The study of cells in horses encompasses the examination of various cell types and their functions within the equine body. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, and in horses, they contribute to numerous physiological processes, including growth, repair, and immune responses. Different cell types, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and muscle cells, each perform specific roles that are vital for maintaining the health and homeostasis of the horse. This topic includes research on cellular mechanisms, cellular responses to disease or injury, and the application of cellular biology in equine medicine. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and significance of cells in equine biology and health.
Finlay M, Yuan Z, Morgan IM, Campo MS, Nasir L.Bovine papillomavirus type 1 infects not only cattle but also equids and is a causative factor in the pathogenesis of commonly occurring equine sarcoid tumours. Whilst treatment of sarcoids is notoriously difficult, cisplatin has been shown to be one of the most effective treatment strategies for sarcoids. In this study we show that in equine fibroblasts, BPV-1 sensitises cells to cisplatin-induced and UVB-induced apoptosis, a known cofactor for papillomavirus associated disease, however BPV-1 transformed fibroblasts show increased clonogenic survival, which may potentially limit the therapeut...
Arrighi S.Occurrence of a solitary cilium was an unexpected discovery while studying the ultrastructure of epididymal epithelium in equidae. Primary cilia were detected in epididymal basal cells of all individuals of the equines studied - horses, donkey and mules - independently from age and tract of the duct, emerging from the basal cell surface and insinuating into the intercellular spaces. More rarely solitary cilia occurred also at the luminal surface of the principal cells. The ciliary apparatus was constituted by a structurally typical basal body continuous with the finger-like ciliary shaft exten...
Sayasith K, Lussier J, Doré M, Sirois J.Little is known about the expression and regulation of epiregulin (EREG) and amphiregulin (AREG) in ovarian follicles of large monoovulatory animal species. To characterize the gonadotropin-dependent regulation of EREG and AREG mRNAs in equine follicles prior to ovulation, extracts were prepared from equine follicles collected during estrus between 0 and 39h post-hCG and corpora lutea obtained on day 8 of the estrous cycle (day 0=day of ovulation). Results from RT-PCR/Southern blot analyses showed that levels of EREG and AREG mRNAs were very low in follicles obtained at 0h but increased therea...
Dakin SG, Dudhia J, Werling NJ, Werling D, Abayasekara DR, Smith RK.The contribution of inflammation to the pathogenesis of tendinopathy and high prevalence of re-injury is not well established, although recent evidence suggests involvement of prostaglandins. We investigated the roles of prostaglandins and inflammation-resolving mediators in naturally occurring equine tendon injury with disease stage and age. Levels of prostaglandins E(2) (PGE(2)), F(2α) (PGF(2α)), lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)) and its receptor FPR2/ALX were analysed in extracts of normal, sub-acute and chronic injured tendons. To assess whether potential changes were associated with altered PGE(2) ...
BMC research notesNovember 8, 2012
Volume 5 626 doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-626
Boudko SP, Ishikawa Y, Lerch TF, Nix J, Chapman MS, Bächinger HP.Hyperelastosis cutis is an inherited autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder. Affected horses are characterized by hyperextensible skin, scarring, and severe lesions along the back. The disorder is caused by a mutation in cyclophilin B. Results: The crystal structures of both wild-type and mutated (Gly6->Arg) horse cyclophilin B are presented. The mutation neither affects the overall fold of the enzyme nor impairs the catalytic site structure. Instead, it locally rearranges the flexible N-terminal end of the polypeptide chain and also makes it more rigid. Conclusions: Interactions of th...
Farley DC, Bannister R, Leroux-Carlucci MA, Evans NE, Miskin JE, Mitrophanous KA.The release of lentiviral vectors for clinical use requires the testing of vector material, production cells, and, if applicable, ex vivo-transduced cells for the presence of replication-competent lentivirus (RCL). Vectors derived from the nonprimate lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) have been directly administered to patients in several clinical trials, with no toxicity observed to date. Because EIAV does not replicate in human cells, and because putative RCLs derived from vector components within human vector production cells would most likely be human cell-tropic, we previous...
Szober CM, Hauck SM, Euler KN, Fröhlich KJ, Alge-Priglinger C, Ueffing M, Deeg CA.The purpose of this study was to characterize the cell surface proteome of native compared to cultured equine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The RPE plays an essential role in visual function and represents the outer blood-retinal barrier. We are investigating immunopathomechanisms of equine recurrent uveitis, an autoimmune inflammatory disease in horses leading to breakdown of the outer blood-retinal barrier and influx of autoreactive T-cells into affected horses' vitrei. Cell surface proteins of native and cultured RPE cells from eye-healthy horses were captured by biotinylation, an...
