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Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.
Publisher:
Elsevier Scientific.
Frequency: Twenty four no. a year, 1992-
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Start Year:1979 -
ISSN:
0165-2427 (Print)
1873-2534 (Electronic)
0165-2427 (Linking)
1873-2534 (Electronic)
0165-2427 (Linking)
Impact Factor
1.8
2022
| NLM ID: | 8002006 |
| (DNLM): | V05770000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 05867096 |
| Coden: | VIIMDS |
| Classification: | W1 VE931HJ |
The characterisation of equine interleukin-1. Equine interleukin-1 has been produced from peripheral blood monocytes by stimulation with E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Sephacryl S200 gel filtration revealed a molecular weight of 17-18 kD. Chromatofocusing of the 17-18 kD peak identified four active fractions. Two major peaks were detected at pH 6.7 and pH 7, with smaller peaks at pH 6.3 and pH 5.9. The pI 7 molecule is probably the equine form of IL-1 beta.
Cross-neutralizing and subclass characteristics of antibody from horses with equine infectious anemia virus. Antibody responses in horses with equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) were examined to determine their cross-neutralizing capacity. Antibodies induced by infection with any of six biologically cloned variants of EIAV cross-neutralized multiple variants from the group. Anti-EIAV antibody was found in both the IgG and IgG(T) subclasses in plasmas with virus-neutralizing activity and the majority of antiviral antibody was of the IgG(T) subclass. Depletion of IgG(T) did not increase the neutralization indexes of either neutralizing or non-neutralizing plasma samples.
A hemolytic assay for the measurement of equine complement. A hemolytic assay was developed for the measurement of functional equine complement activity. The assay utilizes antibody sensitized chicken erythrocytes as the target cell and was specific for classical pathway (antibody dependent) complement activity. The assay was found to be reproducible and more sensitive than previous reports using other species of target cells. Total serum complement (CH50) values were determined for five mares and their foals and followed over a period of 3 months.
Influence of technical parameters on the in vitro motility of equine neutrophils in the presence of streptococcal culture supernatant. To identify the influence of technical factors on the in vitro motility of equine neutrophils towards streptococcus culture supernatant in an under-agarose assay, we studied the changes in eight cell migration parameters. The distances the phagocytes travelled by directed, random and spontaneous migration increased with incubation time, cell concentration and the gelatin and serum contents of the migration plates. The contribution of chemotaxis to the phagocyte migrations, however, decreased simultaneously. The directed and random, though not the spontaneous, migrations of the phagocytes incre...
Cell mediated immune responses in ponies following infection with equine influenza virus (H3N8): the influence of induction culture conditions on the properties of cytotoxic effector cells. Cytotoxic cell precursors and/or cytotoxic memory cells were demonstrated in the peripheral blood of ponies after aerosol infection with influenza A/equine/Newmarket/79 (H3N8). In order to reveal their cytotoxic potential, peripheral blood mononuclear cells required a secondary antigenic stimulation. In vitro induced cytotoxic cells showed activity against influenza infected target cells in a 3-4 h 51Cr-release assay. The reactivity of cytotoxic cells was markedly influenced by the conditions of the secondary induction culture. If high concentrations of exogenous crude equine IL-2 were used, v...
In vivo activation of equine eosinophils and neutrophils by experimental Strongylus vulgaris infections. Eosinophils and neutrophils from ponies with Strongylus vulgaris-induced eosinophilia (eosinophilic ponies; activated eosinophils and neutrophils) were assayed in vitro for chemotactic and chemokinetic responses to zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) using the filter system in Boyden chambers, for Fc and complement (C) receptors using the EA and EAC-rosette assays, respectively, and for phagocytic and bactericidal activities using opsonized Escherichia coli and the acridine orange method. The responses of activated eosinophils and neutrophils in the above assays were compared with those of eosinophi...
Chemotactic and chemokinetic activity of Streptococcus faecalis culture supernatant for equine neutrophils. Although equine neutrophils did not respond towards formylated methionyl peptides, Streptococcus faecalis culture supernatant caused an in vitro stimulation of equine neutrophil motility when measured by an under-agarose assay. The migration of neutrophils towards the culture supernatant increased sigmoidally with the logarithmic concentration of the culture supernatant in the chemoattractant wells. The streptococcal culture supernatant was chemokinetic because it stimulated the random motility of the phagocytes. Because granulocytes migrated further towards the supernatant than could be expla...
