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Topic:Animal Science
Animal Science and horses encompass the study of equine biology, physiology, and management practices aimed at understanding and improving horse health, welfare, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines, including genetics, nutrition, reproduction, and behavior, to address the needs of horses in diverse contexts such as sports, work, and companionship. Research in this area often focuses on optimizing feeding strategies, enhancing breeding programs, and developing effective health management protocols. Additionally, studies explore the genetic factors influencing traits such as athleticism and disease resistance, as well as the impact of environmental and management conditions on horse behavior and welfare. This page gathers peer-reviewed research and scholarly articles that investigate the scientific principles underpinning equine science and their practical applications in horse care and management.
Molten globule state of equine beta-lactoglobulin. The acid-unfolded state of equine beta-lactoglobulin was characterized by means of circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, analytical gel-filtration chromatography, and analytical centrifugation. The acid-unfolded state of equine beta-lactoglobulin has a substantial secondary structure as shown by the far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum but lacks persistent tertiary packing of the side chains as indicated by the near-ultraviolet circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. It is nearly as compact as the native conformation as shown by the gel filtration and sedime...
Prolactin, gonadotropin, and hair shedding responses to daily sulpiride administration in geldings in winter. This experiment was designed to determine 1) the efficacy of daily s.c. injections of a dopamine antagonist, sulpiride, for increasing prolactin secretion in geldings in winter and 2) whether increasing prolactin concentrations would hasten the onset of hair shedding or enhance gonadotropin secretion. Five geldings each received vehicle (vegetable oil) or sulpiride (100 mg in vehicle) daily from February 8 through March 29. On February 8 and every 7 d thereafter through March 29, blood samples were drawn around treatment injections and hair samples were collected. On March 30, all geldings rec...
Localization of regulatory peptides in the male urogenital apparatus of domestic equidae: a comparative immunohistochemical study in Equus caballus and Equus asinus. An immunohistochemical study was carried out on specimens of testis, excurrent duct including the male accessory glands and urethra in its various tracts in the horse and the donkey, in order to localize nine regulatory peptides. Immunoreactivities were tested by means of Labelled Strept Avidin-Biotin (LSAB) method. The study has shown that Equine male genitalia are supplied by many peptide immunoreactive nerves containing NPY-, VIP-, leu- and met-Enkephalin-, Substance P-, CGRP- and Bombesin/GRP-like peptides, each of them having a characteristic distribution pattern. These neurotransmitters ...
Genetical and physical assignments of equine microsatellites–first integration of anchored markers in horse genome mapping. Twenty equine microsatellites were isolated from a genomic phage library, and their genetical and physical localization was sought by linkage mapping and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Nineteen of the markers were found to be polymorphic with, in most cases, heterozygosities exceeding 50%. The markers were mapped in a Swedish reference family for gene mapping, comprising eight half-sib families from Standardbred and Icelandic horse sires. Segregation was analyzed against a set of 35 other markers typed in the pedigree. Thirteen of the microsatellites showed linkage to at least one o...
Morphologic and quantitative evaluation of the myenteric plexuses and neurons in the large colon of horses. To determine the number of myenteric plexuses and neurons in the large colon of clinically normal horses and whether the number was decreased in the large colon of horses with colon disease. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Colon samples from 15 clinically normal horses and 31 horses with colon disease. Methods: Samples were obtained, fixed, and stained with H&E. The number of myenteric plexuses and neurons and longitudinal muscle thickness were determined in each segment of colon for clinically normal horses. Counts for segments were compared with each other and with counts in the sam...
Cardiovascular responses to heat and exercise in the horse. Heat-induced increases in skin blood flow (BF) are well known to be reduced if exercise is superimposed.' However, whether exercise-induced increases in muscle BF are compromised by superimposed heat stress remains a controversial issuc. The horse has now been studied because of its human-like thermoregulatory mechanisms and good exercise capacity.
Novel di-O-acetylated GM3s from equine erythrocytes, one containing 4,9-di-O-acetyl-N-glycolylneuraminic acid and another containing 4-O-acetyl-N-glycolylneuraminic acid and 6-O-acetyl-D-galactose. A novel GM3 O-acetylated at C-4 and at C-9 of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (4,9-di-O-Ac GM3), together with a second GM3 O-acetylated at O-4 of the neuraminic acid and O-6 of D-galactose (4,6'-di-O-Ac GM3) were isolated from equine erythrocytes as a mixture in approximate 1:1 ratio. These two major species were chromatographically inseparable. Their structures, especially the positions of the acetoxy group(s), were determined by means of 1D- and 2D-1H NMR and fast atom bombardment-MS as well as by gas chromatography-MS of partially O-methylated O-trimethylsilylated monosaccharides derived from th...
