The study of cells in horses encompasses the examination of various cell types and their functions within the equine body. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, and in horses, they contribute to numerous physiological processes, including growth, repair, and immune responses. Different cell types, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and muscle cells, each perform specific roles that are vital for maintaining the health and homeostasis of the horse. This topic includes research on cellular mechanisms, cellular responses to disease or injury, and the application of cellular biology in equine medicine. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and significance of cells in equine biology and health.
Mérant C, Messouak A, Cadoré JL, Monier JC.In mammals, the binding of peanut agglutinin (PNA) on the plasma membrane defines subpopulations among lymphocytes from peripheral blood and lymphoid organs. PNA binds Galbeta 1,3GalNAc residues provided that they are not sialylated. Here, we studied the expression of PNA-binding glycans on healthy horse peripheral blood, thymus, lymph node and spleen lymphocytes. We first demonstrated the binding specificity of PNA for galactose residues by competition experiments and the inhibitory role of sialic acids in PNA binding by sialidase digestion. Unlike human and murine lymphocytes, all equine lym...
Morris MD, Matousek P, Towrie M, Parker AW, Goodship AE, Draper ER.Picosecond time-resolved Raman spectroscopy in equine cortical bone tissue is demonstrated. Using 400-nm pulsed laser excitation (1 ps at 1 kHz) it is shown that Kerr cell gating with a 4-ps window provides simultaneously time-resolved rejection of fluorescence and time-resolved Raman scatter enabling depth profiling through tissue. The Raman shifts are the same as those observed by conventional cw Raman spectroscopy using deep-red or near-infrared lasers. The time decay of Raman photons is shown to fit an inverse square root of time function, suggesting propagation by a diffusive mechanism. U...
Rüfenacht S, Marti E, von Tscharner C, Doherr MG, Forster U, Welle M, Roosje PJ.The pathogenesis of equine urticaria is not well understood. In man, urticaria has been associated with immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms leading to the release of various mediators by mast cells. Skin biopsies of 32 horses with a history of urticaria were stained with toluidine blue, a double-labelling method for chymase and tryptase, and immunohistochemistry for immunoglobulin (Ig)E. These horses were compared with horses with pemphigus foliaceus, insect bite hypersensitivity and control horses with healthy skin. Neither formalin fixation time nor biopsy site influenced the stain...
Lafont R, Dinan L.Ecdysteroids are widely used as inducers for gene-switch systems based on insect ecdysteroid receptors and genes of interest placed under the control of ecdysteroid-response elements. We review here these systems, which are currently mainly used in vitro with cultured cells in order to analyse the role of a wide array of genes, but which are expected to represent the basis for future gene therapy strategies. Such developments raise several questions, which are addressed in detail. First, the metabolic fate of ecdysteroids in mammals, including humans, is only poorly known, and the rapid catabo...
Jha S, Hall JA, Cherian G, Henry LR, Schlipf JW.Neutrophils are involved in inflammation through leukotriene (LT) production. The predominant proinflammatory leukotriene released from neutrophils is LTB4, which serves as a biological marker of inflammation. The purpose of this study was to optimize the conditions ex vivo for LTB4 production by neutrophils from horses and dogs, and platelets from chickens. Optimal production of LTB4 was characterized by incubation time (2.5, 5, 10, 15 or 20 min), temperature (25 or 37 degrees C), and calcium ionophore A23187 concentration (0.1, 1, 10 or 20 microM). Incubation longer than 2.5 min did not incr...
Maury W, Thompson RJ, Jones Q, Bradley S, Denke T, Baccam P, Smazik M, Oaks JL.Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus with in vivo cell tropism primarily for tissue macrophages; however, in vitro the virus can be adapted to fibroblasts and other cell types. Tropism adaptation is associated with both envelope and long terminal repeat (LTR) changes, and findings strongly suggest that these regions of the genome influence cell tropism and virulence. Furthermore, high levels of genetic variation have been well documented in both of these genomic regions. However, specific EIAV nucleotide or amino acid changes that are responsible for cell tropism changes have ...
