X-ray imaging is a diagnostic tool used in equine medicine to visualize the internal structures of a horse, particularly the bones and joints. It involves the use of X-ray radiation to capture images that help in assessing the presence of fractures, bone abnormalities, or joint disorders. This non-invasive technique provides valuable information for diagnosing lameness, evaluating the extent of injuries, and planning surgical interventions. X-ray imaging is commonly employed in both routine veterinary check-ups and emergency situations. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the applications, techniques, and advancements in X-ray imaging within the context of equine health.
Carvalho AL, Dias JM, Sanz L, Romero A, Calvete JJ, Romão MJ.The purification, crystallization and identification by X-ray diffraction analysis of a horse kallikrein is reported. The protein was purified from horse seminal plasma. Crystals belong to space group C2 and the structure was solved by the MIRAS method, with two heavy-atom derivatives of mercury and platinum. X-ray diffraction data to 1.42 A resolution were collected at the ESRF synchrotron-radiation source.
Abraham-Peskir JV, Chantler E, Uggerhøj E.We have investigated fresh and cryopreserved bovine and equine spermatozoa using light and transmission soft X-ray microscopy. Spermatozoa were examined, in the presence or absence of semen, after using Percoll gradient centrifugation and re-suspending in medium. X-ray microscopy provided high resolution (30 nm) transmission images of whole cells in solution with high contrast, while retaining the simple preparation techniques used in light microscopy. We demonstrated translucent, membrane-bound vesicles in the acrosomal and midpiece regions that were similar in size and we noted their inciden...
Tischner M.In the present study the growth and development of three pairs of matching gender foals from birth to maturity were compared. One Polish Pony embryo of each pair was transferred from a donor mare (mass 387-400 kg) to a much larger heavy type recipient mare (mass 561-780 kg). The other embryo of each pair underwent normal gestation (control). The transferred and control horses were examined at 9 and 13 years of age, and X-ray pictures were taken of their front legs to measure the length of the bones. On the basis of the results of this study, it is concluded that the processes of growth and dev...
Sharma AK, Paramasivam M, Srinivasan A, Yadav MP, Singh TP.Lactoferrin is a monomeric glycoprotein with a molecular mass of approximately 80 kDa. The three-dimensional structure of mare diferric lactoferrin (mlf) has been determined at 2.6 A resolution. The protein crystallizes in the space group P 212121with a=85.2 A, b=99.5 A, c=103.1 A with a solvent content of 55 % (v/v). The structure was solved by the molecular replacement method using human diferric lactoferrin as the model. The structure has been refined using XPLOR to a final R -factor of 0.194 for all data in the 15-2.6 A resolution range. The amino acid sequence of mlf was determined using ...
Maurus R, Overall CM, Bogumil R, Luo Y, Mauk AG, Smith M, Brayer GD.Well-ordered internal amino acids can contribute significantly to the stability of proteins. To investigate the importance of the hydrophobic packing interface between helices G and H in the proximal heme pocket of horse heart myoglobin, the highly conserved amino acid, Leu104, was substituted with asparagine, a polar amino acid of similar size. The Leu104Asn mutant protein and its recombinant wild-type horse heart myoglobin counterpart were expressed from synthetic genes in Escherichia coli. Thermal denaturation of these two recombinant myoglobins, as studied by measurement of circular dichro...
Diaz-Espiñeira M, Escolar E, Bellanato J, De La Fuente MA.Atomic spectrometry has been used in 20 samples of equine urinary sabulous deposits in order to detect minor elements accompanying the predominant element, calcium, which is present in the form of calcium carbonate (calcite and/or vaterite). The elements measured have been (besides calcium) magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, copper and manganese. Phosphates, sulphates and silica are frequently present as minor constituents of equine urinary sabulous deposits and uroliths, but their detection can be difficult by infrared (IR) spectroscopy in the original samples due to overlapping with the ban...
