Analyze Diet

Topic:Behavior

Equine behavior encompasses the study of horses' actions, reactions, and interactions within their environment and with other living beings. It includes the examination of innate behaviors, such as grazing and herd dynamics, as well as learned behaviors influenced by training and human interaction. Understanding equine behavior is essential for improving horse welfare, training methods, and management practices. This topic covers a range of behaviors, from social structures and communication to stress responses and problem behaviors. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the various aspects of equine behavior, including factors that influence it and its implications for horse management and welfare.
Alliances and reproductive success in Camargue stallions.
Animal behaviour    February 6, 1999   Volume 57, Issue 3 705-713 doi: 10.1006/anbe.1998.1009
Feh C.A study of a herd of Camargue horses Equus caballus, showed that while the majority of high-ranking stallions held single-male harems, some sons of low-ranking mares, being low ranking themselves, formed alliances that could last a lifetime. The two stallions were each other's closest associate and preferential grooming partner. Alliances were based on coalitions in which either both partners confronted an intruder synchronously or the dominant of the pair tended the female(s) while the subordinate simultaneously displayed towards the rival. Alliance partners were of similar age but were not m...
Animals and man: a complex relationship examined.
The Veterinary record    December 5, 1998   Volume 143, Issue 19 515-517 
No abstract available
Physiological and behavioral consequences associated with short-term prevention of crib-biting in horses.
Physiology & behavior    November 12, 1998   Volume 65, Issue 1 15-23 doi: 10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00070-5
McGreevy P, Nicol C.Crib-biting in the horse is frequently prevented in the short-term by horse-owners using physical means. Because it has been proposed that crib-biting may function to reduce stress, the effect of prevention of crib-biting and/or eating on the behaviour, heart rate, and plasma cortisol and beta-endorphin concentrations was measured in six crib-biting and six normal horses. When crib-biters were unable to crib-bite, they showed an increase in ingestive behaviour. When crib-biters were prevented from crib-biting and eating, a relative stasis in the motility of the foregut occurred, suggesting tha...
Viability of an inguinal testis after laparoscopic cauterization and transection of its blood supply.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    November 12, 1998   Volume 213, Issue 9 1303-1280 
Bergeron JA, Hendrickson DA, McCue PM.A 25-month-old castrated horse was admitted for evaluation of stallion-like behavior. Twelve months earlier, bilateral cryptorchidism had been diagnosed, and the horse underwent a laparoscopic castration. At that time, the left testis was removed from the abdominal cavity, but the right testis, which was located in the inguinal ring, was left in place to undergo avascular necrosis after laparoscopic cauterization and transection of the testicular vasculature. On physical examination, an apparently clinically normal right testis was palpated within the scrotum. Administration of human chorionic...
Prevalence and characteristics of foal rejection in Arabian mares.
Equine veterinary journal    October 3, 1998   Volume 30, Issue 5 424-428 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04513.x
Juarbe-Díaz SV, Houpt KA, Kusunose R.Separate surveys of Thoroughbred, Paint, and Arabian mare owners revealed a higher than expected rate of foal rejection in Arabian mares. A behavioural history form was submitted by owners of foal rejecting and nonrejecting Arabian mares, and maternal behaviour and management practices compared. Four generation pedigrees of rejecting and nonrejecting Arabian mares were also examined. Foal rejecting mares were more likely to avoid, threaten, squeal at, chase, bite, and kick their foals post partum than nonrejecting mares. Nonrejecting mares were more likely to lick, nicker and defend their foal...
Surgical treatment of oral stereotypies in horses.
The Veterinary record    August 26, 1998   Volume 143, Issue 3 87-88 
Owen RR.No abstract available
Animal behavior case of the month. Aggression directed toward other horses.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    August 14, 1998   Volume 213, Issue 3 358-359 
Aronson L.No abstract available
The effect of social stress on adrenal axis activity in horses: the importance of monitoring corticosteroid-binding globulin capacity.
The Journal of endocrinology    August 6, 1998   Volume 157, Issue 3 425-432 doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1570425
Alexander SL, Irvine CH.Plasma cortisol is largely bound to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), which regulates its bioavailability by restricting exit from capillaries. Levels of CBG may be altered by several factors including stress and this can influence the amount of cortisol reaching cells. This study investigated the effect of social instability on plasma concentrations of CBG, total and free (not protein bound) cortisol in horses. Horses new to our research herd ('newcomers') were confined in a small yard with four dominant resident horses for 3-4 h daily for 3-4 (n = 5) or 9-14 (n = 3) days. Jugular blood ...