Trapp S, von Einem J, Hofmann H, Köstler J, Wild J, Wagner R, Beer M, Osterrieder N.Key problems using viral vectors for vaccination and gene therapy are antivector immunity, low transduction efficiencies, acute toxicity, and limited capacity to package foreign genetic information. It could be demonstrated that animal and human cells were efficiently transduced with equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) reconstituted from viral DNA maintained and manipulated in Escherichia coli. Between 13 and 23% of primary human CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD11b+, and CD19+ cells and more than 70% of CD4+ MT4 cells or various human tumor cell lines (MeWo, Huh7, HeLa, 293T, or H1299) could be transduced with o...
McConnico RS, Stokes AM, Eades SC, Moore RM.To examine the secretory response (in the presence and absence of prostaglandin inhibition) in vitro and structural alterations of colonic mucosa in horses after intragastric administration of black walnut extract (BWE). Methods: 14 adult horses. Methods: Seven horses were administered BWE intragastrically and monitored for 11 hours. Tissue samples were obtained from the right ventral, left ventral, and right dorsal colons (RVC, LVC, and RDC, respectively) of the 7 BWE-treated and 7 control horses. Tissue samples were examined via light microscopy, and the extent of hemorrhage, edema, and gran...
Nixon C, Chambers G, Ellsmore V, Campo MS, Burr P, Argyle DJ, Reid SW, Nasir L.Equine sarcoids are benign fibroblastic skin tumours affecting equids worldwide. Whilst the pathogenesis is not entirely understood, infection with Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) types 1 and 2 has been implicated as a major factor in the disease process, however the mechanism by which BPV infection contributes to sarcoid pathology is not clear. In this study, we show that the majority of sarcoids express the BPV-1 major transforming gene E6. Further, we demonstrate that sarcoid lesions are not associated with high levels of cellular proliferation as assessed by Ki67 expression or with expression ...
Mobasheri A, Gent TC, Womack MD, Carter SD, Clegg PD, Barrett-Jolley R.In this comparative study, we have established in vitro models of equine and elephant articular chondrocytes, examined their basic morphology, and characterized the biophysical properties of their primary voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv) currents. Using whole cell patch-clamp electrophysiological recording from first-expansion and first-passage cells, we measured a maximum Kv conductance of 0.15 +/- 0.04 pS/pF (n = 10) in equine chondrocytes, whereas that in elephant chondrocytes was significantly larger (0.8 +/- 0.4 pS/pF, n = 4, P </= 0.05). Steady-state activation parameters of eleph...
Wagner B, Robeson J, McCracken M, Wattrang E, Antczak DF.Recombinant cytokines are valuable tools for functional studies and candidates for vaccine additives or therapeutic use in various diseases. They can also be used to generate specific antibodies to analyze the roles of different cytokines during immune responses. We generated a mammalian expression system for recombinant cytokines using the equine IgG1 heavy chain constant region as a tag for detection and purification of the expressed cytokine, demonstrated here using equine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL4) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1...
Egerbacher M, Helmreich M, Probst A, König H, Böck P.Digital cushions were studied in horses with particular reference to vascularization, tissue constituents and matrix components. The cushions mainly resembled a network of coarse collagen bundles. The areas inbetween the bundles were replenished with loosely woven interstitial connective tissue, myxoid tissue, and fibrocartilage. Expected masses of fat lobules were missing: only solitary adipocytes or small groups of adipocytes were seen. Vascular supply to the cushions was remarkably poor. The mucinous myxoid matrix largely consisted of hyaluronan with little sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Myx...
Lamikanra A, Myers KA, Ferris N, Mitrophanous KA, Carroll MW.Lentiviral-based vectors hold great promise as gene delivery vehicles for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. We have previously reported the development of a nonprimate lentiviral vector system based on the equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV), which is able to efficiently transduce dividing and nondividing cells both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report on the application of EIAV vectors for the systemic delivery of an antibody fusion protein designed for the treatment of cancer. The therapeutic potential of a single chain antibody against the tumour-associated antigen, 5T4, fuse...
de la Fuente J, Ayoubi P, Blouin EF, Almazán C, Naranjo V, Kocan KM.Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) causes human, equine and canine granulocytic anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever of ruminants. The rickettsia parasitizes granulocytes and bone marrow progenitor cells, and can be propagated in human promyelocytic and tick cell lines. In this study, microarrays of synthetic polynucleotides of 21,329 human genes were used to identify genes that are differentially expressed in HL-60 human promyelocytic cells in response to infection with A. phagocytophilum. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of selec...