Díaz-Espiñeira M, Escolar E, Bellanato J, Rodriguez M.The secondary constituents accompanying calcite and vaterite (crystalline forms of calcium carbonate) in the sabulous deposits from 140 vesical samples and one renal sample of equine urine were studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Apatitic calcium phosphate, present in 12 per cent of the samples, generally appeared in the form of spherulites with smooth and rough surfaces. Calcium sulphate, clearly detected by IR in 12.7 per cent of the samples, did not have a characteristic structure under SEM, although EDX detec...
Kirkland KD, Baker GJ, Manfra Marretta S, Eurell JA, Losonsky JM.To document age-related changes in the morphology of the endodontic system, reserve crown, and roots of equine mandibular cheek teeth. Methods: Equine mandibular cheek teeth from horses of various ages were compared, using radiography, x-ray computed tomography, and histologic examinations. Methods: 48 right hemi-mandibles from horses 2 to 9 years old. Methods: Hemi-mandibles were radiographed, imaged by computed tomographic reconstruction, and reformatted. Histologic examination was used to identify and correlate tissue types. Results: Permanent mandibular cheek teeth of the horse, at the tim...
Pérez MD, Calvo M.beta-Lactoglobulin is the major whey protein in the milk of ruminants and some nonruminants, such as pigs and horses. Although beta-lactoglobulin was first isolated 60 yr ago, no function has been definitely ascribed to beta-lactoglobulin. Recent x-ray crystallographic studies have advanced knowledge of the structure of beta-lactoglobulin, which is homologous with that of retinol-binding protein and lipocalycins; the function of these proteins seems to be participation in the transport of small hydrophobic substances. By analogy, this protein has been suggested as having a role as a transporte...
Keller H, Grundmann S.X-rays of 205 horses having navicular disease and having been reexamined up to six times are evaluated. For this, the x-rays of each foreleg are evaluated in the dorsopalmar (Oxspring) and lateromedial view. Additionally to changes of the navicular bone, changes of the distal part of the toe are also assessed. Differences can be found in the radiographic process in view of the limitation of vascular foramina and cyst-like lesions. Vascular foramina with sclerotic rim grow less frequent than poorly defined ones and therefore allow for easier prognostication. Cyst-like lesions with sclerotic rim...
Neumann RD, Ruby AL, Ling GV, Schiffman P, Johnson DL.Urinary calculi from 17 horses with urolithiasis were examined to study their mineral content and ultrastructure. Among the analytic methods used were X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. The calculi initially were observed by use of a stereoscopic dissecting microscope and generally were found to have nodular surfaces surrounding a banded or granular-to-chalky interior. Observation by scanning electron microscopy revealed an intricate pattern of irregularly concentric, fine bands and spherules. These had a round, finely banded, globular texture...
Lamb CR.Arthrography, tenography, and fistulography (or sinography) can provide additional information about the soft-tissue components of joints, tendon sheaths, and draining tracts, respectively. Arthrography is a valuable aid in the diagnosis of synovial masses, such as villonodular synovitis, and osteochondrosis. Tenography is particularly useful in evaluating chronic tendon sheath distention. Fistulography is an effective means of identifying acute traumatic damage to synovial structures and determining the cause and extent of draining tracts.
Zeng J, Rao KR, Brew K, Fenna R.Crystals of the calcium-containing lysozyme from horse milk have been grown by precipitation with sodium phosphate. The crystals are orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with cell dimensions a = 53.2, b = 57.1, and c = 38.2 A and contain a single molecule in the asymmetric unit. The crystals are suitable for high resolution x-ray structural analysis.
Lombardo D, Chapus C, Bourne Y, Cambillau C.Horse (Equus caballus) pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) has been crystallized using the hanging drop method of vapour diffusion at 20 degrees C. The best crystals were grown from an 8 mg/ml solution in 10 to 20% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 8000, 10 mM-MgCl2, 0.1 M-NaCl, 0.1 M-Mes buffer (pH 5.6). They reach dimensions of 0.8 mm x 0.4 mm x 0.6 mm. X-ray examination of the lipase crystals shows that they are orthorombic with a space group P2(1)2(1)2(1). Their cell dimensions are a = 79.8 A, b = 97.2 A c = 145.3 A. Two molecules per asymmetric unit give a Vm value of 2.82 A3/dalton (56% water content...
