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Topic:Animal Science
Animal Science and horses encompass the study of equine biology, physiology, and management practices aimed at understanding and improving horse health, welfare, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines, including genetics, nutrition, reproduction, and behavior, to address the needs of horses in diverse contexts such as sports, work, and companionship. Research in this area often focuses on optimizing feeding strategies, enhancing breeding programs, and developing effective health management protocols. Additionally, studies explore the genetic factors influencing traits such as athleticism and disease resistance, as well as the impact of environmental and management conditions on horse behavior and welfare. This page gathers peer-reviewed research and scholarly articles that investigate the scientific principles underpinning equine science and their practical applications in horse care and management.
Lung contains an inhibitor for nicotinatemononucleotide pyrophosphorylase (carboxylating) of NAD biosynthesis. Rat, cow and foal lung extracts contained an inhibitor for the liver NAD biosynthetic-pathway enzyme, nicotinatemononucleotide pyrophosphorylase (carboxylating) [EC 2.4.2.19]. The inhibitor was not dialyzable, was labile at 100 degrees C, was retained by a 30,000 dalton pore size Amicon membrane and, when partially purified by precipitation at 40-100% ammonium sulfate, inhibited the enzyme stoichiometrically. Lung reportedly does not contain nicotinate-mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase or make NAD de novo. However, the inhibitor would mask detection of the enzyme in lung extracts. We detected a...
Inheritance of the equine Tf F3 allele. The inheritance of the equine Tf F3 allele was examined in 39 parent-offspring combinations. For 26 of the cases the allele inherited by the offspring from the heterozygous parent could be determined. The proportion of individuals that inherited the F3 variant compared to the alternative allele was exactly 1:1. In five cases the parental phenotype was identical to that of the offspring. For the remaining eight cases the parent was homozygous for the F3 allele and all offspring had the F3 allele. The results were consistent with Mendelian inheritance.
Embryonic development after intra-follicular transfer of horse oocytes. A technique was developed in which immature horse oocytes, obtained from slaughterhouse specimens, were transferred to the pre-ovulatory follicle of a mare in vivo, with resulting oocyte maturation, ovulation, fertilization and embryo development. Oocytes were collected from all follicles greater than 3 mm, and were classified as immature, maturing, expanded or denuded. The transfers were performed in the standing, tranquilized mare. The ovary containing the pre-ovulatory follicle was grasped per rectum. A trochar and cannula were placed through the abdominal wall in the flank area, ipsilatera...
Antigen recognition in feral mares previously immunized with porcine zonae pellucidae. Twenty-six free-roaming feral mares were immunized against porcine zonae pellucidae (PZP) between February and May, 1988. Eight sexually mature mares received 2 inoculations 2 weeks apart, and 18 mares received 3 inoculations at intervals of 2 and 4 weeks. Analysis of urinary oestrone conjugates (E1C) and non-specific progesterone metabolites (iPdG) in samples collected in October, 1988, revealed that none of the 18 mares that received 3 and only 1 of the 6 mares that received two inoculations were pregnant, whereas 3 of 6 sham-injected control mares and 5 of 11 untreated mares were pregnant. ...
Viability and ultrastructure of equine embryos following culture in a static or dynamic system. The viability and ultrastructure of equine embryos were assessed following culture in a static or perifusion system. The percentage change in diameter was greater (P less than 0.025) for embryos in the static treatment (71%) than in the perifusion treatment (33%). Fluorescein diacetate (FD) scores, the percentage of fluorescing cells (FC) and fluorescent intensity (FI), also were greater (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01) following static culture than for embryos cultured in the perifusion system. Four of 9 control embryos resulted in pregnancies but no embryos cultured in either system p...
Analysis of horse and donkey gonadotrophin genes using Southern blotting and DNA hybridization techniques. The number of genes encoding the common alpha-subunit and hormone-specific beta-subunits of the equine gonadotrophins (FSH, LH and CG) were investigated in the horse (Equus caballus), donkey (E. asinus) and 2 horse x donkey hybrids (the mule and hinny). The Southern technique, involving restriction enzyme digestion, blotting and DNA hybridization to 32P-labelled DNA probes was used to estimate the copy number for each gene and to assess the extent to which equids resemble primates, the only other animals that secrete a CG during pregnancy. These methods indicated that, in common with mammals, ...