Burk J, Badylak SF, Kelly J, Brehm W.Pioneering clinical stem cell research is being performed in the horse, a recipient of cutting edge veterinary medicine as well as a unique animal model, paving the way for human medical applications. Although demonstrable progress has been made on the clinical front, in vitro characterization of equine stem cells is still in comparatively early stages. To translate the promising results of clinical stem cell therapy in the horse, advances must be made in the characterization of equine stem cells. Aiming to improve communication between veterinarians and other natural scientists, this review g...
Cholleti H, Paidikondala M, Munir M, Hakhverdyan M, Baule C.Equine arteritis virus (EAV) causes a respiratory and reproductive disease in horses, equine viral arteritis. Though cell death in infection with EAV is considered to occur by apoptosis, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been extensively elucidated. We investigated the expression of mRNA of pro-apoptotic and caspase genes during EAV infection in BHK21 cells, a well-established cell type for EAV replication. Using a SYBR Green real-time PCR, mRNA of p53, Bax, caspase 3 and caspase 9 were found up-regulated in a time dependent manner in EAV infected cells. Western blot analysis for casp...
Reed SA, Leahy ER.Tendon injuries affect all levels of athletic horses and represent a significant loss to the equine industry. Accumulation of microdamage within the tendon architecture leads to formation of core lesions. Traditional approaches to tendon repair are based on an initial period of rest to limit the inflammatory process followed by a controlled reloading program designed to promote the maturation and linear arrangement of scar tissue within the lesion. However, these treatment protocols are inefficient, resulting in prolonged recovery periods and frequent recurrence. Current alternative therapies ...
Lovati AB, Corradetti B, Cremonesi F, Bizzaro D, Consiglio AL.Adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are a potential cell source for tendon repair in direct cell therapy and tissue engineering investigations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tenogenic induction of undifferentiated BM-MSCs under indirect co-culture technique with trimmed native tendon tissue. Since the horse represents a preferred species to study tendon regenerative strategies, this work was conducted on equine BM-MSCs. Methods: Equine BM-MSCs were co-cultured in a transwell system with tendon tissue fragments. The BM-MSC tenogenic differentiation was evaluated b...
McCarrel TM, Minas T, Fortier LA.Numerous methods are available for platelet-rich plasma (PRP) generation, but evidence defining the optimum composition is lacking. We hypothesized that leukocyte-reduced PRP would result in lower inflammatory cytokine expression compared with concentrated-leukocyte PRP and that maintaining the platelet:white blood cell (WBC) ratio would compensate for the effect of increased WBC concentration. Methods: Blood and flexor digitorum superficialis tendons were collected from young adult horses. Three PRP groups were generated with the same platelet concentration but different WBC concentrations: i...
McD￮ LA.Stem cell therapy and cell-based therapies using other progenitor cells are becoming the treatment of choice for many equine orthopedic lesions. Important criteria for obtaining autogenous equine progenitor cells in vitro for use in clinical cell-based therapy include the ability to isolate and expand cells repeatedly to high numbers (millions) required for therapy, in a clinically relevant time frame. Cells must also maintain their ability to differentiate into the tissue type of choice. The objective of this study was to compare isolation and expansion techniques for preparation of periostea...
Penrod LV, Allen RE, Turner JL, Limesand SW, Arns MJ.Increased secretion of prostaglandin F(2)α (PGF(2)α) within the uterus because of uterine inflammation can cause luteolysis and result in early embryonic loss. Supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been shown to influence PG production in many species, although the effects on the mare remain unknown. The present study aimed to determine fatty acid uptake in equine endometrial explants and evaluate their influence on PG secretion and expression of enzymes involved in PG synthesis in vitro. Equine endometrial explants were treated with 100 μM arachidonic acid, eicosapen...
Duesterdieck-Zellmer KF, Driscoll N, Ott JF.To determine concentration-dependent effects of tiludronate on cartilage explants incubated with or without recombinant equine interleukin-1β (rEq IL-1). Methods: Articular cartilage explants from the femorotibial joints of 3 young adult horses. Methods: Cartilage explants were incubated with 1 of 6 concentrations (0, 0.19, 1.9, 19, 190, or 1,900 mg/L) of tiludronate and with or without rEq IL-1 (0.01 ng/mL) for 96 hours. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) concentrations in culture medium and explant digests were analyzed via PGE(2) enzyme immunoassay. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) concentration...