Pfeiffer CJ, Murray MJ, Fainter L.The granular columnar epithelial cell of the equine dorsal large colon has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Particular attention was focused on nuclear bodies commonly observed as central clusters of spherical, electron-dense inclusions within the nucleus. Ultrastructural morphology as well as X-ray microanalysis spectra reveal great similarity between colonic nuclear bodies and the numerous small granules of the apical cytoplasm in these epithelial cells. X-ray spectra of these cells were distinct from those of goblet cell mucous granules and mast cell...
Mair TS, Osborn RS.X-ray diffraction crystallography was used to determine the crystalline composition of 18 equine urinary calculi, including stones originating in the kidney, bladder and urethra. Calcium carbonate in the form of calcite was found to be the major component in all calculi examined. Other components commonly found included weddellite and substituted vaterite. Urine deposits from a number of normal horses were also examined. The significance of these findings, as well as those from a number of previous reports, are discussed in relation to the possible aetiology of urolithiasis in the horse.
Rice DW, Blake CC.Crystals of horse muscle 3-phosphoglycerate kinase have been grown in the presence of a wide variety of substrates using either potassium tartrate or polyethylene glycol as a precipitant. In those grown from polyethylene glycol, two related crystal forms have been obtained by varying the nature of the substrates present in the crystallization medium. In order to obtain one of these forms, form B, the presence of the substrate 3-phosphoglycerate appears to be essential. The two crystal forms are not interconvertible by simple diffusion experiments and the crystals grown in the absence of 3-phos...
Denoix JM.The structural morphology of the mandibula is presented and correlated to various types of mastication in several Mammalian species. The latter include: Carnivores (Dog, Cat, Cheetah, Lion); Omnivores (Man, Chimpanzee, Hog); Herbivores (Horse, Ox, Goat, Camel, Rabbit). While the mandibula is studied as a composite unit, a more analytical, segmental approach has been included, and both are illustrated by X-rays. The aspects presented underline the distribution as well as the local modifications of compact bone, and in addition, the arrangement and the development of spongy bone trabeculae. A pr...
Shupe JL, Eanes ED, Leone NC.Sodium fluoride (5 mg/kg of body weight) was fed for 20 months to horses with hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), a skeletal disorder that primarily affects endochondral bones during skeletal development. Rib biopsies were performed on both HME horses not fed fluoride (control) and HME horses that were fed fluoride to obtain comparable specimens for chemical analyses and x-ray diffraction. Fluoride content of the rib from a horse fed fluoride for 20 months was approximately 20 to 30 times higher than that from a control horse. Fluoride content of the bone tumors was higher than those of norma...
Sogin DC, Plapp BV.Diazonium-1H-tetrazole was tested as a potential active-site-directed reagent for amino acid residues involved in catalysis by alcohol dehydrogenase. In a novel reaction with a protein, diazonium-1H-tetrazole inactivated the enzyme selectively, and almost stoichiometrically, but reacting with the sulfur of a cysteine residue, Cys-174. As a model compound, the tetrazole adduct of free cysteine was prepared. Elementary and spectral analyses of the adduct were consistent with the structure 5-tetrazoleazo-S-cysteine. The adduct absorbs light with a maximun at 316 nm, and is destroyed by irradiatio...
Warme PK, Scheraga HA.The reported X-ray structure of horse-heart ferricytochrome c has been refined by conformational energy calculations, using a three-stage computational procedure. In stage I, the atomic positions are adjusted to conform to idealized bond lengths and bond angles characteristic of small amino acid derivatives, while yet remaining as close as possible to the X-ray coordinates. In stage II, atomic overlaps are eliminated by adjusting the backbone and side-chain dihedral angles to minimize the nonbonded energy, hydrogen-bonded energy, and rotational energy contributions. In the final stage of refin...