Detection of Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever, in freshwater stream snails (Pleuroceridae: Juga spp.) from northern California.
Applied and environmental microbiology    August 4, 1998   Volume 64, Issue 8 2888-2893 doi: 10.1128/AEM.64.8.2888-2893.1998
Barlough JE, Reubel GH, Madigan JE, Vredevoe LK, Miller PE, Rikihisa Y.Ehrlichia DNA was identified by nested PCR in operculate snails (Pleuroceridae: Juga spp.) collected from stream water in a northern California pasture in which Potomac horse fever (PHF) is enzootic. Sequencing of PCR-amplified DNA from a suite of genes (the 16S rRNA, groESL heat shock operon, 51-kDa major antigen genes) indicated that the source organism closely resembled Ehrlichia risticii, the causative agent of PHF. The minimum percentage of Juga spp. harboring the organism in the population studied was 3.5% (2 of 57 snails). No ehrlichia DNA was found in tissues of 123 lymnaeid, physid, a...
Surgical treatment of oral stereotypies in horses.
The Veterinary record    July 3, 1998   Volume 142, Issue 23 648 
Hancock RD.No abstract available
Welfare of the competition horse.
The Veterinary record    June 24, 1998   Volume 142, Issue 20 527-529 
No abstract available
Assessment of the modified Forssell’s procedure for the treatment of oral stereotypies in 10 horses.
The Veterinary record    June 23, 1998   Volume 142, Issue 21 572-575 doi: 10.1136/vr.142.21.572
Schofield WL, Mulville JP.The modified Forssell's procedure was performed on 10 horses in an attempt to cure oral stereotypies. Three horses were cured completely, two horses were considerably improved, and five horses continued to perform the stereotypy after periods of remission ranging from two weeks to six months. This rate of success for the modified Forssell's procedure, as in other published reports, was lower than for the original Forssell's procedure. Surgery to eliminate a stereotypical behaviour pattern may exacerbate the stress for an animal and the modified Forssell's procedure can no longer be recommended...
Behavioural changes in stabled horses given nontherapeutic levels of virginiamycin.
Equine veterinary journal    April 16, 1998   Volume 30, Issue 2 139-143 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04473.x
Johnson KG, Tyrrell J, Rowe JB, Pethick DW.Abnormal behaviour commonly develops in intensively managed horses. A possible cause is the change in diet occurring when the horse is stabled. An experiment was performed to examine this possibility by manipulating the diet with the feed supplement virginiamycin, as Founderguard. During 4 weeks, 18 horses were fed diets ranging from hay alone to concentrate plus hay in the ratio of 3:1. The rations of half the horses given concentrate were supplemented with Founderguard. Horses eating high concentrate rations displayed abnormal oral behaviours at a higher frequency than those eating only hay....
Use of the bit in horses.
The Veterinary record    April 9, 1998   Volume 142, Issue 8 200 
Cook WR.No abstract available
Therapeutic riding: horses helping humans.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    March 10, 1998   Volume 212, Issue 4 475-476 
Wollrab TI.No abstract available
Some factors governing the entry of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) into stables.
The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research    February 19, 1998   Volume 64, Issue 3 227-233 
Barnard BJ.The entry of Culicoides species into stables was examined by comparing the numbers of midges caught with identical light-traps under different conditions. The comparison was made between collections made inside an empty stable, a regularly cleaned stable and a dirty stable and those made outside the stables in a sleeping space open on two sides. The work was first done in the presence of cattle and sheep in adjoining paddocks and then repeated in their absence. A positive correlation was found between the numbers of C. imicola females caught out of doors and inside a clean stable. Removal of t...
[Program for early detection of illness level in foals during the first 24 hours of life].
Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere    February 6, 1998   Volume 25, Issue 6 594-597 
Bostedt H, Hospes R, Herfen K.Basing on exact investigations of normal behaviour and abnormalities in newborn and up to 24 hours old foals a program for evaluation, comprehending exogeniously judgable criteria, was developed. It aims at a quick recognition of aberrations in behaviour. The program includes a score, which allows early diagnosis of even subtile abnormalities. As a result, a veterinary surgeon should be consulted if the score exposes a critical situation, so that therapy can be started in time. Furthermore informations about investigations on blood-glucose- and immunoglobulin-G-concentration in relation to neo...
Survival analysis of risk factors associated with the occurrence of lameness in a Michigan horse population.
American journal of veterinary research    January 27, 1998   Volume 59, Issue 1 23-29 
Ross WA, Kaneene JB, Gardiner JC.To evaluate the associations of operation and individual animal-level risk factors with occurrence of lameness in the Michigan horse population. Methods: 3,925 horses monitored from 138 randomly selected Michigan operations for a total of 814,753 horse-days. Methods: All horses monitored < 60 days were eliminated from the source population. From the remaining horses, a prospective unmatched case-control study population was generated that included all cases and a random sample of noncases. Analysis of risk factors associated with occurrence of lameness was conducted, using Cox's propor...
Stability over situations in temperamental traits of horses as revealed by experimental and scoring approaches.
Behavioural processes    December 1, 1997   Volume 41, Issue 3 257-266 doi: 10.1016/s0376-6357(97)00052-1
Le Scolan N, Hausberger M, Wolff A.Individual behavioural reactions of adult horses in a variety of experimental tests were compared with ratings by riding teachers. The tests were made in a non working situation, with the animals being released in an arena, a box (arena test, new object test, learning tests) or handled (new object/handling situation). The traits rated by teachers were fearfulness, nervousness, gregariousness and learning abilities at work (ridden or handled). Despite a great homogeneity in the reactions exhibited by the horses in the different situations, large individual differences were present. Correlations...
Development and characterization of an equine behaviour chamber and the effects of amitraz and detomidine on spontaneous locomotor activity.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    November 14, 1997   Volume 20, Issue 5 396-401 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00089.x
Harkins JD, Queiroz-Neto A, Mundy GD, West D, Tobin T.This report describes the development of a behaviour chamber and the validation of the chamber of measure locomotor activity of a horse. Locomotor activity was detected by four Mini-beam sensors and recorded on a data logger every 5 min for 22 h. Horses were more active during daytime than in the evening, which was at least partially related to human activity in their surroundings. To validate the ability of the chambers to detect changes in activity, fentanyl citrate and xylazine HCl, agents well-characterized as a stimulant and a depressant, respectively, were administered to five horses. Fe...
Management of headshaking in three horses by treatment for protozoal myeloencephalitis.
The Veterinary record    October 8, 1997   Volume 141, Issue 11 264-267 doi: 10.1136/vr.141.11.264
Moore LA, Johnson PJ, Messer NT, Kline KL, Crump LM, Knibb JR.Unlike the incidence of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), which appears to be increasing, headshaking is an uncommon problem for horses in Missouri and the adjacent states. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis was incriminated in three horses examined for the treatment of headshaking on the basis of a neurological examination, an analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and their response to treatment. The headshaking and stereotypical behaviour associated with EPM was successfully treated with potentiated sulphonamides and pyrimethamine.
Experimental tests to assess emotionality in horses.
Behavioural processes    September 1, 1997   Volume 40, Issue 3 209-221 doi: 10.1016/s0376-6357(97)00784-5
Wolff A, Hausberger M, Le Scolan N.Different tests were used to assess different aspects of the emotionality of 1-3 year-old horses: arena test; a `novel object' test; and a handling test. In reaction to the test situations no important differences were observed according to age or sex in the behaviour patterns, but clear individual differences were observed within these classes. The arena test seemed to reveal the degree of gregariousness of the animals whereas the results in the two other tests were correlated and seemed to reflect an inherent degree of fearfulness in the horse. Indices were developed that enabled to rank the...
Can studies of feral horse behaviour be used for assessing domestic horse welfare?
Equine veterinary journal    July 1, 1997   Volume 29, Issue 4 249-251 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03117.x
Waran NK.DELETE: The last known ‘wild’ horse was the Przewalski (e.f. prezewalskii), which lived until fairly recently in its natural state in Mongolia. Although little is known of their social organisation in the wild, a number of studies have been carried out of their behaviour in captive conditions. Attempts are now being made to reintroduce them into more natural conditions than the zoos and private collections in which most of them are currently maintained (Keiper and Receveur 1992). Although there is a lack of information about truly wild horse behaviour, a number of studies, such as that d...