Nieto JE, Aldridge BM, Beldomenico PM, Aleman M, Snyder JR.To determine the nucleotide sequence of the equine intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) gene, its expression in various regions of the gastrointestinal tract, and the use of measuring I-FABP in horses with colic. Animals-86 horses with colic. Methods: The mRNA sequence for the I-FABP gene was obtained by use of a rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends technique. Comparative I-FABP gene expression was quantitated by use of a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Amounts of I-FABP in abdominal fluid and plasma were measured by use of an ELISA kit. Asso...
Grignard E, Morin J, Vernet P, Drevet JR.We report here on the cloning of cDNAs coding bovine and equine orthologs of mouse epididymis-restricted and sperm-bound glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX5), a selenium-independent member of the multigenic GPX family in mammals. The complete sequence of bovine GPX5 as well as a partial sequence of the equine GPX5 were characterized, conceptually translated and aligned with other known mammalian GPX5 proteins. Using Northern blotting assays, we show that the level of expression of GPX5 is high in bovine but low in equine and that in both species the regionalization of GPX5 expression in epididymis ...
Archambault D, St-Louis MC, Martin S.The genome of equine arteritis virus (EAV) produces a 3' coterminal-nested set of six subgenomic (sg) viral RNAs during virus replication cycle, and each set possesses a common leader sequence of 206 nucleotides (nt) in length derived from the 5' end of the viral genome. Given the presence of the leader region within both genomic and sg mRNAs, it is likely to contain cis-acting signals that may interact with cellular or viral proteins for RNA synthesis. Gel mobility shift assays indicated that proteins in Vero cell cytoplasmic extracts formed complexes with the positive (+) and negative (-) st...
Vanderwall DK, Woods GL, Aston KI, Bunch TD, Li G, Meerdo LN, White KL.The objectives of the present study were to: (1) clone horses using adult cumulus cells; and (2) determine whether the cumulus cell donor affected the outcome. In vivo-matured cumulus-oocyte complexes were obtained using transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration; oocytes were used as cytoplasts, whereas cumulus cells (from one of three different mares) were used as donor cells. Immediately following nuclear transfer and activation procedures, cloned embryos were transferred surgically to the oviduct of recipient mares (n = 2-5 embryos per recipient) that had ovulated within 24 h prior...
Petrov R, MacDonald MH, Tesch AM, Benton HP.To investigate the effect of adenosine kinase inhibition on interleukin (IL)-1beta- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cartilage damage. Methods: Articular cartilage was obtained from the metacarpophalangeal joints of 10 young adult horses. Following a stabilization period, weighed cartilage explants were exposed to IL-1beta (10 ng/ml) or LPS (50 microg/ml) to induce cartilage degradation. To test the potential protective effects of adenosine, these explants were simultaneously exposed to adenosine (100 microM), the adenosine kinase inhibitor 5'iodotubercidin (ITU, 1 microM) or to both adeno...
Phillips T, Ferraz I, Bell S, Clegg PD, Carter SD, Mobasheri A.Glucose serves as the major energy substrate for articular chondrocytes and as the main precursor for the synthesis of extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans in cartilage. Chondrocytes have been shown to express several glucose transporter (GLUT) isoforms including GLUT1 and GLUT3. The aim of this investigation was to determine the effects of endocrine and cytokine factors on the capacity of equine articular chondrocytes for transporting 2-deoxy-d-[2,6-3H] glucose and on the expression levels of GLUT1 and GLUT3. Chondrocytes maintained in monolayer culture were stimulated for 24 h with TNF-al...