Yao S, Qi J, Liu J, Chen R, Pan X, Li X, Gao F, Xia C.In order to clarify the structure and the peptide-presentation characteristics of the equine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule, a complex of equine MHC class I molecule (ELA-A1 haplotype, 7-6 allele) with mouse β(2)-microglobulin and the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope Env-RW12 (RVEDVTNTAEYW) derived from equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) envelope protein (residues 195-206) was refolded and crystallized. The crystal, which belonged to space group P2(1), diffracted to 2.3 Å resolution and had unit-cell parameters a = 82.5, b = 71.4, c = 99.8 Å, β = 102.9°. T...
Walter LJ, Davies HM.Accuracy and limitations of a radiographic technique were established for measurement of metacarpal bone shape in horses. A radiographic index (RI) has been used to measure changes in third metacarpal (Mc3) bone shape in response to training in young racehorses. The aim of these experiments was to determine the effects of positioning of the radiographic equipment on RI measurements from lateromedial radiographs of a left ex vivo metacarpus. Repeatability of the RI measurement in left lateromedial and right mediolateral view Mc3s were evaluated. The width of the dorsal cortex (DC), palmar corte...
Lombardo D, Chapus C, Bourne Y, Cambillau C.Horse (Equus caballus) pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) has been crystallized using the hanging drop method of vapour diffusion at 20 degrees C. The best crystals were grown from an 8 mg/ml solution in 10 to 20% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 8000, 10 mM-MgCl2, 0.1 M-NaCl, 0.1 M-Mes buffer (pH 5.6). They reach dimensions of 0.8 mm x 0.4 mm x 0.6 mm. X-ray examination of the lipase crystals shows that they are orthorombic with a space group P2(1)2(1)2(1). Their cell dimensions are a = 79.8 A, b = 97.2 A c = 145.3 A. Two molecules per asymmetric unit give a Vm value of 2.82 A3/dalton (56% water content...
Zeng J, Rao KR, Brew K, Fenna R.Crystals of the calcium-containing lysozyme from horse milk have been grown by precipitation with sodium phosphate. The crystals are orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with cell dimensions a = 53.2, b = 57.1, and c = 38.2 A and contain a single molecule in the asymmetric unit. The crystals are suitable for high resolution x-ray structural analysis.
Abraham-Peskir JV, Chantler E, Uggerhøj E.We have investigated fresh and cryopreserved bovine and equine spermatozoa using light and transmission soft X-ray microscopy. Spermatozoa were examined, in the presence or absence of semen, after using Percoll gradient centrifugation and re-suspending in medium. X-ray microscopy provided high resolution (30 nm) transmission images of whole cells in solution with high contrast, while retaining the simple preparation techniques used in light microscopy. We demonstrated translucent, membrane-bound vesicles in the acrosomal and midpiece regions that were similar in size and we noted their inciden...
Mair TS, Osborn RS.X-ray diffraction crystallography was used to determine the crystalline composition of 18 equine urinary calculi, including stones originating in the kidney, bladder and urethra. Calcium carbonate in the form of calcite was found to be the major component in all calculi examined. Other components commonly found included weddellite and substituted vaterite. Urine deposits from a number of normal horses were also examined. The significance of these findings, as well as those from a number of previous reports, are discussed in relation to the possible aetiology of urolithiasis in the horse.
Shupe JL, Eanes ED, Leone NC.Sodium fluoride (5 mg/kg of body weight) was fed for 20 months to horses with hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), a skeletal disorder that primarily affects endochondral bones during skeletal development. Rib biopsies were performed on both HME horses not fed fluoride (control) and HME horses that were fed fluoride to obtain comparable specimens for chemical analyses and x-ray diffraction. Fluoride content of the rib from a horse fed fluoride for 20 months was approximately 20 to 30 times higher than that from a control horse. Fluoride content of the bone tumors was higher than those of norma...
