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Veterinary ophthalmology.
Publisher:
Blackwell Science,
Frequency: Six no. a year, 2004-
Country: England
Language: English
Author(s):
American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.
Start Year:1998 -
ISSN:
1463-5216 (Print)
1463-5224 (Electronic)
1463-5216 (Linking)
1463-5224 (Electronic)
1463-5216 (Linking)
Impact Factor
1.6
2022
| NLM ID: | 100887377 |
| (OCoLC): | 41092864 |
| LCCN: | sn 99003713 |
| Classification: | W1 VE933T |
Equine orbital fractures: a review of 18 cases (2006-2013). To review the clinical features, treatments, complications, and outcomes of horses with traumatic orbital fractures. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: Eighteen horses with confirmed orbital fractures. Methods: Medical records of horses presenting with orbital fractures between 2006 and 2013 were reviewed. Signalment, etiology of fracture, clinical signs, fracture descriptions, diagnostic imaging, treatments, complications, and outcomes were evaluated. Results: Eighteen horses presented with orbital fractures resulting from rearing in a confined space (n = 5), being kicked (4), colliding w...
Diode laser photoablation to correct distal nasolacrimal duct atresia in an adult horse. An 8-year-old Hanoverian mare was presented for chronic mucopurulent discharge in the left eye, which was responsive to topical antibiotic therapy. Results: The nasolacrimal orifice was absent in the left nasal meatum, and anterograde irrigation of left nasolacrimal duct was not possible. Dacryocystorhinography was performed and revealed about 4-6 cm of distal nasolacrimal duct atresia. Unassigned: A novel technique was attempted with the horse under standing sedation using an urinary catheter and a 980 nm diode laser with a 600 μm diameter flexible bare quartz fiber. A nasolacrimal orifice w...
A retinoscopic survey of 333 horses and ponies in the UK. Ophthalmic examination in the horse is generally limited to crude assessment of vision and screening for ocular lesions. The refractive state of equine eyes and the potential impact on vision and performance requires further investigation. Objective: To assess the refractive state of a large, mixed-breed sample of horses and ponies in the United Kingdom (UK). Methods: The refractive state of both eyes of 333 horses and ponies was determined by streak retinoscopy, and the effect of age, height, gender, breed and management regime on the refractive state assessed. Results: Emmetropia was found i...
Stability of 1% voriconazole solution in a constant-rate infusion pump for topical ocular delivery to horses. To establish the effect of storage in a constant-rate infusion (CRI) pump on the sterility and stability of voriconazole 1% solution. Methods: Nine vials of voriconazole (Vfend(®) I.V.) 1% solution were prepared. Approximately half of each solution was used to prime a commercially available CRI pump with attached subpalpebral lavage system (CRI/SPL unit) with the remaining solution stored in the commercial glass vial. Three CRI/SPL units and their three corresponding vials were stored at one of three temperatures: 23 °C, 33 °C, and 40 °C. The CRI pumps ran for 7 days, and the vials were st...
Corneal dystrophy in Friesian horses may represent a variant of pellucid marginal degeneration. To describe the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of a corneal dystrophy in Friesian horses and to analyze affected horses' pedigrees to investigate its heritability. Methods: Nine Friesians with bilateral disease were identified. Methods: Retrospective medical record review was used to identify Friesian horses exhibiting bilateral symmetric corneal lesions. Variables identified from medical records included patient sex and age at diagnosis; location, depth and size of corneal lesions; medical and surgical therapy instituted; and visual outcome. A four-generation pedigree for each ...
Clinical ophthalmic challenges in the horse: a retrospective view forward. The author reviews some aspects of vision and ophthalmic disease in the horse and considers how some recent developments in ocular immunobiology and molecular pathology in other species may give pointers toward an understanding of disease processes in the horse.
Treatment of nonhealing corneal ulcers in 60 horses with diamond burr debridement (2010-2013). To review the signalment, clinical characteristics, and outcome of horses with nonhealing corneal ulcers treated with diamond burr debridement (DBD); and to evaluate the role of ulcer duration, size and location, and bandage contact lens (BCL) placement on healing. Methods: From January 2012-April 2013, 60 horses were diagnosed with ulcers classified as nonhealing based on the presence of raised epithelial margins and duration of at least 7 days. Methods: Retrospective record review. Results: Average age of included horses was 14.68 years, SD 8.17 years. There were three times as many males (4...