Bhuyan AK, Rao DK, Prabhu NP.Proteins meet with the stipulations of Levinthal. Two test tube variants of ferrocytochrome c (ferrocyt c) whose thermodynamic stabilities are vastly different refold to the same global minimum under a given final native condition, and they do so quickly at rates that do not reflect a strong dependence on the thermodynamic driving force. The transition-state ensemble is more unfolded-like, and the folding barrier offered is energetically sizable. The experiments involve neutral- (pH 7) and alkaline ferrocyt c pH (12.7), whose aqueous stabilities are 18 (+/-0.3) and 3 (+/-0.5) kcal mol(-)(1), r...
Lankveld DP, Bull S, Van Dijk P, Fink-Gremmels J, Hellebrekers LJ.Ketamine is widely used in equine anaesthesia. Beside its anaesthetic and analgesic properties, ketamine possesses a cytokine-modulating activity. However, to date, no data are available regarding the inhibitory effect of ketamine on the cytokine response in horses. In horses, cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of equine endotoxaemia following gastrointestinal disorders. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the influence of ketamine on LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 formation in an equine macro...
Desantis S, Acone F, Corriero A, Deflorio M, Zubani D, Ventriglia G, Palmieri G, De Metrio G.The distribution of sialic acid residues as well as other glycosidic sugars has been investigated in the horse oviductal isthmus during anoestrus, oestrus and pregnancy by means of lectin and pre-lectin methods. Ciliated cells and non-ciliated (secretory) cells exhibited different lectin binding profiles that were found to change during the investigated stages. Ciliated cells did not show any reactivity in the basal cytoplasm, while the supra-nuclear cytoplasm displayed a few of oligosaccharides with terminal and internal alphamannose (Man) and/or alphaglucose (Glc) during oestrus and pregnanc...
Albrecht RA, Kim SK, O'Callaghan DJ.The equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) EICP27 protein cooperates with either the immediate-early (IE) or the EICP0 protein to synergistically trans-activate viral promoters. GST-pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that the EICP27 protein's cooperation with the IE or the EICP0 protein involves its physical interaction with these viral proteins. In the case of the IE-EICP27 protein interaction, IE residues 424 to 826 and EICP27 residues 41 to 206 harbor the interactive domains. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) suggested that the EICP27 protein is not a sequence-specific DNA...
Harland MM, Fedele C, Berens v Rautenfeld D.Horses are highly susceptible to lymphedema. Knowledge of the morphological components of lymphatic collectors is therefore essential to understanding the function of the lymphatic system. A better knowledge of the lymphatic system allows the development of more effective treatments against lymphedema. The composition of hypodermal and deep lymphatic collectors was investigated with immunohistochemical staining, using antibodies against proteins of the collector walls from the skin in the hind limbs of 10 healthy horses. Lymphatic collectors can be subdivided into passive (elastic fibers) and ...
Theoret CL.The equine practitioner who is presented with a wounded horse should fully understand the physiologic mechanisms involved in repair so as to design an appropriate treatment plan. In the following articles of this issue,experienced authors share their thoughts on the management of specific injuries, and the reader should benefit from acquisition of knowledge about the different phases of healing as well as the cytokines that regulate them,because these data dictate the approach to follow, particularly in com-plicated wounds, such as those afflicted by chronic inflammation and/or an excessive pr...
Benton HP, Esquivel AV, Rice AD, Giri SN.Pirfenidone is under investigation as an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic agent in several organs including lung. Since important features of arthritic conditions include inflammation and long-term damage to articular cartilage, we have investigated whether PD can suppress chondrocyte responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin 1 (IL-1); modulators that induce a cascade of inflammatory responses that lead to articular joint tissue damage. PD (0 - 5microM) showed no effect on cell number or viability when incubated with high density primary equine chondrocyte cultures for...