Diaz-Espiñeira M, Escolar E, Bellanato J, De La Fuente MA.Atomic spectrometry has been used in 20 samples of equine urinary sabulous deposits in order to detect minor elements accompanying the predominant element, calcium, which is present in the form of calcium carbonate (calcite and/or vaterite). The elements measured have been (besides calcium) magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, copper and manganese. Phosphates, sulphates and silica are frequently present as minor constituents of equine urinary sabulous deposits and uroliths, but their detection can be difficult by infrared (IR) spectroscopy in the original samples due to overlapping with the ban...
Tischner M.In the present study the growth and development of three pairs of matching gender foals from birth to maturity were compared. One Polish Pony embryo of each pair was transferred from a donor mare (mass 387-400 kg) to a much larger heavy type recipient mare (mass 561-780 kg). The other embryo of each pair underwent normal gestation (control). The transferred and control horses were examined at 9 and 13 years of age, and X-ray pictures were taken of their front legs to measure the length of the bones. On the basis of the results of this study, it is concluded that the processes of growth and dev...
Neumann RD, Ruby AL, Ling GV, Schiffman P, Johnson DL.Urinary calculi from 17 horses with urolithiasis were examined to study their mineral content and ultrastructure. Among the analytic methods used were X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. The calculi initially were observed by use of a stereoscopic dissecting microscope and generally were found to have nodular surfaces surrounding a banded or granular-to-chalky interior. Observation by scanning electron microscopy revealed an intricate pattern of irregularly concentric, fine bands and spherules. These had a round, finely banded, globular texture...
Warme PK, Scheraga HA.The reported X-ray structure of horse-heart ferricytochrome c has been refined by conformational energy calculations, using a three-stage computational procedure. In stage I, the atomic positions are adjusted to conform to idealized bond lengths and bond angles characteristic of small amino acid derivatives, while yet remaining as close as possible to the X-ray coordinates. In stage II, atomic overlaps are eliminated by adjusting the backbone and side-chain dihedral angles to minimize the nonbonded energy, hydrogen-bonded energy, and rotational energy contributions. In the final stage of refin...
Childs BA, Pugliese BR, Carballo CT, Miranda DL, Brainerd EL, Kirker-Head CA.X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) uses biplanar videoradiography and computed tomography (CT) scanning to capture three-dimensional (3D) bone motion. In XROMM, morphologically accurate 3D bone models derived from CT are animated with motion from videoradiography, yielding a highly accurate and precise reconstruction of skeletal kinematics. We employ this motion analysis technique to characterize metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) motion in the absence and presence of protective legwear in a healthy pony. Our in vivo marker tracking precision was 0.09 mm for walk and trot, and 0.1...
Esposito M, Astolfo A, Cipiccia S, Jones CM, Savvidis S, Ferrara JD, Endrizzi M, Dudhia J, Olivo A.Microscopic imaging of cartilage is a key tool for the study and development of treatments for osteoarthritis. When cellular and sub-cellular resolution is required, histology remains the gold standard approach, albeit limited by the lack of volumetric information as well as by processing artifacts. Cartilage imaging with the sub-cellular resolution has only been demonstrated in the synchrotron environment. Objective: To provide a proof-of-concept demonstration of the capability of a laboratory-based x-ray phase-contrast microscope to resolve sub-cellular features in a cartilage sample. Meth...
Hupe O, Ankerhold U.Pet owners often assist voluntarily while their pets are being X-rayed during a medical examination. Medical staff members occupationally exposed to radiation are monitored regularly, as they wear personal dosemeters, whereas no dose measurements are carried out on voluntarily assisting persons, as measurements are both cost- and time-intensive. However, the dose limits prescribed in the German radiation protection regulations have to be observed for these volunteers as well. To assist the legislator in deciding whether the German regulation should be changed so that in future the dose of volu...
PERUTZ MF.A complete three-dimensional Patterson synthesis of haemoglobin has been calculated, giving the distribution of vector density in thirty-one sections through the unit cell. The sections show certain concentrations of vector density which can be interpreted in terms of polypeptide chain structure. The following are the conclusions tentatively arrived at on the evidence described in this paper. The haemoglobin molecule resembles a cylinder of 57 angstrom diameter and 34 angstrom height, which consists of an assembly of polypeptide chains running parallel to the base of the cylinder. The chains s...