Breton A, Sharma R, Diaz AC, Parham AG, Graham A, Neil C, Whitelaw CB, Milne E, Donadeu FX.Pluripotent stem cells offer unprecedented potential not only for human medicine but also for veterinary medicine, particularly in relation to the horse. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are particularly promising, as they are functionally similar to embryonic stem cells and can be generated in vitro in a patient-specific manner. In this study, we report the generation of equine iPSCs from skin fibroblasts obtained from a foal and reprogrammed using viral vectors coding for murine Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 sequences. The reprogrammed cell lines were morphologically similar to iPSCs rep...
Casella S, Piccione D, Ielati S, Bocchino EG, Piccione G.The aim of this study was to assess the anion transport in equine erythrocytes through the measurement of the sulfate uptake operating from band 3 using different experimental temperatures and buffer solutions. Blood samples of six clinically healthy horses were collected via jugular vein puncture, and an emochrome-citometric examination was performed. The blood was divided into four aliquots and by centrifugation and aspiration the plasma and buffy coat were carefully discarded. The red blood cells were washed with an isosmotic medium and centrifuged. The obtained cell suspensions were incuba...
Adams MK, Goodrich LR, Rao S, Olea-Popelka F, Phillips N, Kisiday JD, McIlwraith CW.The 2 sites of bone marrow harvest for isolation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) in the horse are the sternum and ilium. The technical procedure is based on practitioner preference, but no studies have compared MSC concentrations and growth rates between the sites in horses aged 2-5 years. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare nucleated cell counts and growth rates between the sternum and ilium and between consecutive 5 ml bone marrow aspirates. We hypothesised that there would be a higher concentration of MSCs in the sternum than the ilium, and that the first sequential a...
Ceusters JD, Serteyn DA, Minguet G, de la Rebière de Pouyade G, Romainville J, Deby-Dupont GP, Mouithys-Mickalad AA, Franck TJ.Horses are particularly sensitive and exposed to excessive inflammatory responses evolving toward an important stimulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). The aim of this work was to stimulate equine neutrophils in whole blood and to evaluate their response by measuring the release of total and active myeloperoxidase (MPO) and total elastase, considered as markers of neutrophil stimulation and degranulation. Because of the critical importance of the concomitant presence of LPS and TNF-α in equine pathological situations, we combined these two natural mediators to stimulate PMN and co...
Garner DL, Evans KM, Seidel GE.The sex of mammalian offspring can be predetermined by flow sorting relatively pure living populations of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm. This method is based on precise staining of the DNA of sperm with the nucleic acid-specific fluorophore, Hoechst 33342, to differentiate between the subpopulations of X- and Y-sperm. The fluorescently stained sperm are then sex-sorted using a specialized high speed sorter, MoFlo(®) SX XDP, and collected into biologically supportive media prior to reconcentration and cryopreservation in numbers adequate for use with artificial insemination for some specie...
Durán MC, Willenbrock S, Carlson R, Feige K, Nolte I, Murua Escobar H.CD14 positive (CD14+) cells are the precursor cells of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). In horses their potent antigen-presenting capacity and ability to induce an effective immune response classify these cells suitable for several therapeutic approaches such as for equine sarcoid. However, in horses, the generation efficiency of DCs from adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is currently still poor. Objective: Establishment of a simple short protocol to enhance DC generation in horses by using a human CD14 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and an automated magnetic activated cell...
Fossum C, Hjertner B, Olofsson KM, Lindberg R, Ahooghalandari P, Camargo MM, Bröjer J, Edner A, Nostell K.The expression of tlr4, md2 and cd14 was studied in equine blood leukocytes and in intestinal samples using real time PCR. The stability of three commonly used reference genes, glyceraldehyde-3P-dehydrogenase (GAPDH), hypoxantine ribosyltransferase (HPRT) and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA), was evaluated using qbase(PLUS). The equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (eqPBMC) examined were either stimulated in vitro with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin or with the CpG oligodeoxynuclotide 2216 (CpG-ODN 2216) or obtained from horses before, during and after...