Comparative evaluation of aqueous humor viscosity. To evaluate aqueous humor viscosity in the raptor, dog, cat, and horse, with a primary focus on the barred owl (Strix varia). Methods: Twenty-six raptors, ten dogs, three cats, and one horse. Methods: Animals were euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study. Immediately, after horizontal and vertical corneal dimensions were measured, and anterior chamber paracentesis was performed to quantify anterior chamber volume and obtain aqueous humor samples for viscosity analysis. Dynamic aqueous humor viscosity was measured using a dynamic shear rheometer (AR 1000 TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, US...
In vivo confocal microscopy of corneal microscopic foreign bodies in horses. To describe in vivo corneal confocal microscopy of horses with microscopic corneal foreign bodies and to correlate findings with clinical, cytological, and histopathologic evaluations of clinical cases and foreign body morphologies observed in vitro with the confocal microscope. Methods: Five horses with microscopic corneal foreign bodies. Methods: Sedated and anesthetized horses were examined with a modified Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II and Rostock Cornea Module. Confocal microscopy images were compared with images from cytologic and histopathologic corneal samples. To establish microscopic...
Treatment of six cases of equine corneal stromal abscessation with intracorneal injection of 5% voriconazole solution. To describe a reproducible technique for intrastromal injection in the standing horse for treatment of corneal stromal abscessation. Methods: A retrospective clinical study addressing the history, treatment, and outcome of six equids (six eyes) that received intrastromal voriconazole injection. Methods: Equids having a deep stromal abscess suspected to be of fungal origin were administered intrastromal injection of 5% voriconazole solution under standing sedation in an effort to bring about enhanced resolution of clinical disease. Results: Intracorneal administration of 5% voriconazole solutio...
Detection of endogenous cortisol in equine tears and blood at rest and after simulated stress. To determine whether cortisol is present in equine tears at rest and during simulated stress and compare tear cortisol to serum free and total cortisol. Methods: Fourteen healthy adult horses were included. Paired tear total cortisol and serum total and free cortisol concentrations were measured with ELISA, chemiluminescent immunoassay, and ultrafiltration methodology, respectively, in 10 horses at rest once daily for five consecutive days. In an additional four horses, paired tear and serum samples were collected for cortisol measurement before and after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) sti...
Equine deep stromal abscesses (51 cases – 2004-2009)–Part 1: the clinical aspects with attention to the duration of the corneal disease, treatment history, clinical appearance, and microbiology results. To study the equine deep stromal abscesses (DSA) with focus on the duration of the corneal disease, medical treatment, season of presentation, clinical appearance, and the degree of corneal vascularization. Methods: Equine DSA diagnosed, biopsied, and surgically treated at the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center (UFVMC) from 2004 to 2009 were identified. The medical record, clinical photographic images, and microbiology results for each case were evaluated. Frequency and prevalence calculation as well as qualitative data analysis was performed for clinical and microbiological data....
Equine deep stromal abscesses (51 cases – 2004-2009)–Part 2: the histopathology and immunohistochemical aspect with attention to the histopathologic diagnosis, vascular response, and infectious agents. To investigate histopathologic and immunohistochemical aspects of equine deep stromal abscesses (DSA) with a focus on the histopathologic diagnosis, presumptive etiology, and the immunohistochemical expression of three angiogenesis-related factors: vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Methods: Paraffin-embedded biopsy samples from 51 DSA. The biopsies were collected from full-thickness penetrating keratoplasty or split-thickness lamellar keratoplasty surgeries at the University of Florida Veteri...
Intradiploic hematoma of the frontal bone with secondary exophthalmos in a mare. A 13-year-old cob mare was presented with exophthalmos and periocular swelling of the left eye. The diagnostic work-up included ocular ultrasound, sonographic examination through the thinned frontal bone, radiography, standing computed tomography of the skull and exploratory osteoplastic surgery. Histopathology was consistent with an organized hematoma. An intradiploic hematoma of the frontal bone was diagnosed 5 years after head trauma, with progressive expansion and deformation of the skull resulting in exophthalmos. Exophthalmos with facial bone deformation was the only clinical finding of ...
Evaluation of the conjunctival fungal flora and its susceptibility to antifungal agents in healthy horses in Switzerland. To characterize the conjunctival fungal flora and to determine the susceptibility of 2 isolated molds to antifungal drugs in samples of 64 healthy horses from The National Stud in Switzerland. Methods: Conjunctival cytobrush samples were collected from both eyes of 64 ophthalmologically normal horses in August 2012 and subsequently cultured on Sabouraud's agar medium. Growing fungi were identified and counted. Etests or broth microdilution tests for Aspergillus fumigatus and Eurotium amstelodami were carried out to determine antifungal drug sensitivity. These species had previously been detect...