Gutmann S, Zawatzky R, Müller M.Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a key cytokine in cell-mediated immunity. To measure IFN-gamma production of equine lymphocytes (eqIFN-gamma), we developed a quantitative ELISA. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were produced against bacterially derived eqIFN-gamma. The mAbs recognised recombinant and lymphocyte-derived eqIFN-gamma in ELISA, Western blotting, as well as flow cytometric and microscopic analysis. In contrast to bacterially derived material, mammalian and insect cell-derived eqIFN-gamma was biologically active but could be neutralised by one of the monoclonal antibodies. Unexpectedly, ...
Beutelspacher SC, Ardjomand N, Tan PH, Patton GS, Larkin DF, George AJ, McClure MO.In this study we compare the ability of self-inactivating Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) and Equine Infectious Anaemia Virus (EIAV)-based vectors to mediate gene transfer to rabbit and human corneas and to a murine corneal endothelial cell line. Both vectors were pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus-G (VSV-G) envelope and contained marker transgenes under the control of an internal CMV promoter. For specificity of action, the heterologous promoter in the EIAV-vector was exchanged for an inducible E-Selectin promoter, previously shown to regulate gene-expression in a plasmid syst...
Hollis AR, Starkey MP.MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that play a pivotal role in diverse cellular processes through post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. The dysregulation of specific microRNAs is associated with disease development and progression. In this review, we summarise how microRNAs modulate gene expression, and explain microRNA nomenclature. We discuss the potential applications of microRNAs in equine disease diagnosis and treatment, in the context of the sum of current knowledge about microRNA expression in normal and diseased equine tissues.
Bhushan C, Müller I, Friedhoff KT.A rapid and simple method for concentrating leucocyte-free Babesia caballi-infected erythrocytes from in vitro cultures is described. Infected erythrocytes amounted to at least 95% of all red cells obtained.
Elce YA, Orsini JA, Blikslager AT.To assess expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 in naturally occurring squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and the analogous normal tissues in horses. Methods: Tissue samples collected from 3 conjunctival, 2 vulvar, 4 preputial, and 5 penile SCCs during surgical excision in 14 horses and from corresponding body regions (conjunctiva [n = 5 horses], vulva [2], prepuce [3], and penis [3]) in 5 horses euthanized for reasons unrelated to neoplasia. Methods: Tissue samples were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 degrees C until analysis. Protein was extracted from the frozen tissues,...
Chapman SW, Metzger N, Grest P, Feige K, von Rechenberg B, Auer JA, Hottiger MO.Gray horses spontaneously develop metastatic melanomas that resemble human disease, and this is often accompanied with metastasis to other organs. Unlike in other species, the establishment of primary equine melanoma cultures that could be used to develop new therapeutic approaches has remained a major challenge. The purpose of the study was to develop a protocol for routine isolation and cultivation of primary equine melanocytes. Melanoma tissues were excised from 13 horses under local anesthesia, mainly from the perianal area. The melanoma cells were isolated from the melanoma tissue by seri...
Oguma K, Ishida M, Maeda K, Sentsui H.Equine cells are required for isolation of viruses that infect the horse. However, only a few equine cell lines and cell cultures are available so far. Fetal horse kidney (FHK)-Tcl3.1 cell is a novel cell line established by introducing simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen. In the present study, the ability to propagate equine viruses was compared between FHK-Tcl3.1 cells and other equine cells. FHK-Tcl3.1 cells efficiently increased many viruses derived from or having pathogenicity to horses and produced high infective titers in culture fluids. These results indicate that FHK-Tcl3.1 cells w...
Loredo GA, MacDonald MH, Benton HP.To investigate whether recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) regulates glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and release from equine articular cartilage explant cultures. Methods: Equine articular cartilage explants were maintained in vitro for 7 days in the presence of 0 (control), 1, 10, or 100 ng of rhBMP-2/ml. Synthesis and release of GAG were assessed as measures of production and degradation of the extracellular matrix, respectively. Methods: 6 horses (age range, 2 to 25 years old) without clinically detectable musculoskeletal abnormalities. Methods: Rate of synthesis of G...
Lunn DP, Hurley DJ.The underlying pathogenesis of laminitis clearly depends importantly on inflammatory processes that recruit leukocytes at an early stage in disease. The role of leukocytes in the initiation of laminitis, or as an intermediary factor is currently being investigated using a limited array of models, and future studies require both new reagent and model systems if we are to clearly define how leukocytes propagate this disease. The opportunities presented by this type of research could easily include new and powerful treatment and preventative modalities.