Muttini A, Valbonetti L, Abate M, Colosimo A, Curini V, Mauro A, Berardinelli P, Russo V, Cocciolone D, Marchisio M, Mattioli M, Tosi U....In vitro expanded and frosted ovine amniotic epithelial cells (oAECs) were evaluated for their phenotype, stemness and attitude to differentiate into tenocytes. Fifteen horses with acute tendon lesions were treated with one intralesional injection of oAECs. Tendon recovery under controlled training was monitored. In vitro expanded oAECs showed a constant proliferative ability, a conserved phenotype and stable expression profile of stemness markers. Differentiation into tenocytes was also regularly documented. US controls showed the infilling of the defect and early good alignment of the fibers...
Wong DM, Moore RM, Brockus CW.Oxygen is essential to aerobic life, but it is also associated with the production of highly reactive compounds that can pose danger to physiologic systems when the oxygen concentration is excessive. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are required for normal physiologic processes, but when produced in excess, they can overwhelm endogenous antioxidants, resulting in significant cellular damage and, eventually, cell death. Ischemic events can initiate numerous pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to increased production of ROS, loss of cellular energy production, and lipid peroxidation. Although reper...
Burns TA, Watts MR, Weber PS, McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ, Belknap JK.Hyperinsulinaemia has been implicated in the pathogenesis of laminitis; however, laminar cell types responding to insulin remain poorly characterised. Objective: To identify laminar cell types expressing insulin receptor (IRc) and/or insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R); and to evaluate the effect of dietary nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) on their expression. Methods: Mixed-breed ponies (n = 22) received a conditioning hay chop diet (NSC ∼6%); following acclimation, ponies were stratified into lean (n = 11, body condition score [BCS]≤4) or obese (n = 11, BCS ≥7) groups and ea...
El-Assaad I, Di Bari JA, Yasuda K, Divers TJ, Summers BA, de Lahunta A, Mohammed H.Equine motor neuron disease (EMND) is a neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology affecting horses worldwide. Trans-Active Response DNA Binding Protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) has been reported in the central nervous system (CNS) of several neurodegenerative conditions in humans including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and assumed to play role in the disease. We examined whether horses afflicted with EMND express the TDP-43 in CNS. Ten horses with EMND and 6 controls of different ages and breed we enrolled. Detection of presence of TDP-43 protein in the CNS was analyzed by immunohistoche...
Azab W, Zajic L, Osterrieder N.Equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) glycoprotein H (gH) has been hypothesized to play a role in direct fusion of the virus envelope with cellular membranes. To investigate gH's role in infection, an EHV-1 mutant lacking gH was created and the gH genes were exchanged between EHV-1 and EHV-4 to determine if gH affects cellular entry and/or host range. In addition, a serine-aspartic acid-isoleucine (SDI) integrin-binding motif present in EHV-1 gH was mutated as it was presumed important in cell entry mediated by binding to α4β1 or α4β7 integrins. We here document that gH is esse...
Azab W, El-Sheikh A.Equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) is an important equine pathogen that causes respiratory tract disease among horses worldwide. Glycoprotein K (gK) homologues have been identified in several alphaherpesviruses as a major player in virus entry, replication, and spread. In the present study, EHV-4 gK-deletion mutant has been generated by using bacterial artificial chromosome technology and Red mutagenesis to investigate the role of gK in EHV-4 replication. Our findings reported here show that gK is essential for virus replication in vitro and that the gK-negative strain was not able to be reconstitut...
Mason JB, Vandenberghe LH, Xiao R, Wilson JM, Richardson DW.To evaluate transduction efficiency of gene therapy for treatment of osteoarthritis in horses. Methods: Cartilage and synovial tissues were aseptically collected from the stifle joints of 3 Thoroughbreds; horses were 3, 7, and 12 years old and free from sepsis and long-term drug treatment and were euthanized for reasons unrelated to joint disease. Methods: Gene transfer experiments were performed with 8 recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) serotypes in monolayer-cultured equine chondrocytes, synovial cells, and mesenchymal stromal cells and in cartilage and synovial tissues. Result...
Turner RM, Zeng W.Studies in laboratory rodents are shedding light on the pathophysiology of testicular ageing and now suggest a complicated basis for age-related declines in testicular function. A highly significant contributor to infertility may involve failure of specific and complex testicular microenvironments (niches) comprised of a variety of cellular and molecular components. Our laboratory has applied testis tissue xenografting to the study of testicular ageing in the stallion. Using this technique, we have confirmed that the disease is tissue autologous. As would be expected from a tissue autologous d...
