathological changes, and genetic diversity. Our data revealed occurrence of EqPV-H shedding in these animals (oral: 3/...
HARDY FM, ARBITER D.Hardy, Frank M. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), and David Arbiter. Lipid inclusions in L cells associated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection. J. Bacteriol. 89:1101-1103. 1965.-Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus has been shown to induce changes of lipid components within the L cell. Lipid inclusions in the form of dark granular bodies were observed in the L cell after aqueous osmium tetroxide fixation and Sudan black staining. Microscopic examination of cells as early as 8 hr after infection with VEE virus showed an increase in the concentration of these inclu...
Fukushi N, Badr Y, Fukushi H.Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) UL11 is a 74-amino-acid (aa) protein encoded by ORF51. UL11 is modified by acylation including myristoylation and palmitoylation. Myristoylation of EHV-1 UL11 is assumed to occur on the N-terminal glycine, while palmitoylation is assumed to occur on the seventh and ninth cysteines. ORF51, which encodes the first 24 aa, overlaps ORF50 encoding UL12. We previously demonstrated that UL11 was essential for EHV-1 replication in cultured cells and that UL11 was localized at the Golgi apparatus where herpesviruses obtain their final envelope. It is unclear whether th...
Schramm A, Ackermann M, Eichwald C, Aguilar C, Fraefel C, Lechmann J.Equid alphaherpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) are closely related and both endemic in horses worldwide. Both viruses replicate in the upper respiratory tract, but EHV-1 may additionally lead to abortion and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). We focused on antibody responses in horses against the receptor-binding glycoprotein D of EHV-1 (gD1), which shares a 77% amino acid identity with its counterpart in EHV-4 (gD4). Both antigens give rise to cross-reacting antibodies, including neutralizing antibodies. However, immunity against EHV-4 is not considered protective against EHM. Wh...