Schembri MA, Major DA, Suttie JJ, Maxwell WM, Evans G.Chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescence staining analysis was used to investigate cryopreservation-induced capacitation-like changes in equine spermatozoa. Freshly ejaculated spermatozoa were found to display a high proportion of F pattern cells (uncapacitated; 93.6%) and a lower proportion of B pattern (capacitated; 5.4%) and AR pattern (acrosome-reacted; 1%) cells. Following cryopreservation in modified Kenney's medium, capacitation-like changes were observed. There was a significant increase in the proportion of spermatozoa displaying the B pattern (64.8%; P<0.001) and AR pattern (32.8%; P&...
Kornicka K, Geburek F, Röcken M, Marycz K.With this Editorial, we introduce the Special Issue "Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Microvesicles (ExMVs) for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications" to the scientific community. In this issue, we focus on regenerative medicine, stem cells, and their clinical application.
Tappenbeck K, Hoppe S, Hopster K, Kietzmann M, Feige K, Huber K.Postoperative ileus (POI) is a severe complication following small intestinal surgery in horses. It was hypothesised that prokinetic effects of lidocaine, the most commonly chosen drug for treatment of POI, resulted from drug integration into smooth muscle (SM) cell membranes, thereby modulating cell membrane properties. This would probably depend on the structural and lipophilic characteristics of lidocaine. To assess the influence of molecular structure and lipophilicity on prokinetic effects in vitro, the current study compared the effects of lidocaine with four structure-related drugs, nam...
Gutmann S, Zawatzky R, Müller M.Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a key cytokine in cell-mediated immunity. To measure IFN-gamma production of equine lymphocytes (eqIFN-gamma), we developed a quantitative ELISA. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were produced against bacterially derived eqIFN-gamma. The mAbs recognised recombinant and lymphocyte-derived eqIFN-gamma in ELISA, Western blotting, as well as flow cytometric and microscopic analysis. In contrast to bacterially derived material, mammalian and insect cell-derived eqIFN-gamma was biologically active but could be neutralised by one of the monoclonal antibodies. Unexpectedly, ...
Floyd K, Suter PF, Lutz H.Direct staining of the granules of blood eosinophils by anti-immunoglobulin fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugates was observed when feline blood smears were tested for presence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen by immunofluorescent antibody. When blood smears of other species including swine, horses, cattle, dogs, sheep, birds, and human beings were examined, direct staining of eosinophils by FITC conjugates was also detected. This FITC staining was restricted to eosinophils and was not observed in neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets. Direct FITC staining of eosinophils does n...
Ibrahim M, Ferrer MS, Ellerbrock RE, Rollin E.The cytobrush is considered the method of choice to obtain endometrial samples. Rigid brush fibers, however, may induce endometrial irritation and bleeding, or cell fragmentation, decreasing quality and diagnostic value of the samples. It was hypothesized that samples collected using a novel cytotape would provide sample smears of greater quality and less blood contamination than the cytobrush. Endometrial samples were collected with a cytotape and a cytobrush from ten mares without endometritis. Endometritis was then induced with artificial insemination, and samples were again collected 6 h a...
Reinholt BM, Bradley JS, Jacobs RD, Ealy AD, Johnson SE.Rapid morphological and gene expression changes occur during the early formation of a mammalian blastocyst. Critical to successful retention of the blastocyst and pregnancy is a functional trophectoderm (TE) that supplies the developing embryo with paracrine factors and hormones. The contribution of TE conformational changes to gene expression was examined in equine induced trophoblast (iTr) cells. Equine iTr cells were cultured as monolayers or in suspension to form spheres. The spheres are hollow and structurally reminiscent of native equine blastocysts. Total RNA was isolated from iTr monol...