McD￮ LA, Anderson GI.To compare the osteogenic potential of cancellous bone of conventional graft sites with that of one nonconventional site (fourth coccygeal vertebra) and to investigate the tibial periosteum as a donor site with respect to osteogenic potential. Methods: In vitro osteogenic cell culture system. Methods: Eight adult horses. Methods: Cancellous bone or tibial periosteum was aseptically collected and cut into bone chips or periosteal strips of 1 to 2 mm(3) for primary explant cultures. After 2 weeks, primary tissue cultures that yielded a population of osteogenic cells were counted and subcultured ...
Snyder JR.Intestinal edema, luminal distention, and ischemia are common pathologic processes involved in producing the intestinal damage found during surgical exploration for acute abdominal disorders in the horse. The severity of intestinal edema depends on the degree of altered intravascular forces and changes in capillary permeability. Capillary hydrostatic pressure rises as the less pliable venules and veins become occluded during intestinal obstruction. Concurrently, the production of various endogenous products that damage the vascular wall leads to increases in capillary permeability and protein ...
Proft A, Spiesschaert B, Izume S, Taferner S, Lehmann MJ, Azab W.The serine-threonine protein kinase encoded by gene (pUS3) of alphaherpesviruses was shown to modulate actin reorganization, cell-to-cell spread, and virus egress in a number of virus species. However, the role of the US3 orthologues of equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) has not yet been studied. Here, we show that is not essential for virus replication in vitro. However, growth rates and plaque diameters of a -deleted EHV-1 and a mutant in which the catalytic active site was destroyed were significantly reduced when compared with parental and revertant viruses or a virus in w...
Ushimi C, Henson JB, Gorham JR.Primary horse leukocyte cultures were inoculated with 2 or 10 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID(50)) of equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus per cell, and the titer of cell-associated and fluid-phase virus was determined from 1 to 72 hr postinoculation (PI). Cover slips were collected from 4 to 72 hr PI and stained for EIA viral antigen by the indirect immunofluorescent (FA) technique. Viral replication was detected after a latent period of approximately 18 to 24 hr and reached peak titers of approximately 10(4.5) to 10(6) TCID(50)/0.5 ml from 48 to 72 hr PI. The fluid phase contained 1...
Pereira GR, Lorenzo PL, Carneiro GF, Bilodeau-Goeseels S, Kastelic JP, Esteller-Vico A, Lopez-Bejar M, Liu IK.Immature oocytes synthesize a variety of proteins that include the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). Brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) is a vital blue dye that assesses intracellular activity of G6PDH, an indirect measure of oocyte maturation. The objective was to evaluate the BCB test as a criterion to assess developmental competence of equine oocytes and to determine if equine growth hormone (eGH) enhanced in vitro maturation (IVM) of equine oocyte. Cumulus-oocytes complexes (COCs) were recovered by aspirating follicles 0.05). Maturation was not affected significantly by BCB class...
Cerrato S, Ramió-Lluch L, Brazís P, Rabanal RM, Fondevila D, Puigdemont A.There is increasing interest in the biological and pathological study of equine skin owing to the high prevalence of cutaneous diseases in horses. However, knowledge of equine skin cell biology and cultures is limited by the low number of in vitro studies in the literature. Objective: The objective of the study was to develop and characterize an in vitro equine skin equivalent. Methods: Cultures of pure equine keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts were obtained by enzymatic digestion of skin biopsies. Fibroblasts were embedded into type I collagen matrices to obtain dermal scaffolds, the surfac...
Ascenzi P, Santucci R, Coletta M, Polticelli F.Ligand binding to the heme distal side is a paradigm of heme-protein biochemistry, the proximal axial ligand being in most cases a His residue. NO binds to the ferrous heme-Fe-atom giving rise to hexa-coordinated adducts (as in myoglobin and hemoglobin) with His and NO as proximal and distal axial ligands, respectively, or to penta-coordinated adducts (as in soluble guanylate cyclase) with NO as the axial distal ligand. Recently, the ferrous derivative of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans cytochrome c' (Axcyt c') and of cardiolipin-bound horse heart cytochrome c (CL-hhcyt c) have been reported to bind ...