The effects of increase testicular temperature on spermatogenesis in the stallion. Stallions can experience an increase in testicular temperature from bouts of fever or from injury to the testes. In species other than the horse, increased temperature models have been used to study testicular degeneration. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of increased testicular temperature on spermatogenesis in the stallion as measured by semen evaluation. The results of this investigation demonstrate that increased testicular temperature is associated with significant transitory alterations in the routine semen evaluation of the stallion. The duration of increased testicular...
Donkey and horse alpha 1 B-glycoprotein: partial characterization and new alleles. 1. The donkey postalbumin protein has been shown to be the equivalent of human alpha 1 B-glycoprotein by protein immunoblotting and N-terminal amino acid sequence. 2. The horse A1B system (already identified as the homologue of human alpha 1 B-glycoprotein) and the donkey alpha 1 B-glycoprotein were characterized further for terminal sialic acid content, isoelectric point, amino acid composition and affinity for the dye-ligand, Cibacron Blue F3GA (known to bind human alpha 1 B-glycoprotein). 3. Two new alleles in the horse A1B system were found, bringing the total number of alleles to five. No...
Penetration of frozen-thawed, zona-free hamster oocytes by fresh and slow-cooled stallion spermatozoa. A method for preparing stored unfrozen stallion spermatozoa for the zona-free hamster oocyte penetration test (HOPT) and a subsequent comparison of fresh and stored sperm by the HOPT were evaluated. In Experiment 1, sperm from 4 stallion ejaculates, cooled to 4 degrees C and stored for 24 h, were treated with 60, 90 and 120 microM of dilauroylphosphatidyl-choline (PC12) liposomes to initiate the acrosome reaction. The percentage of motile and acrosome-reacted (AR) sperm were recorded after 8, 15 and 30 min of incubation at 39 degrees C, by automated image analysis. Liposome concentration did n...
Variations in structural and functional changes of stallion spermatozoa in response to calcium ionophore A23187. Three experiments were conducted to assess the structural and functional changes of stallion spermatozoa in response to the calcium ionophore A23187, and to determine individual variation between stallions. In Experiment 1, changes in the acrosome of spermatozoa exposed to 7.14 microM A23187 for fixed times between 0 and 120 min were examined. There was a steady increase with time in the number of spermatozoa undergoing the acrosome reaction although the rate of increase differed between stallions. Sperm motility decreased sharply when incubation was extended beyond 30 min. In Experiment 2, th...
The influence of metabolic alkalosis upon exercise metabolism in the thoroughbred horse. Six thoroughbred horses exercised on a motorised treadmill on two separate occasions at a speed of 11 or 12 m.s-1 for up to 2 min. 4 h prior to exercise each horse was given a 21 test solution of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3; 0.6 g.kg-1 body mass) or a control solution of water by nasogastric intubation, the order of administration of the two solutions was randomised. Blood samples (n = 15) were obtained before and during the 4 h after intubation, during exercise and for 30 min after exercise. NaHCO3 ingestion resulted in changes in pre-exercise acid-base status. The changes in blood lactate and...
In vitro fertilization in the horse. A retrospective study. Since the first successful collection of oocytes by non-surgical puncture, there have been numerous attempts to fertilize them but few segmented embryos have resulted. The latest attempts at follicular puncture (Palmer et al., 1987) provided 159 oocytes. Oocytes found broken (18%) were probably already broken, or at least fragile, before puncture. The 41 oocytes were fertilized only with semen treated with Ionophore A23187. Following ionophore treatment of semen, 16 ova segmented (of 113 inseminated oocytes) indicating fertilization, and another 7 showed signs of fertilization but not segmenta...
Metabolic changes in thoroughbred and pony foals during the first 24 h post partum. Metabolic rates, rectal temperatures and respiratory quotients (RQ) were determined during the first 24 h post partum in Thoroughbred and pony foals and in relation to environmental temperature. Both breeds had high metabolic rates (greater than 200 W/m2) during the first hour post partum when they were wet and shivering; by 4 to 24 h values were fairly steady at about 153 and 105 W/m2 for Thoroughbred and pony foals, respectively. At birth, rectal temperature was lower in Thoroughbred foals than in pony foals; values increased during the first hour, and then decreased. At 24 h of age, both br...