Association between equine leucocyte antigens (ELA) and equine sarcoid tumors in the population of Swedish halfbreds and some of their families. The distribution of equine leucocyte antigens (ELA) in Swedish Halfbreds affected by sarcoid tumors was determined and compared with that of control horses of the same breed. ELA-haplotype A3W13 appeared more frequently in affected horses, resulting in a chi 2 value of 4.45 (P = 0.034) for A3 and 9.05 (P = 0.0026) for W13, respectively. The relative risk factor (RR) could be estimated to 2.13 and 3.00 for A3 and W13, respectively. The etiology fraction (EF) was calculated to 28% and 37% for A3 and W13, respectively. Thus, in the population of Swedish Halfbreds approximately 40% (at least) of t...
T lymphocyte development in horses. I. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies identifying three stages of T lymphocyte differentiation. Six monoclonal antibodies reacting with equine T lymphocytes at different stages of maturation were selected from antibodies produced against lymphoid cell preparations. EqT12 and EqT13 antibodies identified subsets of cortical thymocytes with high terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT) activity and no phytolectin responsiveness. EqT12+ thymocytes were scattered throughout the cortex while EqT13+ thymocytes were located in the subcapsular cortex. EqT12 bound to small numbers of bone marrow cells, splenocytes, and circulating lymphoid cells, but not to mature T lymphocytes. EqT13 bound to v...
Rapid detection of viral-specific antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The development of three separate rapid ELISAs for detecting antibodies in host serum to three different viruses is described. These include: 1. A direct antigen assay using enzyme labelled anti-canine Ig for detecting antibodies to canine parvovirus, 2. A competitive ELISA using a feline infectious peritonitis virus-specific monoclonal antibody labelled with enzyme, and 3. A competitive ELISA using an equine infectious anemia virus-specific monoclonal antibody and enzyme labelled antigen, p. 26. The utility and benefits of each of the three approaches is emphasized.
Immunologic reconstitution of foals with combined immunodeficiency. Thirty-eight foals with combined immunodeficiency (CID) received transplanted fetal liver cells, fetal liver and thymus cells, histocompatible bone marrow cells, or equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) haploidentical bone marrow cells in an attempt to reconstitute their deficient immune systems. Engraftment was infrequent, partial, and unpredictable when fetal cells were employed. Three of five CID foals receiving ELA haploidentical bone marrow cells demonstrated partial reconstitution, but engraftment was only temporary. Administration of histocompatible bone marrow cells resulted in rapid, full a...
Characterization of a homogeneous paraprotein from a horse with spontaneous multiple myeloma syndrome. A novel myeloma paraprotein has been isolated from a horse with a lymphoid tumor. The protein was a euglobulin and consequently was readily isolated from serum in pure form and high yield by simple dilution in distilled water. The purified intact protein had a molecular weight of 150,000 and was composed of heavy and light chains, both of which had blocked amino-termini and were thus not susceptible to amino-terminal sequence analysis. The amino acid compositions of these respective chains corresponded to those of comparable chains from immunoglobulins of other species. Peptide maps of parapro...
The use of a passive hemolysis system to evaluate the complement activities of six mammalian species. A passive hemolysis assay system was developed which permitted comparisons of the hemolytic activities of complement (C) from six species. This system employs a single antigen and an antiserum raised in one species. Thus, variations resulting from different target antigens and those inherent in using antibodies (of different affinities and isotypes) raised in a variety of species were minimized. Of the erythrocytes (E) examined, those from horses and guinea pigs were most susceptible to lysis, and either would be suitable, as a tentative choice, for measuring C activity of a previously unstudi...
Assessment of neutrophil migration, phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity in neonatal foals. Comparison of neutrophil function was made between 8 clinically normal pony foals (3 to 7 days of age), and their dams. Random migration, stimulated migration to zymosan-activated serum, bacterial phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity of neutrophils were determined in vitro. Random migration was greater (P less than 0.01) and stimulated migration was less (P less than 0.01) in foals than in their dams. Bacterial phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity of neutrophils were not different (P greater than 0.05) between foals and mares. Results of this study suggested that neonatal foals have altere...