Varner DD, Ward CR, Storey BT, Kenney RM.Equine spermatozoa were incubated in a chemically defined medium for 8 hours. The medium preserved spermatozoal viability, as assessed by total spermatozoal motility, progressive spermatozoal motility, and spermatozoal exclusion of eosin stain. Effects of time and divalent cation ionophore, A23187, on the occurrence and character of the spermatozoal acrosome reaction were determined. Two light microscopic assays, a triple-stain technique and a chlortetracycline fluorescence assay, were calibrated with transmission electron microscopy for detection of the acrosome reaction. Incubation time and ...
Sankaranarayanan R, Biswal BK, Vijayan M.A new relaxed state has been characterized in the crystals of horse methemoglobin grown at neutral pH at low ionic concentration and their low humidity variants. The crystals provide an example for improvement in X-ray diffraction quality with reduced solvent content. Only the classical R state has been so far observed in liganded horse hemoglobin. The state characterized in the present study lies in between the R state and the R2 state characterized earlier in liganded human hemoglobin. The results presented here, along with those of earlier studies, suggest that relaxed and tense hemoglobin ...
Etcharren V, Mouguelar H, Aguilar Valenciano JJ.Telocytes (TCs), a recently discovered special type of stromal cells, have been identified in many organs of many species, including the female and male reproductive system, with proposed multiple potential bio-functions such as homeostasis, immunomodulation, tissue remodeling and regeneration, embryogenesis, angiogenesis and even tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the existence, and characteristics of telocytes in normal equine oviduct. To identify them, we used routine light microscopy, non-conventional light microscopy (NCLM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and...
England JJ, Watson RE, Larson KA.On electron microscopic examination of a cell line derived from an equine sarcoid, intracytoplasmic oncornavirus-like particles were seen. Cells treated with idoxuridine-dimethyl sulfoxide (idu-dmso) had a two- to four-fold increase in the number of particles as compared with nontreated cells or cells treated with dmso alone. The intracytoplasmic virus-like particles were double membrane structures measuring 80 to 100 nm. in diameter. Particles were seen extracelluarly or budding from the cell membrane into the extracellular space. These extracellular particles were 100 nm. in diameter and con...
Ceusters JD, Mouithys-Mickalad AA, de la Rebière de Pouyade G, Franck TJ, Votion DM, Deby-Dupont GP, Serteyn DA.To culture equine myoblasts from muscle microbiopsy specimens, examine myoblast production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in conditions of anoxia followed by reoxygenation, and assess the effects of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) on ROS production. Methods: 5 healthy horses (5 to 15 years old). Methods: Equine skeletal myoblast cultures were derived from 1 or 2 microbiopsy specimens obtained from a triceps brachii muscle of each horse. Cultured myoblasts were exposed to conditions of anoxia followed by reoxygenation or to conditions of normoxia (control cells). Cell p...
Williams IF, Heaton A, McCullagh KG.The connective tissue composition and organisation of the "equine sarcoid" was compared with that of normal adult equine skin to determine whether the cells which produce their respective connective tissue matrices show similar biosynthetic characteristics. No major qualitative difference could be found between the collagen compositions of skin and sarcoid material, although the organisation into fibres of Type III collagen in the sarcoid was markedly greater than that of skin.
Marshall JF, Bhatnagar AS, Bowman SG, Howard CM, Morris NN, Skorich DA, Redding CD, Blikslager AT.To determine the cyclooxygenase (COX) selectivity of robenacoxib and its effect on recovery of jejunal mucosa following ischemic injury in horses. Methods: 12 healthy horses. Methods: Half the maximal inhibition (EC₅₀) of robenacoxib for COX-1 and COX-2 activity was established in bloods samples from 6 horses via measurement of thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂) and prostaglandin E₂ concentrations, respectively; COX selectivity was subsequently calculated. Six other horses were anesthetized, and ischemia was induced in the jejunum for 2 hours. Control and ischemia-injured mucosa were collected an...
Crichton RR.The researchers investigated the biochemical properties of ferritin, a protein responsible for iron storage in the body. They identified its distribution and structure, noting variations in different species and tissues. [...]