[Local structure of cytochrome c from horse heart in solution. Conformational analysis using data of two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy]. Using the earlier suggested method the calculation of the backbone conformations of horse heart cytochrome c in oxidized (ferricytochrome c) and reduced (ferrocytochrome c) states has been performed by the two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy data. For both protein forms the secondary structure elements have been revealed and the conformations of the irregular polypeptide chain segments have been analysed. The similarity of the secondary structures of ferri- and ferrocytochrome c in solution was established from the comparison of their conformations. Small differences between...
Trophoblastic vesicles and maternal recognition of pregnancy in mares. Research has indicated that trophoblastic vesicles (TV) formed from Day-14 equine conceptuses would prolong luteal maintenance in mares after surgical transfer to the uterus at Day 10 after ovulation. The current study assesses TV as a further model for maternal recognition of pregnancy in mares. The objectives of the study were to determine the ability of TV to prolong luteal maintenance in mares, their effect on endometrial production of prostaglandin F (PGF) in vitro, and their ability to secrete polypeptides in vitro. In contrast to our previous study (Ball et al., 1989b), transfer of TV f...
Measurements of glycosaminoglycans in follicular, oviductal and uterine fluids of mares. Eighteen fertile mares were used to determine the effects of the oestrous cycle and location in the reproductive tract on the amount and concentration of glycosaminoglycans in luminal fluids. Ovariohysterectomies were performed in 3 groups of 6 mares on Day 3 of behavioural oestrus, within 6 h after ovulation or on Day 8 of dioestrus. The lumina of the uterine horns and oviducts ipsilateral and contralateral to the active ovary were flushed and fluid was aspirated from the dominant follicle in the oestrous preovulation group. Glycosaminoglycans and protein concentrations were measured in these...
Mechanical and biological effects of plate luting. Plate luting, a technique that uses polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) interposed between the plate and the bone, as well as between the screw heads and the plate, to improve the stability of internal fixation was tested in vitro using 20 paired equine third metacarpal bones with mid-diaphyseal osteotomies plated with six-hole broad ASIF compression plates. One of each pair was luted and all specimens were tested in static overload or cyclic loading at 75% of the ultimate breaking strength using four-point bending. Although no differences were measured in static overload tests between luted and non...
Chemical structures of three neutral oligosaccharides obtained from horse (thoroughbred) colostrum. 1. Three neutral oligosaccharides were obtained from horse colostrum by ion-exchange, activated charcoal column and preparative paper chromatographies. 2. The following structures were elucidated by methanolysis, methylation analysis and 75 MHz 13C-NMR spectroscopy; Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc (HM-3a), Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-6Gal beta 1-4Glc (HM-3b) and Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3[Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-6]Gal beta 1-4Glc (HM-5). 3. HM-3a and HM-5 have been found in human milk, named as lacto-N-neotetraose and lacto-N-neohexaose, respectively. HM-3b has been isolated from g...
The effect of various gonadotrophin-releasing hormone regimens on gonadotrophins, follicular growth and ovulation in deeply anoestrous mares. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was used in several regimens in anoestrous mares in an attempt to investigate the effects of frequency and dose on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) release, and consequently on ovulation and corpus luteum establishment. Thrice daily injections of GnRH induced development of pre-ovulatory follicles, but hourly injections or constant infusions were required to induce ovulation. Hourly injections induced a much higher LH:FSH ratio in the presence or absence of ovarian hormones. When anoestrous mares were given an implant that r...
Use of concanavalin A for coating the membranes of stallion spermatozoa. Semen from three ejaculates from each of 4 stallions was frozen in liquid nitrogen. Morphology was evaluated by coating the spermatozoa with fluorescein-labelled Concanavalin A (FITC-ConA2) and motility was measured by computer-assisted image analysis. Coating was performed at each step of the freezing procedure (dilution, cooling, addition of glycerol and freeze-thawing) and observations were made after each step, to evaluate changes, or after subsequent steps, to determine protection provided by the coating method. All the parameters showed progressive changes during the freezing procedure. ...
Measurement of renin and prorenin in cattle, hog and horse. 1. Species specific problems complicating the measurement of prorenin and renin concentrations were studied in bovine, hog and horse plasma. 2. In contrast to horse renin, bovine and hog renin reacted with rat angiotensinogen, allowing measurement of the plasma renin concentration in cattle and hog with rat angiotensinogen as exogenous substrate. 3. Trypsin treatment of plasma in order to activate prorenin generated an interfering angiotensin I immunoreactive material in all three species, most extensively in horse plasma. 4. This material could be removed in bovine and hog plasma by a cation-...
