Topic:Antiviral
Antiviral agents in horses refer to substances used to prevent or treat viral infections in equine species. These agents can target various stages of the viral life cycle, aiming to reduce viral replication and alleviate clinical symptoms. Antiviral treatments in horses may include nucleoside analogs, neuraminidase inhibitors, and other compounds that interfere with viral entry or replication. The effectiveness and safety of these agents can vary depending on the specific virus and the individual horse. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the mechanisms, efficacy, and clinical applications of antiviral agents in equine medicine.
In vitro antimicrobial activity of defensins against ocular pathogens. New approaches to antimicrobial therapy for ocular pathogens must overcome organisms that are resistant to current therapeutic modalities. This investigation examined the antimicrobial activity of novel antimicrobial neutrophil peptides (defensins NP-1 and NP-5) against isolates from clinical ocular microbial infections in humans and horses. The test panel of human clinical isolates included Candida albicans, an alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Morganella morganii. The test panel of equine pathogens included three clinical isolates of P aerug...
Recombinant equine interferon-beta 1: purification and preliminary characterization. Equine interferon-beta 1 (EqIFN-beta 1) was purified from extracts of recombinant Escherichia coli by sequential chromatography on hydroxylapatite, anion-, and cation-exchangers. The resulting protein was greater than 98% pure as determined by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, gel permeation HPLC, and reverse-phase HPLC. Amino-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that essentially all molecules contained an additional amino-terminal methionine. The specific antiviral activity of EqIFN-beta 1 determined on equine dermal fibroblasts challenged with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was...
Antiviral, anti-glycoprotein and neutralizing antibodies in foals with equine infectious anaemia virus. Equine infectious anaemia virus is related by genome sequence homology to human immunodeficiency virus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and visna virus. Failure of the host to mount a strong neutralizing response detectable in vitro or to eliminate persistent infection in vivo characterizes lentivirus infections in the natural host. In this study the specificities and neutralizing activity of antibodies induced during experimental infection with equine infectious anaemia virus were investigated using antiviral ELISA, radioimmunoprecipitation and neutralization assays. ELISA antibody titre...
Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of equine type I interferons. Using human interferon-alpha 2 (IFN-alpha 2) and IFN-beta DNA to probe an equine genomic library we isolated recombinant phages containing genes for equine interferon-alpha (EqIFN-alpha), interferon-beta (EqIFN-beta), and interferon-omega (EqIFN-omega). Sequence and hybridization analyses of these genes reveal that the equine genome contains gene families of each of these three type I interferon classes. The mature proteins of EqIFN-alpha are 71-77% homologous to human IFN-alpha polypeptides, and, when expressed in E. coli, possess antiviral activity on both equine and human cells. By contrast...
The spectrum of antiviral activities of acyclovir in vitro and in vivo. In vitro sensitivity data suggest that acyclovir should be effective against clinical manifestations of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus and possibly Epstein-Barr virus. The clinical potential against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 is further supported by results in animal models. Human cytomegalovirus and the veterinary herpes viruses, with the possible exception of equine herpes virus type 1, may be insufficiently sensitive to be amenable to treatment.
Relative activities of acyclovir and BW759 against Aujeszky’s disease and equine rhinopneumonitis viruses. Compound BW759 (9-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxymethyl]guanine) was shown to be about 230 times more active than acyclovir (9-[2-hydroxyethoxymethyl]guanine) (ACV) against Equid herpesvirus type 1 infection in Syrian hamsters and was more effective against Aujeszky's disease in mice. The therapeutic superiority of BW759 over ACV was greater than expected from quantitative inhibitory results in tissue culture with these viruses. When administered to hamsters at dose rates sufficient to prevent any Equid herpesvirus type 1-induced mortality (100 mg of ACV per kg per day; 3 mg of BW759 per kg...
Preliminary characterization of equine interferons and their antiviral activities on bovine, ovine, and human cells. Equine dermal cells induced with poly I:C + DEAE-dextran produced low levels of interferon tentatively classified as equine interferon beta (EqIFN-beta). In contrast, dermal cells initially primed with EqIFN-beta and then superinduced with poly I:C + DEAE-dextran in the presence of cycloheximide and actinomycin D produced greater than 100-fold EqIFN-beta. Equine blood mononuclear cells induced with Newcastle disease virus and phytohemagglutinin produced high levels of interferons tentatively classified as equine interferon alpha (EqIFN-alpha) and equine interferon gamma (EqIFN-gamma), respecti...
Inactivation of equine infectious anemia virus by chemical disinfectants. Twelve chemicals and commercial disinfectants were tested for inactivation of equine infectious anemia virus. In the presence of 10% bovine serum, all chemicals inactivated 4 log10 (based on 0.1 ml) of the virus within 5 minutes at 23 C. A reduction of at least 4 log10 was observed when the virus was exposed for 1 minute to substituted phenolic disinfectants (3 commercial preparations and sodium orthophenylphenate), halogen derivatives (iodophor and sodium hypochlorite), chlorhexidine, and 70% ethanol. Sodium hydroxide (5%), 2% formalin, and 2% glutaraldehyde were slower to inactivate the viru...
[Preparative isolation of alpha 2-macroglobulin, transferrin, albumin and study of their nonspecific gamma-inhibitory activity]. Profiles of distribution of non-specific gamma-inhibitors of influenza A2/Victoria/35/72 in donkey and horse sera were established by gel chromatography in Sephadex G-200. High and low molecular inhibitors were found in 19S and 4S serum fractions. Highly purified preparations of a2-macroglobulin, transferrine and albumin were isolated by a combination of methods of salt precipitation, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100, G-200 and ion exchange on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Heating sera resulted in a considerable increase of the antiviral activity of a2-macroglobulin and transferrine and a reduction ...
Effects of crude extracts of various plants on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus-plaque production. Extracts of 28 plants were tested without demonstable antiviral activity in an agar-overlay plaque-reduction antiviral assay system, using infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and bovine endocardial cell cultures. Ethanolic extract of Narcissus tazetta L bulb elicited antiviral activity by inhibition of viral plaque formation. Antiviral activity was demonstrated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and equine rhinopneumonitis viruses. Narcissus tazetta L bulb did not directly inactivate the virus extracellularly. The extract exhibited only limited toxicity to rapidly multiplying bovine...
Elimination of repeated clot formation in mouse ascitic fluid containing arbovirus antibodies. Repeated clot formation in mouse ascitic fluids containing antiviral antibody was eliminated by acid precipitation of the fibrinogen.
Intraperitoneal and Intracerebral Routes in Serum Protection Tests with the Virus of Equine Encephalomyelitis: I. A Comparison of the Two Routes in Protection Tests. Young (12 to 15 day old) mice are approximately as susceptible to the virus of equine encephalomyelitis, Eastern or Western strain, when it is given intraperitoneally as are adult mice when the virus is injected intracerebrally. With this susceptibility by the intraperitoneal route as a basis, the injection of immune serum-virus mixtures intraperitoneally was found to result in protection in dilutions which give rise to infection after intracerebral inoculation. The difference of protective power by the two indicated routes was shown not to depend on the amount of inoculum nor on the age of th...