Therapeutic mesenchymal stromal stem cells: Isolation, characterization and role in equine regenerative medicine and metabolic disorders.
Abstract: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have become a popular treatment modality in equine orthopaedics. Regenerative therapies are especially interesting for pathologies like complicated tendinopathies of the distal limb, osteoarthritis, osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and more recently metabolic disorders. Main sources for MSC harvesting in the horse are bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord blood. While the acquisition of umbilical cord blood is fairly easy and non-invasive, extraction of bone marrow and adipose tissue requires more invasive techniques. Characterization of the stem cells as a result of any isolation method, is also a crucial step for the confirmation of the cells' stemness properties; thus, three main characteristics must be fulfilled by these cells, namely: adherence, expression of a series of well-defined differentiation clusters as well as pluripotency. EVs, resulting from the paracrine action of MSCs, also play a key role in the therapeutic mechanisms mediated by stem cells; MSC-EVs are thus largely implicated in the regulation of proliferation, maturation, polarization and migration of various target cells. Evidence that EVs alone represent a complex network 0involving different soluble factors and could then reflect biophysical characteristics of parent cells has fuelled the importance of developing highly specific techniques for their isolation and analysis. All these aspects related to the functional and technical understanding of MSCs will be discussed and summarized in this review.
Publication Date: 2019-12-05 PubMed ID: 31797146DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09932-0Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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The research article is about the use of mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSC) in equine medicine, primarily to treat metabolic disorders and improve the regenerative ability of the bone and tendons.
What are Mesenchymal Stromal Cells?
- Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are self-renewing and multipotent cells that have become a popular treatment option in equine orthopaedics.
- These cells possess the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types and have potential regenerative abilities, making them beneficial in treating conditions like complicated tendinopathies of the distal limb, osteoarthritis, and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD).
- Presently, they are also being studied for their impact on metabolic disorders.
Sources of MSCs in Horses
- The main sources for MSC harvesting in horses include bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood.
- While umbilical cord blood can be easily and non-invasively acquired, extracting MSCs from bone marrow and adipose tissue is more invasive and technically challenging.
Characterization of MSCs
- Characterizing the stem cells after isolation is important in confirming their stemness properties, which are essentially the attributes that qualify them as stem cells.
- These properties or characteristics include the ability to adhere, the expression of specific differentiation clusters, and pluripotency, which is the potential to differentiate into diverse types of cells.
Role of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs)
- Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are small particles secreted by cells, play a major role in the therapeutic actions of MSCs. The type of EVs secreted by MSCs are termed as MSC-EVs.
- MSC-EVs are involved in regulating cell growth, maturation, function, and movement of several types of target cells, making them significant for the therapeutic use of MSCs.
- The article emphasizes that EVs represent a complex network of different soluble factors, hinting at the intricate relationships between parent cells and their derivatives.
Isolation and Analysis of EVs
- Given the multifunctionality of EVs and their role as reflective markers of parent cells, the development of highly specific techniques for their isolation and analysis is of significant interest.
- The better understanding of these MSC-EVs promises to enhance the clinical application of MSCs in equine medicine.
Cite This Article
APA
Al Naem M, Bourebaba L, Kucharczyk K, Röcken M, Marycz K.
(2019).
Therapeutic mesenchymal stromal stem cells: Isolation, characterization and role in equine regenerative medicine and metabolic disorders.
Stem Cell Rev Rep, 16(2), 301-322.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-019-09932-0 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114, Wisznia Mała, Poland.
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany. krzysztof.marycz@upwr.edu.pl.
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland. krzysztof.marycz@upwr.edu.pl.
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114, Wisznia Mała, Poland. krzysztof.marycz@upwr.edu.pl.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Cell Separation
- Horses / metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells / cytology
- Metabolic Diseases / therapy
- Metabolic Diseases / veterinary
- Regenerative Medicine
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