Localization of the U2 linkage group of horses to ECA 3 using chromosome painting. The U2 linkage group of horses includes the genes albumin (ALB), vitamin D binding protein (GC), mitochondrial glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 2 (GOT2), and haptoglobin (HP) which are found on two human chromosomes, namely, 4 (HSA 4) and 16 (HSA 16). Likewise these genes are also found on two different chromosomes in mice, rats, and cattle. Chromosome painting demonstrated that only horse chromosome 3 (ECA 3) hybridized with whole chromosome paints for both HSA 4 and HSA 16. This indicated that the equine U2 linkage group occurs on ECA 3, spanning the centromere. This technique will be use...
Methods for the isolation, culture and characterisation of equine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Equine endothelial cells were isolated from the pulmonary artery by enzymatic digestion and grown to confluency. The cells were characterised by positive immunofluorescent staining for von Willebrand factor and NADPH-diaphorase staining for nitric oxide synthase. Measurements of endothelins indicated that there were significant release rates from the cells for up to six hours. Measurements of intracellular calcium concentration showed that the application of bradykinin caused a transient increase in calcium concentration with similar characteristics to those observed in other endothelial cell ...
Partial cloning of prohibitin cDNA from canine, feline, bovine, equine, and rabbit liver mRNA by RT-PCR. Prohibitin is the protein which has an inhibitory function in cell growth, and its gene is suggested to be one of putative tumor suppressor genes. In this report, we described a partial cloning of prohibitin cDNAs from canine, feline, bovine, equine, and rabbit liver mRNAs by RT-PCR, and their homology analysis. The sequences of these RT-PCR products were compared with each other as well as those reported for human and rat. The homology in this region of prohibitin cDNA was approximately 90%, and the amino acid sequence of each RT-PCR product shared more than 95% identity. Therefore, it is con...
Feed intake, body weight, body condition score, musculation, and immunocompetence in aged mares given equine somatotropin. Sixteen 20- to 26-yr-old mares were given 0, 6.25, or 12.5 mg/d equine somatotropin (eST) to determine whether aged mares respond to ST with changes in feed intake, body weight, body condition score (based mostly on fat cover), or immunocompetence. Neither dry matter intake, body weight, nor body condition scores were altered during the 6 wk of eST injection. However, based on photographs taken to evaluate musculation before and after treatment (scores 0 to 4), mares given eST developed greater (P < .07) muscle definition (1.8 +/- .6 and 2.5 +/- .6 for 6.25 and 12.5 mg eST/d, respectively) ...
Fumonisins – Importance and occurence of a new group of mycotoxins. This paper describes the importance of fumonisins for human beings and animals and shows data for the occurence in food. Corn-based food samples (n = 299) purchased in the area of munich were analyzed for fumonisin content using an enzyme immunoassay.Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced byFusarium species, especially byFusarium moniliforme andFusarium proliferatum. Occurrence of fumonisins in corn and in cornbased foods and feeds has been reported from almost all over the world. In several animal species different diseases are traced back to fumonisin toxicosis. Fumonisin levels of 5-10 ppm inho...
Effects of alfentanil on the equine electroencephalogram during anaesthesia with halothane in oxygen. Opioids have variable effects on the minimum alveolar concentration of inhaled anaesthetics in the horse. During halothane anaesthesia at an end-tidal halothane concentration between 0.75 and 0.85 percent, the electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency power spectrum and the auditory evoked potential were recorded continuously in eight ponies during an infusion of approximately 40 micrograms kg-1 alfentanil over five minutes, and for a further 55 minutes. The spectral edge and median frequency of the EEG and the mid-latency of the auditory evoked potential at the time of maximum change of these vari...
A developmental switch in expression from blastocyst to endometrial/placental-type cytochrome P450 aromatase genes in the pig and horse. Pig blastocysts exhibit a transient period of estrogen production at periimplantation, with a second, more sustained period of estrogen synthesis occurring in endometrium and placenta at later pregnancy. Previously we reported the isolation of cDNA clones encoding a novel isoform of cytochrome P450 aromatase (the terminal enzyme in the estrogen biosynthetic pathway) from porcine periimplantation blastocysts. The present study investigated pregnancy-associated expression, in blastocysts and maternal reproductive tract tissues of this and an additional mRNA transcript encoding a distinct P450 ar...
Erythrocyte glutathione-S-transferase activity in animal species. This study was conducted to determine and compare the activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in red blood cells of cattle, horses, pigs, goats, dogs, rabbits, rats and mice. The highest GST activity was found in mouse red blood cells followed by that of rats, dogs, cattle, pigs, goats and horses with the lowest activity in rabbits. There were significant differences between the GST activities from these various species. The species differences in GST activities correlate with the reported variable responses of the different species to different toxicants since erythrocyte GST plays a si...