Cellular and humoral defence mechanisms in mares susceptible and resistant to persistent endometritis. Both random and directional migration of blood neutrophils from 9 mares susceptible to persistent endometritis were significantly less (p less than 0.05) than neutrophils from 8 resistant mares. Serum from susceptible mares had significantly more (p less than 0.01) chemotactic activity than serum from resistant mares. Although phagocytosis of yeast blastospores by blood neutrophils from 4 resistant and 3 susceptible mares was similar, uterine neutrophils from susceptible mares were significantly worse (p less than 0.01) at phagocytosis than uterine neutrophils from resistant mares. Uterine was...
Neutrophil phagocytic and serum opsonic response of the foal to Corynebacterium equi. This study was undertaken to examine the neutrophil response to Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi, and to assess the possibility of neutrophil immaturity or malfunction in predisposition to C. equi pneumonia in foals. Neutrophil phagocytosis of Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi was studied in foals from birth to 6 months of age. Chemiluminescence (CL) and bactericidal assays were used to assay the phagocytic response of peripheral blood neutrophils to C. equi in vitro. Results of in vitro bactericidal and CL assays indicate that foal neutrophils are able to ingest and kill C. equi, however a...
Tears and aqueous humor from horses inoculated with Leptospira contain antibodies which bind to cornea. An antigenic relationship between Leptospira interrogans and equine cornea was previously described by us. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed in the present work to investigate the existence of anti-leptospira and anti-cornea antibodies in tears, aqueous humor and serum from horses inoculated i.m. with those antigens. Ten days after a booster by the same route, antibodies that bind to microtiter plates, coated with an homogenate of either equine cornea or leptospira, were detected in those fluids and in the sera. At the same time, the corneas of the horses began to develop a dif...
Quantification of immunoglobulins in respiratory tract secretions of the horse. Lavage techniques were used to obtain secretions from the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi of conscious horses. The techniques, which utilised fibreoptic endoscopy for recovery of tracheal and bronchial secretions, were well tolerated by the horses. The recovery rates of the lavaged fluids were acceptable, but were lowest for bronchial secretions, and there was minimal contamination by blood. The fluids were analysed for IgG and IgM by single radial immunodiffusion, and for IgA and albumin by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Relative to albumin there was significantly more IgA and IgM, and signi...
Detection of serum antibodies against Ehrlichia risticii in Potomac horse fever by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed which was specific and sensitive in detecting antibodies to Ehrlichia risticii in Potomac horse fever (PHF). The ELISA antibody titers were correlated with the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) titers. E. risticii propagated in human histiocyte culture was purified on renografin gradient and the band of the organisms at a density of 1.182 g/ml was used as antigen. ELISA antibody titers were determined through computer assisted analysis, the observed antibody titers were derived by serial serum dilutions and using a resultant...
Investigation of the antigenic relationship between equine IgG and IgGT. The antigenic cross reactivity between equine IgG and IgGT was investigated. On the basis of immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis reactions using an antiserum raised against the Fc fraction of IgGT, this equine immunoglobulin can be unequivocally classified as a subclass of IgG.
Experimental demonstration of an antigenic relationship between Leptospira and equine cornea. Horses inoculated with either equine cornea or killed Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, tarassovi, icterohaemorrhagiae, wolffi and hardjo, developed corneal opacity and produced antibodies which made it possible to demonstrate partial antigenic identity between equine cornea and four of those serovars employed. These antibodies were isolated by means of immunoadsorptions, purified by ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephadex A-50) and run by immuno-electrophoresis in agar gel. Both antibodies, anti-equine cornea and anti-leptospira, showed that they corresponded to the IgGb subclass. Th...
Equine alternative pathway activation by unsensitized rabbit red blood cells. The equine alternative complement pathway has been partially characterized and compared to the equine classical activation pathway. A dose-dependent lysis of RbRBC was observed with peak lytic values noted within 10 minutes at 37 degrees C when rabbit red blood cells (RbRBC) were used as an alternative pathway activator. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) sensitized with rabbit hemolysin or partially purified equine IgM antibodies were equally sensitive to lysis. Dilution of the commercial hemolysin by 1/5 reduced lysis from 90% to 38% in the presence of constant cell numbers. Hemolysis of SRBC peak...
Depression of lymphocyte reactivity by granulocytes in equine whole blood culture. Tritiated thymidine uptake in response to Concanavalin A was recorded as stimulated counts per minute (SCPM) in equine whole blood cultured with an optimum concentration of 3 X 10(4) mononuclear cells/culture. A significant negative correlation was found between log10 SCPM and granulocyte level in culture, in a group of 27 adult horses (r = -0.745, P less than 0.001). Addition of isolated autologous granulocytes to such cultures resulted in a reduction of log10 SCPM of a magnitude similar to that predicted by the gradient of the log10 SCPM/granulocyte level regression line in the group of adul...