Granella MCS, Souza AF, Zoppa ALDV.Exposure to ionizing radiation is an occupational risk for veterinarians due to the potential for carcinogenesis, reproductive disorders, cataracts, and hereditary genetic changes. This survey study aimed to identify the radiological protection practices routinely used by veterinarians who work with portable digital X-ray equipment in horses in Brazil and assess their knowledge regarding current legislation. A total of 120 voluntary participation questionnaires were sent to veterinarians who used portable digital radiographic equipment in horses nationwide. The frequencies of the answers were ...
Turek B, Pawlikowski M, Jankowski K, Borowska M, Skierbiszewska K, Jasiński T, Domino M.In veterinary medicine, conventional radiography is the first-choice method for most diagnostic imaging applications in both small animal and equine practice. One direction in its development is the integration of bone density evaluation and artificial intelligence-assisted clinical decision-making, which is expected to enhance and streamline veterinarians' daily practices. One such decision-support method is k-means clustering, a machine learning and data mining technique that can be used clinically to classify radiographic signs into healthy or affected clusters. The study aims to investigat...
Terzi A, Gallo N, Sibillano T, Altamura D, Masi A, Lassandro R, Sannino A, Salvatore L, Bunk O, Giannini C, De Caro L.Type I collagen physiological scaffold for tissue regeneration is considered one of the widely used biomaterials for tissue engineering and medical applications. It is hierarchically organized: five laterally staggered molecules are packed within fibrils, arranged into fascicles and bundles. The structural organization is correlated to the direction and intensity of the forces which can be loaded onto the tissue. For a tissue-specific regeneration, the required macro- and microstructure of a suitable biomaterial has been largely investigated. Conversely, the function of multiscale structural i...
Carvalho AL, Dias JM, Sanz L, Romero A, Calvete JJ, Romão MJ.The purification, crystallization and identification by X-ray diffraction analysis of a horse kallikrein is reported. The protein was purified from horse seminal plasma. Crystals belong to space group C2 and the structure was solved by the MIRAS method, with two heavy-atom derivatives of mercury and platinum. X-ray diffraction data to 1.42 A resolution were collected at the ESRF synchrotron-radiation source.
Díaz-Espiñeira M, Escolar E, Bellanato J, Rodriguez M.The secondary constituents accompanying calcite and vaterite (crystalline forms of calcium carbonate) in the sabulous deposits from 140 vesical samples and one renal sample of equine urine were studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Apatitic calcium phosphate, present in 12 per cent of the samples, generally appeared in the form of spherulites with smooth and rough surfaces. Calcium sulphate, clearly detected by IR in 12.7 per cent of the samples, did not have a characteristic structure under SEM, although EDX detec...
Denoix JM.The structural morphology of the mandibula is presented and correlated to various types of mastication in several Mammalian species. The latter include: Carnivores (Dog, Cat, Cheetah, Lion); Omnivores (Man, Chimpanzee, Hog); Herbivores (Horse, Ox, Goat, Camel, Rabbit). While the mandibula is studied as a composite unit, a more analytical, segmental approach has been included, and both are illustrated by X-rays. The aspects presented underline the distribution as well as the local modifications of compact bone, and in addition, the arrangement and the development of spongy bone trabeculae. A pr...
Sogin DC, Plapp BV.Diazonium-1H-tetrazole was tested as a potential active-site-directed reagent for amino acid residues involved in catalysis by alcohol dehydrogenase. In a novel reaction with a protein, diazonium-1H-tetrazole inactivated the enzyme selectively, and almost stoichiometrically, but reacting with the sulfur of a cysteine residue, Cys-174. As a model compound, the tetrazole adduct of free cysteine was prepared. Elementary and spectral analyses of the adduct were consistent with the structure 5-tetrazoleazo-S-cysteine. The adduct absorbs light with a maximun at 316 nm, and is destroyed by irradiatio...