Determination of daily sperm production in stallion testes by enumeration of germ cells in homogenates. Thirty adult stallion testes were selected with high (n = 15) and low (n = 15) Daily Sperm Production (DSP)/testis. Parenchymal samples were prepared for morphometric analysis, and the numbers of germ cells and Sertoli cells were determined. Testicular samples were homogenized, and germ cells and Sertoli cells were enumerated using phase contrast microscopy. Numbers of germ cells and Sertoli cells and potential DSP during spermatogenesis were determined. Significant correlations existed between morphometric and homogenate determinations of number per testis of preleptotene, leptotene plus zygo...
Pasteurella caballi infection following a horse bite. The isolation of Pasteurella caballi from an horse-bite wound in a 56-year-old man is reported. Biochemical characteristics are described and compared with the other species representing the genus Pasteurella. This strain probably represents the first human isolate of P. caballi in France.
Artifactual nonlinearity due to wear grooves and friction in four-point bending experiments of cortical bone. Experiments and analyses were performed to determine the cause of a nonlinear force-deflection response observed in four-point flexural fatigue of beams of cortical bone machined from the mid-diaphysis of the equine third metacarpus. Observable grooves which formed on the beam surface at supports and load noses were found to be the primary cause of the nonlinearity. An additional geometric nonlinearity at large deflections revealed by finite element modeling may be minimized by using the smallest diameter supports and load noses recommended in ASTM 790. However, frictional constraint of the be...
Use of dew-point hygrometry, direct sweat collection, and measurement of body water losses to determine sweating rates in exercising horses. To compare dew-point hygrometry, direct sweat collection, and measurement of body water loss as methods for determination of sweating rate (SR) in exercising horses. Methods: 6 exercise-trained Thoroughbreds. Methods: SR was measured in 6 horses exercising at 40% of the speed that elicited maximum oxygen consumption for 45 km, with a 15-minute rest at the end of each 15-km phase. Each horse completed 2 exercise trials. Dew-point hygrometry, as a method of local SR determination, was validated in vitro by measurement of rate of evaporative water loss. During exercise, local SR was determined ev...
The Michigan equine monitoring system. I. Design, implementation and population estimates. The Michigan equine monitoring system (MEMS) was designed and implemented in the State of Michigan, starting in 1991. The program was designed systematically to track the State's equine population, its health, and its economic implications to the equine industry. The MEMS was designed as a two-phase program. Phase I (the population and economic survey; the subject of this paper) was designed to provide new and statistically valid information describing the size, composition, location and economic characteristics of the Michigan equine industry. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect ...
Subjecting horse spermatozoa to hypoosmotic incubation: effects of ouabain. Although hypoosmotic tests are widely used to assess spermatozoal quality in different species, they have not been used extensively in the stallion. Moreover, the role of the Na (+)K (+), ouabain sensitive-ATP-ase in the response of equine sperm to hypoosmotic shock is not well understood. This study tests two hypotheses: 1) that equine spermatozoa will respond to a hypoosmotic medium by swelling of the tail, and 2) that addition of ouabain will increase the percentage of swollen sperm tails. Ejaculates from 3 stallions were collected with an artificial vagina and diluted in Kenney's medium (T...
The influence of progesterone-induced proteins on glucose metabolism in early equine embryos. The influence of different maternal plasma progesterone concentrations on embryonic glucose metabolism was studied. Uterine flushes were obtained after treating ovariectomized mares (n = 3) with 0 (control), 100 or 200 mg progesterone daily for 7 d. A group of progesterone-induced proteins (PIP) of Mr approximately 20,000 were identified in flushes from progesterone treatments by SDS-PAGE but were not observed in control flushes. Progesterone-induced proteins were removed from half the pooled flush in each treatment group by Sepharose blue CL-6B. In a 3 x 2 factorial (progesterone treatments, ...
Production of free estrogens and estrogen conjugates by the preimplantation equine embryo. In vitro production of free estrogens and estrogen conjugates by intact Day 12.5, 13.5 and 14.5 equine embryos was measured at 2-h intervals over a 24-h culture period. Production of free estrogens was higher for Day 14.5 than Day 12.5 embryos. Differences in production of conjugated estrogens were not significant, but a trend toward increased production with increased age of embryo was apparent. No trend toward increased free and conjugated estrogen production per cell was observed with age. Embryo diameter and number of cells increased with age but varied considerably within groups. The amou...
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of imidazole dipeptides, histidine, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine in equine and camel muscle and individual muscle fibres. The combined solid-phase extraction (Isolute PRS columns) and reversed-phase gradient HPLC method presented provides a sensitive, reproducible and selective quantification of carnosine, balenine, homocarnosine, histidine, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine in equine and camel muscle and individual muscle fibres. Recoveries were 91-115%. Lower limits of detection were 0.005-0.010 mmol kg-1 dry muscle. The compounds were isolated from other physiological amino acids and small peptides and resolved within a single chromatographic run of 55 min. Concentrations of these compounds in equine myo...