Kozdrowski R, Sikora M, Buczkowska J, Nowak M, Raś A, Dzięcioł M.The aim of this study was to ascertain if (1) the stage of reproductive cycle influences cytological results, (2) cytology obtained from an endometrial biopsy is more accurate than cytology derived using the cytobrush, and (3) different methods used for evaluation of cytological samples produce similar diagnostic results. Material was collected from 46 mares in estrus, 48 in diestrus and from 33 mares in anestrus. Smears were evaluated using two criteria. In criterion I, a total of 300cells were counted and the percentage of polymorphonuclear cells was recorded. In criterion II, the number of ...
Grøndahl C, Hyttel P.The nucleolus is believed to be the active site of rRNA synthesis in all eukaryotic cells. In preimplantation embryos, the embryonic genome is apparently more or less silent up to a species-specific developmental stage at which a major burst of transcription occurs. Here we report on nucleologenesis and some ultrastructural aspects of the onset of RNA synthesis in equine embryos during in vivo development. The zygotes and embryos up to blastocyst stages were surgically recovered from normally cycling mares. Mares were induced to ovulate by treatment with 3000 IU hCG and inseminated 20 and 34 h...
Sarkar S, Balasuriya UB, Horohov DW, Chambers TM.Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is a major respiratory viral pathogen of horses, causing upper respiratory tract disease, abortion, neonatal death, and neurological disease that may lead to paralysis and death. EHV-1 replicates initially in the respiratory epithelium and then spreads systemically to endothelial cells lining the small blood vessels in the uterus and spinal cord leading to abortion and EHM in horses. Like other herpesviruses, EHV-1 employs a variety of mechanisms for immune evasion including suppression of type-I interferon (IFN) production in equine endothelial cells (EECs). Previ...
Camargo Garbin L, McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD.Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as well as other platelet-derived products have been used as a potential disease-modifying treatment for musculoskeletal diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA). The restorative properties of such products rely mainly on the high concentrations of growth factors, demonstrating encouraging results experimentally and clinically. Yet, the autologous blood-derived nature of the PRP product lead to limitations that precludes it's widespread use. The main limitations for PRP use are; product variability, the need for minimum laboratory settings in most cases, and the need fo...
Dixon JB, Jenkins P, Allan D.Culture of murine lymph node cells together with living protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus is described. The presence of the parasite induced potent blastic transformation in lymphocytes of unimmunized mice as indicated by tritiated thymidine incorporation. The response was markedly reduced by killing the parasite immediately prior to culture. No blastogenic activity was detectable in supernatants from living parasites cultured alone. Protoscolices from artificially infected syngeneic mice were effective stimuli, as were protoscolices from naturally infected horse and sheep. Stimulation ...
Uzal FA, Robles CA, Olaechea FV.'Mal seco' is a grass sickness-like syndrome of horses in Argentina. A histopathological study was made of the coeliaco-mesenteric ganglia of four horses with 'mal seco' and of four horses that died from other causes. The severity and extent of the lesions found in the horses with 'mal seco' was greatest in the two with the shortest clinical course. Degenerative changes consisted mainly in the loss of Nissl substance, cytoplasmic vacuoles, neuronophagia, intercellular and intracytoplasmic eosinophilic bodies, and pyknotic and eccentric nuclei. The coeliaco-mesenteric ganglia of the control hor...
Song Y, Massart C, Chico-Galdo V, Jin L, De Maertelaer V, Decoster C, Dumont JE, Van Sande J.In the literature, data obtained in signal transduction from various species thyroids and cells lines are often integrated in a common model. We investigate qualitatively and systematically, using the same protocol, the control by TSH of the two main functions of the thyrocytes, the synthesis and the secretion of thyroid hormones. In all species investigated, the TSH receptor activates both. In some species, including humans, rats and mice, the TSH receptor activates both the cAMP and phospholipase C-PIP2 cascades, in others (e.g. dog) it only stimulates the first. The cAMP pathway activates t...
Gorgoglione V, Laraspata D, La Piana G, Marzulli D, Lofrumento NE.The data reported are fully consistent with the well-known observation that exogenous cytochrome c (cyto-c) molecules do not permeate through the outer membrane of mitochondria (MOM) incubated in isotonic medium (250 mM sucrose). Cyto-c is unable to accept electrons from the sulfite/cyto-c oxido-reductase (Sox) present in the intermembrane space, unless mitochondria are solubilized. Mitochondria incubated in a very high hypotonic medium (25 mM sucrose), in contrast to any expectation, continue to be not permeable to added cyto-c even if Sox and adenylate kinase are released into the medium. Th...