A new surface marker on equine peripheral blood lymphocytes. I. Subpopulations of lymphocytes with receptors for Helix pomatia A hemagglutinin (HP). Untreated and neuraminidase-treated equine peripheral blood lymphocytes were analysed for binding of the A hemagglutinin of the snail Helix pomatia (HP). For optimal staining by direct immunofluorescence, the concentration of neuraminidase had to be increased as compared to that needed for other species. Moreover, higher concentrations of HP were required for optimal staining of equine lymphocytes as compared to lymphocytes from other species. Even so, the maximal number of equine lymphocytes exhibiting positive staining was only about 20%. No, or very few, HP-positive lymphocytes were seen wh...
A new surface marker on equine peripheral blood lymphocytes. II. Characterization and separation of purified blood lymphocytes with receptors for Helix pomatia A hemagglutinin (HP). In a preceding report we have shown that the lectin Helix pomatia A hemagglutinin (HP) binds to two subpopulations of neuraminidase-treated equine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), constituting about 20% and 75% of PBL, respectively. The aim of the present study was to further characterize these HP+ cells in regard to other surface markers such as receptors for guinea pig erythrocytes (GPR+ cells), membrane-bound immunoglobulins (sIg+ cells), receptors for activated complement (C3R+ cells) and receptors for IgG (Fc alpha R+ cells). This was done by double marker analysis and by lymphocyte fr...
Effect of Rhodococcus equi on equine polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. A procedure was developed for isolating large numbers of purified polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) from the peripheral blood of horses. Equine PMN function was evaluated by three procedures: 1) Staphylococcus aureus ingestion, 2) nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and 3) iodination. Four preparations of R. equi were added to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in each test system. Live bacteria, heat-killed bacteria, the washed pellet from heat-killed bacteria, and the supernatant fluid from heat-killed bacteria were evaluated for effects on equine PMN function. None of the R. equi preparatio...
Immunoglobulin levels in tears and aqueous humor of horses before and after diethylcarbamazine (DEC) therapy. A quantitative investigation of equine tear and aqueous humor immunoglobulins was done using normal horses and ponies as well as horses and ponies infected with Onchocerca cervicalis. The equine immunoglobulin isotypes IgGa, IgM, IgA and IgG(T) were quantitated by either single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) or radioimmunoassay (RIA). Tear immunoglobulin levels for IgGa (128 +/- 151 micrograms/ml), IgA (1,664 +/- 1,038 micrograms/ml) and IgM (106 +/- 74 micrograms/ml) were measured, while IgG(T) was not detectable. In horses with ocular inflammation the IgGa was 18-fold higher in the tears, 2,2...
Further purification and characterisation of horse IgE. Horse IgE was isolated from a serum pool collected from foals naturally infected with endoparasites. The serum was precipitated with ammonium sulfate, delipidated with dextran sulfate and further purified by gel filtration, anionic exchange, immunosorption or preparative polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis. By these methods IgE could be isolated at a purity of 81%. The sera from rabbits immunized with the purified horse serum fractions were tested using reversed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By the ELISA method cross reaction of rabbit anti horse...
Allergen-specific ELISA for horse IgE. An enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring horse IgE specific to ovalbumin, bencylpenicilloic acid and odinitrocarboxyphenol is described. We used a sandwich type of ELISA by which horse serum was incubated in antigen-coated tubes containing one additional polystyrene ball, followed by rabbit anti horse IgE serum. The tubes were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti rabbit globulin followed by avidin coupled to phosphatase. Endpoint titrations were compared. The ELISA is highly reproducible due to the pretreatment of the polystyrene with glutaraldehyde. The increased anti...
Isolation of horse mononuclear cells, especially of monocytes, on Isopaque-Ficoll neutral density gradient. Horse mononuclear cells were separated from whole blood using neutral density gradient centrifugation on Isopaque-Ficoll. The resulting cell suspension was comparable in composition with similarly prepared human and bovine mononuclear cell preparations. The relative concentration of monocytes was increased by the use of a gradient with density lower than that originally proposed by Böyum (Böyum, A. 1968. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. 21 supple. 97:77-89). Contamination by neutrophils was limited either by using a gradient medium of lower density or by replacing Isopaque-Ficoll by Percoll-0....