Treatment of immune-mediated keratitis in horses with episcleral silicone matrix cyclosporine delivery devices. To describe the use of episcleral silicone matrix cyclosporine (ESMC) drug delivery devices in horses with immune-mediated keratitis (IMMK) with evaluation of tolerability and efficacy in long-term control of inflammation. Methods: Retrospective study. ESMC implants (1.2 cm length, 30% wt/wt cyclosporine (CsA) in silicone; with approximately 2 μg/day steady-state release for at least 400 days) were used. Results: Nineteen horses (20 eyes) received two or more ESMC implants for superficial stromal (n = 9), midstromal (n = 3), or endothelial (n = 5) IMMK. Three additional horses received two or...
Mast cell tumor invading the cornea in a horse. A 3-year-old Marwari mare was presented for evaluation of an irregular, reddish mass protruding from behind the right third eyelid. The mass appeared to arise at the ventral limbal area, involved the perilimbal bulbar conjunctiva and widely extended into corneal tissue. No other ocular or systemic abnormalities were detected at the time of presentation. The mass was surgically removed by lamellar keratectomy, with defocused CO(2) laser used as adjunctive therapy to treat the surgical exposed area and its surroundings. Histopathologic evaluation showed sheets of densely packed, well-differentia...
Equine glaucoma: a histopathologic retrospective study (1999-2012). To characterize and describe the histopathologic findings in equine globes enucleated due to glaucoma. Methods: Medical records at The Ohio State University from 1999 to 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. Signalment, history, and treatment data were collected, and histologic slides of enucleated globes were examined and lesions recorded. Twenty-three eyes from 23 horses were eligible for inclusion in this study. Results: The majority of affected horses were > 15 years of age (65%). The ages ranged from 5 to 35 years (mean = 17.4 years). The left eye was affected in 10 cases (43%) and the r...
Solitary (primary) uveal T-cell lymphoma in a horse. A 22-year-old Australian stockhorse gelding was presented with anterior uveitis in the right eye which was nonresponsive to anti-inflammatory therapy. Clinical examination revealed corneal edema and vascularization, marked hypopyon, and thickening of the dorsal iris, which was confirmed by ultrasonography. Hematologic and biochemical analyses, abdominal and thoracic ultrasonography, and abdominocentesis with cytologic and biochemical analysis revealed no significant abnormalities. Cytological examination of an aqueous humor sample revealed a population of predominantly large lymphoblasts with ...
Eosinophilic keratitis in 46 eyes of 27 horses in the Mid-Atlantic United States (2008-2012). To review the signalment, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome of equine EK cases in the Mid-Atlantic United States; to evaluate the effects of topical or systemic corticosteroid treatment, oral cetirizine treatment and secondary corneal infection on disease duration; and to evaluate the association between corticosteroid and cetirizine treatment and likelihood of recurrence. Methods: Twenty-seven horses (47 eyes) diagnosed with EK from 2008 to 2012. Methods: Retrospective medical record review followed by phone interview to obtain recurrence data. Results: Average age of affected ...
Effect of retrobulbar nerve block on heart rate variability during enucleation in horses under general anesthesia. Analysis of any effect of retrobulbar block during ocular surgery on heart rate variability and oculocardiac reflex. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Horses (n = 16) undergoing eye enucleation due to chronic ophthalmologic diseases. Methods: Eye enucleation was performed under general anesthesia. The horses were randomly assigned to the first (inhalation anesthesia only, n = 10) or second group (inhalation and local retrobulbar anesthesia, n = 6). The retrobulbar block was performed using 12 mL of mepivacaine hydrochloride 2%. ECG data were taken by a Telemetric ECG before, during, and aft...
Decorin-PEI nanoconstruct attenuates equine corneal fibroblast differentiation. To explore (i) the potential of polyethylenimine (PEI) nanoparticles as a vector for delivering genes into equine corneal fibroblasts (ECFs) using green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker gene, (ii) whether PEI nanoparticle-mediated decorin (DCN) gene therapy could be used to inhibit fibrosis in the equine cornea using an in vitro model. Methods: Polyethylenimine-DNA nanoparticles were prepared at nitrogen-to-phosphate (N-P) ratio of 15 by mixing 22 kDa linear PEI and a plasmid encoding either GFP or DCN. ECFs were generated from donor corneas as previously described. Initially, GFP was introduc...
Anatomical location and culture of equine corneal epithelial stem cells. To identify morphologically the locations of equine corneal epithelial stem cells (CESCs) and to culture these cells. Methods: We studied the eyes of 12 adult thoroughbred horses. Methods: Eye tissues were immunostained for two positive stem cell markers (p63, CK14) and one negative marker (CK3) to identify the locations of CESCs, so we could compare their immunostaining patterns with those of human stem cells previously reported. We compared the proliferation rates and morphological features of epithelial cells isolated from the corneal limbus and central cornea. Results: Undifferentiated cel...