Sun MH, Liu SQ, Du KJ, Nie CM, Lin YW.Uranium is harmful to human health due to its radiation damage and the ability of uranyl ion (UO2(2+)) to interact with various proteins and disturb their biological functions. Cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) is a highly negatively charged heme protein and plays a key role in mediating cytochrome c (cyt c) signaling in apoptosis by forming a dynamic cyt b5-cyt c complex. In previous molecular modeling study in combination with UV-Vis studies, we found that UO2(2+) is capable of binding to cyt b5 at surface residues, Glu37 and Glu43. In this study, we further investigated the structural consequences of ...
Fillion G, Beaudoin D, Rousselle JC, Jacob J.Glial cell membrane fractions were prepared using glial cells preparations isolated from horse brain striatum. [3H]5-HT binding was measured by the filtration technique and the adenylate cyclase activity determined by measuring the cAMP production using a radioimmunoassay. Serotonin binds to glial membrane fractions with an affinity corresponding to a dissociation constant Kd = nM. The corresponding site is serotoninergic specific: [3H]5-HT binding is inhibited by 5-HT agonists (5 OH NM-DMT, 5-MeOHT, 5-MeOH-DMT, NN-DMT) or antagonists (cinanserine, cyproheptadine, methysergide, LSD) and not (o...
Nevins M, Heinemann F, Janke UW, Lombardi T, Nisand D, Rocchietta I, Santoro G, Schupbach P, Kim DM.The objective of this proof-of-principle multicenter case series was to examine the bone regenerative potential of a newly introduced equine-derived bone mineral matrix (Equimatrix) to provide human sinus augmentation for the purpose of implant placement in the posterior maxilla. There were 10 patients requiring 12 maxillary sinus augmentations enrolled in this study. Histologic results at 6 months demonstrated abundant amounts of vital new bone in intimate contact with residual graft particles. Active bridging between residual graft particles with newly regenerated bone was routinely observed...
Szóstek-Mioduchowska AZ, Shiotani H, Yamamoto Y, Sadowska A, Wójtowicz A, Kozai K, Hojo T, Kimura K, Skarzynski DJ, Okuda K.Glucocorticoids (GCs) are known to play an important role in maintaining basal and stress-related homeostasis by interacting with endocrine mediators and prostaglandins (PGs). Although a growing body of evidence shows that GCs exert their regulatory action at a multitude of sites in the reproductive axis through corticosteroid receptors, little is known about the direct role of cortisol, an active form of GCs, in the equine endometrium. Thus, the study aimed to determine the effect of cortisol on PGF synthesis in the endometrial tissue and cells in vitro. In Exp.1, the immunolocalization and ...
Hansen S, Sun L, Baptiste KE, Fjeldborg J, Horohov DW.Diseases of the lower airways represent some of the most common conditions affecting horses of all ages, but the type and severity tends to follow the horses' age. The age-related dysregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines may, in part contribute to the development of the diseases. Therefore, we hypothesize that the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines increases with age. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from clinically healthy horses of different ages were used for the investigation. The cells were stimulated and the production of IFN-γ an...
Desideri A, Stefanini S, Polizio F, Petruzzelli R, Chiancone E.Apoferritin has been selectively labeled with a maleimide nitroxide derivative at Cys-126, located in the hydrophilic 3-fold channels. Titration of this derivative with Fe(II), which gives rise to the initial Fe(III)-apoferritin complex, produces, at low metal-to-protein ratios, a decrease of the intensity of the label EPR signal due to the occurrence of a magnetic dipolar interaction. A label-metal distance ranging between 8-12 A can be estimated from titrations performed with VO(IV), which is known to bind in the 3-fold channels, and likewise produces a decrease in the label EPR signal. The ...
Maury W, Thompson RJ, Jones Q, Bradley S, Denke T, Baccam P, Smazik M, Oaks JL.Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus with in vivo cell tropism primarily for tissue macrophages; however, in vitro the virus can be adapted to fibroblasts and other cell types. Tropism adaptation is associated with both envelope and long terminal repeat (LTR) changes, and findings strongly suggest that these regions of the genome influence cell tropism and virulence. Furthermore, high levels of genetic variation have been well documented in both of these genomic regions. However, specific EIAV nucleotide or amino acid changes that are responsible for cell tropism changes have ...
