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Home / Equine Research Bank / PLoS One / Statistical modeling of the equine third metacarpal bone inc...
PloS one2018; 13(6); e0194406; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194406

Statistical modeling of the equine third metacarpal bone incorporating morphology and bone mineral density.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe the three-dimensional shape and subchondral bone mineral density (BMD) variation of the equine distal third metacarpal bone (MC3) using a statistical shape model. The association between form and function builds upon previous two-dimensional observations of MC3 epiphyseal structure. It was expected that the main source of variation would be an increase in overall MC3 bone size, correlated to an increase in subchondral BMD. Geometry and bone mineral density was obtained from CT image data of 40 healthy Thoroughbred horses. This was used to create a statistical shape model, in which the first ten components described 75% of the variation in geometry and BMD. The first principal component described an increase in overall size of the MC3 distal epiphysis, coupled with higher BMD on the disto-palmar and dorso-proximal surfaces. The second component was qualitatively described as an increased convexity of the sagittal ridge at the dorsal junction of the epiphysis and the metaphysis, coupled to increased BMD in that region. The third component showed an increase in lateral condylar surface area relative to medial condylar area. As the condyle reduced in relative surface area, the BMD at both dorsal condyles increased. The statistical shape analysis produced a compact description of 3-D shape and sub-chondral bone mineral density variation for the third metacarpal bone. This study uniquely illustrates the shape variations in a sample population of MC3 bones, and the corresponding changes in subchondral BMD.
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Publication Date: 2018-06-06 PubMed ID: 29874224PubMed Central: PMC5991359DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194406Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research is about creating a three-dimensional model of a horse’s distal third metacarpal bone (MC3) to understand its shape and variation in its bone mineral density (BMD). The data was collected from 40 healthy thoroughbred horses.

Study Objective

  • The main goal of the study was to describe the three-dimensional shape and variations in the subchondral bone mineral density (BMD) of the equine distal third metacarpal bone (MC3) by creating a statistical shape model.
  • This study seeks to extend the understanding of the structure of MC3 from two-dimensional analysis by investigating in a three-dimensional perspective.
  • The researchers expected that the primary source of variation will be an increase in the overall size of the MC3 bone, which would be linked to an increase in the subchondral BMD.

Methodology

  • The researchers obtained the geometry and bone mineral density data from CT scans of 40 healthy Thoroughbred horses.
  • With this data, they developed a statistical shape model. This model was able to determine the varying geometry and BMD among the studied horses.

Findings

  • The first ten components of the model described about 75% of the variation in the geometry and BMD of the horses’ MC3 bones.
  • The first principal component showed an increase in the overall size of the MC3 distal epiphysis, along with a higher BMD on the distal-palmar and dorso-proximal surfaces.
  • The second component indicated an increased convexity of the sagittal ridge at the dorsal junction of the epiphysis and the metaphysis, correlated with an augmented BMD in that region.
  • The third component reflected a relative increase in the lateral condylar area as compared to the medial condylar area. As the condyle reduced in relative surface area, BMD on both dorsal condyles increased.

Conclusion

  • The statistical shape analysis provided a concise description of 3-D shape and sub-chondral bone mineral density variations for the third metacarpal bone.
  • The study uniquely depicted the shape variations in a sample population of MC3 bones, and the corresponding changes in subchondral BMD, providing important insights for equine anatomy studies or veterinary clinical practices.

Cite This Article

APA
Liley H, Zhang J, Firth EC, Fernandez JW, Besier TF. (2018). Statistical modeling of the equine third metacarpal bone incorporating morphology and bone mineral density. PLoS One, 13(6), e0194406. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194406

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 6
Pages: e0194406
PII: e0194406

Researcher Affiliations

Liley, Helen
  • Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Zhang, Ju
  • Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Firth, Elwyn C
  • Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
  • Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Fernandez, Justin W
  • Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
  • Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Besier, Thor F
  • Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
  • Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bone Density / physiology
  • Horses
  • Imaging, Three-Dimensional
  • Metacarpal Bones / anatomy & histology
  • Metacarpal Bones / metabolism

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Daniel CR, Taylor SE, McPhee S, Wolfram U, Schwarz T, Sommer S, Kershaw LE. Relationship between CT-Derived Bone Mineral Density and UTE-MR-Derived Porosity Index in Equine Third Metacarpal and Metatarsal Bones.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 31;13(17).
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  2. He H, Banks SA, Biedrzycki AH. Anatomical variations of the equine femur and tibia using statistical shape modeling.. PLoS One 2023;18(6):e0287381.
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  3. Van Houtte J, Vandenberghe F, Zheng G, Huysmans T, Sijbers J. EquiSim: An Open-Source Articulatable Statistical Model of the Equine Distal Limb.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:623318.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.623318pubmed: 33763462google scholar: lookup
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