The effect of 1% tropicamide-induced mydriasis and cycloplegia on spherical refraction of the adult horse. To determine the effects of tropicamide 1% on the refractive state of the adult equine globe and identify the most appropriate time period (in relation to mydriasis) to perform streak retinoscopy. Methods: Eight university-owned mares of various ages and breeds. Methods: Topical tropicamide 1% was applied to one randomly selected eye from each of the horses to induce mydriasis and cycloplegia. The contralateral eyes served as controls. Streak retinoscopy and pupillometry were performed prior to, and every 5 min after tropicamide 1% installation for 90 min. Results: All values are expressed as ...
Ultrasonographic features of PMEL17 (Silver) mutant gene-associated multiple congenital ocular anomalies (MCOA) in Comtois and Rocky Mountain horses. (1) To describe the ultrasonographic appearance of multiple congenital ocular anomalies (MCOA) in the eyes of horses with the PMEL17 (Silver) mutant gene. (2) To compare the accuracy of B-mode ocular ultrasound to conventional direct ophthalmoscopy. Methods: Sixty-seven Comtois and 18 Rocky Mountain horses were included in the study. Methods: Horses were classified as being carriers or noncarriers of the PMEL17 mutant allele based on coat color or genetic testing. Direct ophthalmoscopy followed by standardized ultrasonographic examination was performed in all horses. Results: Seventy-five of 8...
Corneal stromal abscessation in two horses treated with intracorneal and subconjunctival injection of 1% voriconazole solution. To describe and evaluate intrastromal and subconjunctival injection of voriconazole for the therapy of deep corneal stromal abscess (DSA) in horses. Methods: A retrospective clinical study describing the indications for intrastromal and subconjunctival voriconazole injection and the outcomes of this procedure in two eyes of two horses. Methods: The two horses in this study failed to respond to medical therapy. Treatment with intracorneal and subconjunctival administration of 1% voriconazole was performed in this study. Results: Treatment with intracorneal and subconjunctival administration of ...
Fungal polymerase chain reaction testing in equine ulcerative keratitis. To assess the diagnostic utility of fungal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in forty-three horses with naturally acquired corneal ulcers presenting to a private practice. Methods: Routine evaluation of cytologic, histologic, and microbiologic samples was performed. Two PCR approaches were compared - generic and specific fungal nested PCR followed by sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR). PCRs were applied to pure control fungal cultures, corneal tissue from ulcerated eyes and in a subset of 9 horses, to swabs from contralateral normal eyes. Results: The expected fungus was identified by nested...
Correlation between corneal sensitivity and quantity of reflex tearing in cows, horses, goats, sheep, dogs, cats, rabbits, and guinea pigs. Guinea pigs have a very low threshold of corneal sensitivity and at the same time nearly no reflex tearing compared to dogs, cats, and horses. The question arose whether there is a general correlation between corneal sensitivity and the quantity of reflex tearing. Methods: Totally 160 animals of 8 different species (20 animals per species) were investigated. Methods: The corneal touch threshold (CTT) was measured with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. The palpebral fissure length (PFL) was measured with a calliper ruler. The Schirmer tear test (STT) was modified by adapting the width of the STT s...
Bilateral parotid duct transposition for keratoconjunctivitis sicca in a Connemara stallion. A 7-year-old Connemara stallion was presented with a 4 month history of blepharospasm, recurrent corneal ulcerations, mucopurulent ocular discharge, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in both eyes unresponsive to medical therapy. Ophthalmic examination revealed lackluster corneas, axial corneal scarring and pigmentation with associated neovascularization, and absolute KCS in both eyes. Computed tomography scan and endoscopic evaluation of the upper airway and guttural pouches revealed no structural abnormalities to indicate neurogenic KCS. The stallion was diagnosed with immune-mediated dacr...
Light microscopic evaluation and scanning electron microscopic analysis of horse eyes following deep anterior lamellar keratectomy. OBJECTIVE To describe the technique of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) with Descemet's membrane (DM) exposure in horse eyes. Also, to compare the efficacy and safety of viscodissection and big-bubble techniques for DALK. ANIMALS STUDIED Thirty-four ex vivo horse eyes. PROCEDURE Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty was performed in 34 ex vivo horse eyes. Two groups (Group V--viscodissection--2% sodium hyaluronate; Group A--air--big-bubble) of 17 eyes were studied. Other than the substance used, the surgical technique was similar for both groups. Nonperforated eyes were submit...