Ortved K, Wagner B, Calcedo R, Wilson J, Schaefer D, Nixon A.Intraarticular (IA) administration of viral vectors expressing a therapeutic transgene is an attractive treatment modality for osteoarthritis (OA) as the joint can be treated as a contained unit. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in vivo can limit vector effectiveness. Transduction of articular tissues has been investigated; however, the immune response to IA vectors remains largely unknown. We hypothesized that IA rAAV2 and rAAV5 overexpressing insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) would result in long-term IGF-I formation but would also induce neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and anti-c...
Akens MK, Hurtig MB.Bovine articular cartilage is often used to study chondrocytes in vitro. It is difficult to correlate in vitro studies using bovine chondrocytes with in vivo studies using other species such as rabbits and sheep. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of species, anatomical location and exogenous growth factors on chondrocyte proliferation in vitro. Methods: Equine (EQ), bovine (BO) and ovine (OV) articular chondrocytes from metacarpophalangeal (fetlock (F)), shoulder (S) and knee (K) joints were cultured in tissue culture flasks. Growth factors (rh-FGFb: 10 ng/ml; rh-TGFbeta: 5...
Antosiewicz J, Porschke D.Hemoglobins from normal human cells, from sickle cells, and from horse were investigated by electrooptical methods in their oxy and deoxy forms. The reduced linear dichroism measured as a function of the electric field strength demonstrates the existence of permanent dipole moments in the range of 250-400 Debye units. The reduced limiting dichroism is relatively small (< or = 0.1); it is negative for hemoglobin from sickle cells and positive for the hemoglobins from normal human cells and from horse. The dichroism decay time constants are in the range from about 55 to 90 ns. Calculations of th...
Riihimäki M, Lilliehöök I, Raine A, Berg M, Pringle J.The aim of this study was to assess clinical signs and altered pulmonary cell expression of cytokines related to eosinophil kinetics in horses with pulmonary eosinophilia. Pulmonary eosinophilia was detected by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in a group of standardbreds in training. Horses had detailed clinical examination, bronchoscopy, endobronchial biopsy and BAL on three occasions at approximately 6 month intervals. During the second sampling period BAL eosinophils were significantly elevated (p>0.010), with five horses having from 5% to 37% eosinophils in BAL. Neither detailed clinical ex...
McClellan A, Paterson YZ, Paillot R, Guest DJ.In horses and humans, tendon injuries are a significant problem. Not only can they occur in both athletes and nonathletes, they require lengthy periods of recuperation and undergo poor natural regeneration, which leads to high reinjury rates. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) may provide a renewable source of allogeneic cells to use in clinical applications to aid tissue regeneration. Equine ESCs can undergo tenocyte differentiation in vivo and in vitro, but the immune properties of tenocytes isolated from either ESCs or tissues have not previously been characterized. Here, we demonstrate that equin...
Yachida Y, Tsuchihashi K, Gasa S.A novel GM3 O-acetylated at C-4 and at C-9 of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (4,9-di-O-Ac GM3), together with a second GM3 O-acetylated at O-4 of the neuraminic acid and O-6 of D-galactose (4,6'-di-O-Ac GM3) were isolated from equine erythrocytes as a mixture in approximate 1:1 ratio. These two major species were chromatographically inseparable. Their structures, especially the positions of the acetoxy group(s), were determined by means of 1D- and 2D-1H NMR and fast atom bombardment-MS as well as by gas chromatography-MS of partially O-methylated O-trimethylsilylated monosaccharides derived from th...
Sims D, Horne MM, Creighan M, Donald A.The objective of this ultrastructural investigation was to determine if populations of pericytes in equine dermal and skeletal muscle capillaries increase in a head-to-foot direction, as has been reported in human skeletal muscles. Samples of equine microvessels were obtained from the longissimus dorsi skeletal muscle 150 cm. from the ground, from the dermis above this muscle, from the extensor carpi radiali muscle at 55 cm. from the ground, from the dermis adjacent to that muscle, and from dermis 15 cm. from the ground, just above the hoof wall. Tissues were processed for transmission electro...
Roth SP, Burk J, Brehm W, Troillet A.Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) represent a promising treatment option for tendon disorders and joint diseases, primarily osteoarthritis. Since MSC are highly context-sensitive to their microenvironment, their therapeutic efficacy is influenced by their tissue-specific pathologically altered targets. These include not only cellular components, such as resident cells and invading immunocompetent cells, but also components of the tissue-characteristic extracellular matrix. Although numerous models have already shown potential MSC-related mechanisms of action in tendon and joint diseases, only a...