Molecules of the early equine trophoblast. Three monoclonal antibodies raised against equine trophoblast cells were tested to determine the characteristics of the identified molecules. First, the antibodies were used to precipitate molecules from radiolabelled equine trophoblast cells of the chorionic girdle. Antibody F71.1 precipitated a molecule of 115 kDa, whereas antibodies 71.8 and 71.10 precipitated a molecule of 66 kDa. Second, 2 of the antibodies were used in an indirect immunoperoxidase assay on frozen sections of equine conceptuses of different gestational ages beginning at Day 8. Antibody F71.1 labelled trophoblast cells fro...
Phylogeny of immune recognition: processing and presentation of structurally defined proteins in channel catfish immune responses. This work was undertaken to investigate whether or not antigen processing and presentation are important in channel catfish in vitro secondary immune responses elicited with structurally defined proteins, namely, pigeon heart cytochrome C (pCytC), hen egg lysozyme, and horse myoglobin. The use of in vitro antigen-pulsed and fixed B cells or monocytes as antigen presenting cells (APC) resulted in autologous peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) responding with vigorous proliferation and antibody production in vitro. In addition, several long-term catfish monocyte lines have been found to function a...
Correlation of myosin isoforms with anatomical divisions in equine musculus biceps brachii. The biceps brachii of horses is subdivided into a lateral and medial head. Electrophoresis of samples from the lateral head revealed three slow-migrating native myosin isoforms, including one that does not correspond to slow myosin isoforms described for other mammalian muscles. In contrast, the medial head contained a single slow isoform. Both the lateral and medial heads contained three fast-migrating isoforms corresponding with the FM-2, FM-3 and FM-4 isoforms reported for other mammalian fast-twitch muscle fibers. Electrophoresis of myosin heavy chains (MHCs) revealed only two MHC bands, o...
Establishment of equine oviduct cell monolayers for co-culture with early equine embryos. A culture for equine oviduct epithelial cells is described. Primary cultures reached confluence in 5-8 days, forming a monolayer of polygonal cells and remaining morphologically intact for about 20 days. Subcultures were obtained by collecting cells detached spontaneously from the monolayers, and confluence was reached again after 5-7 days. Cells frozen before primary culture were confluent 10-15 days after thawing. Dishes containing confluent cells also were frozen, and some cohesive monolayers formed after thawing. Equine embryos, collected 2 days after ovulation, were cultured alone or with...
Partial purification and characterization of rhinoceros gonadotropins, growth hormone, and prolactin: comparison with the horse and sheep. The rhinoceros is an endangered species related to the horse family. Little is known of its reproductive endocrinology. The objectives of this study were to partially purify rhinoceros pituitary hormones, determine which assays could be used for their assessment, and to ascertain whether rhinoceros LH possesses the intrinsic FSH activity of equine LH. A single pituitary each from a White (1.3 g) and a Black (1.2 g) Rhinoceros was homogenized and extracted (pH 9.5), then subjected to pH and salt fractionation, and ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE and Sephadex SP-C50) to yield partially purifie...
In vitro responses of equine digital vessels to dopamine and fenoldopam. The in vitro responses of isolated vascular preparations of digital arteries and veins obtained from healthy anaesthetised horses were determined for dopamine and fenoldopam. The digital vessels were harvested, cut into 4 mm vascular segments, suspended in tissue baths and attached to force-displacement transducers. Dose-response studies between 10(-8) and 10(-4)M concentrations were performed for all drugs. The change in tension of each vascular ring was measured in grams of force. The reactivity between palmar and plantar digital vessels and baseline vascular responses were determined for do...
Pasture mating behaviour of donkeys (Equus asinus) at natural and induced oestrus. The mating behaviour of 2 jacks, each with 21 non-pregnant jennies, was studied when the jennies were in natural oestrus and simultaneously induced oestrus. The main observations were: efficient pasture breeding at natural and induced oestrus, a territorial sociosexual structure, prolonged pre-copulatory interaction, gradual increase of mating activity up to 2 days before ovulation, a copulatory sequence similar to that of horses, vocalization of the jack as a conspicuous behaviour initiating pre-copulatory interaction, frequent heterotypical behaviour of jennies and active involvement of jenn...