An empirical study of the impact of complexity on participation in horserace betting.
Journal of gambling studies    July 1, 1997   Volume 13, Issue 2 159-172 doi: 10.1023/a:1024903418798
Johnson JE, Bruce AC.The aim of the research reported in this paper was to explore empirically whether levels of participation in horserace betting are affected by the complexity of the betting task. The study employed a systematic random sample of 1161 betting decisions made in UK offcourse betting offices during 1987. The research was conducted in a naturalistic setting where it was possible to grade complexity and to measure levels of participation. Complexity was defined in terms of both the number of alternatives in the decision-maker's choice set (number of horses in a race) and the complexity of the attribu...
More background needed on “idle time” of race horses.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    March 1, 1997   Volume 210, Issue 5 608-609 
MacNamara B.No abstract available
Treatment of horses in training.
The Veterinary record    January 18, 1997   Volume 140, Issue 3 76 
Green P, Webbon PM.No abstract available
Consideration of the relevance of ethological animal models for human repetitive behavioral spectrum disorders.
Biological psychiatry    January 15, 1997   Volume 41, Issue 2 226-229 doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00100-x
Nurnberg HG, Keith SJ, Paxton DM.Treatment successes of various stereotyped behaviors in animals and humans has renewed interest in ethologic animal models for the study of psychiatric disorders. This report presents another such behavior occurring in horses to weaving. This anomalous, repetitive, and purposeless behavior draws analogies to human compulsive spectrum behaviors. A "weaver" provided an opportunity to evaluate serotonin, dopamine, and opioid neurotransmitter system contributions by probing each with a selective agent in A-B-A-C-A-D design. The horse was treated in sequential 1-month periods separated by 1-month w...
The effect of detomidine and its antagonism with tolazoline on stress-related hormones, metabolites, physiologic responses, and behavior in awake ponies.
Veterinary surgery : VS    January 1, 1997   Volume 26, Issue 1 69-77 doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1997.tb01467.x
Carroll GL, Matthews NS, Hartsfield SM, Slater MR, Champney TH, Erickson SW.Six ponies were used to investigate the effect of tolazoline antagonism of detomidine on physiological responses, behavior, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, glucose, and free fatty acids in awake ponies. Each pony had a catheter inserted into a jugular vein 1 hour before beginning the study. Awake ponies were administered detomidine (0.04 mg/kg intravenously [i.v.]) followed 20 minutes later by either tolazoline (4.0 mg/kg i.v.) or saline. Blood samples were drawn from the catheter 5 minutes before detomidine administration (baseline), 5 minutes after detomidine administration, 20 minute...
Effect of sodium bisulfate on ammonia concentration, fly population, and manure pH in a horse barn.
American journal of veterinary research    December 1, 1996   Volume 57, Issue 12 1795-1798 
Sweeney CR, McDonnell S, Russell GE, Terzich M.To evaluate the effectiveness of altering the pH of manure with sodium bisulfate, thereby decreasing ammonia concentration and fly population in a horse barn environment. Methods: 4 mixed-breed pony stallions. Methods: The 4-week study was scheduled with 2 weeks of treatment (with 2 application rates) and 2 weeks with no treatment (control weeks). During treatment weeks, sodium bisulfate was applied daily to the top of the bedding and straw, then spread on top. Ponies were kept in the stalls 24 hours a day during the 7-day test period and stall cleaning was not done. On day 7 of each week, amm...
Preventing equestrian injuries. Locking the stable door.
Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)    September 1, 1996   Volume 22, Issue 3 187-197 doi: 10.2165/00007256-199622030-00005
Watt GM, Finch CF.The medical and sports literature databases were searched for equestrian sports-related injury published in English since 1980, together with conference abstracts and discussions with equestrian sporting bodies. This literature was critically reviewed, with emphasis on measures to prevent or control injury i.e. countermeasures. While there is considerable literature available on the epidemiology of injury incurred in most equestrian sports, there is little on the prevention of these injuries. Case-control or other studies evaluating the effectiveness of the countermeasures suggested by authors...
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