Vargas A, Peltier A, Dubé J, Lefebvre-Lavoie J, Moulin V, Goulet F, Lavoie JP.OBJECTIVE To develop a method to maintain the initial phenotype of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells isolated from equine endobronchial biopsy specimens in long-term cell culture. SAMPLE Endobronchial tissue specimens (8 to 10/horse) collected from the lungs of previously healthy horses at necropsy (n = 12) and endobronchial biopsy specimens collected from standing, sedated, heaves-affected horses in clinical remission of the disease (5) and control horses (4). PROCEDURES A sampling protocol was developed to recover and maintain a contractile phenotype in ASM cells from endobronchial specimens ...
Dahlgren LA.Wound management in horses can strike fear in some and passion in others. Wounds are common injuries in horses of all descriptions and requires exceptional knowledge and care to achieve a successful outcome. New treatments to overcome the critical challenges with equine wounds are always desired: managing dehisced and/or nonhealing wounds, managing exuberant granulation tissue, and ultimately achieving a functional tissue coverage. Regenerative medicine represents a broad set of tools with great promise to manipulate the deficiencies recognized in equine wound healing and improve the outcome.
Dall'aglio C, Pascucci L, Mercati F, Giontella A, Pedini V, Ceccarelli P.The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and the distribution of cells containing orexin A and orexin type 2 receptor in the horse stomach and gut, by means of immunohistochemical techniques. Orexin A was identified in the stomach fundic and pyloric regions and in the duodenum. In the same stomach regions, a large subset of orexin A-positive cells also showed orexin type 2 receptor-like immunoreactivity. Moreover, in the duodenum, many of them, seemed to store serotonin. Characteristically, enteric neurons or ganglia also displayed orexin A and, sometimes, orexin type 2 rec...
Zhao G, Wu K, Cui L, Zhao L, Liu Y, Tan X, Zhou H.Three media were evaluated for their ability to support in vitro maturation of donkey (Equus asinus) oocytes and their development after parthenogenetic activation. The basal medium for Medium 1 (M1) and Medium 2 (M2) was M199 and DMEM/F12 respectively, whereas, Medium 3 (M3) consisted of equal parts (v/v) of M199 and DMEM/F12. All three media were supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum, 0.01 units/mL porcine FSH, 0.01 units/mL equine LH, 200 ng/mL insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-I), 10 μl/mL insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS), 0.1 mg/mL taurine, 0.1 mg/mL L-cysteine, 0.05 mg/mL L-glut...
Faleiros RR, Stokes AM, Eades SC, Kim DY, Paulsen DB, Moore RM.To determine and compare the number, type, location, and distribution of apoptotic epidermal cells in the laminae of clinically normal horses and horses with laminitis. Methods: Formalin-fixed samples of digital lamellar tissue from 47 horses (including clinically normal horses [controls; n = 7], horses with acute [4] and chronic [7] naturally acquired laminitis, and horses with black walnut extract-induced [11] or carbohydrate overload-induced [18] laminitis). Methods: Blocks of paraffin-embedded lamellar tissues were stained for DNA fragmentation with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferas...
Ekmann A, Rigdal ML, Gröndahl G.Microscopy is usually used to obtain manual total and differential cell counts in equine synovial fluid. A faster, more precise method is desirable. Objective: The objectives were to compare an automated impedance method with a manual method for obtaining total and differential cell counts in equine synovial fluid and to evaluate the effect of pretreatment with hyaluronidase on automated results. Methods: Synovial fluid samples (n=48) were collected into EDTA and analyzed within 48 hours. Automated total and differential cell counts were evaluated using a Medonic CA620-VET hematology analyzer ...
Takeuchi T, Sugita S.A cytoarchitectural classification of the horse cerebral cortex was done to determine whether functional locations exist or not such as found in the human cerebral cortex. Two adult horse brains were examined by Nissl and myelin stained methods. Six cell layers of the cerebral cortex were identified and classified into five types areas based on the cytoarchitectural organization: agranular, frontal, parietal, polar and granulous types. The agranular type was seen around the gyrus sylvius. In layer V of the agranular type, there were the many large cells that seemed like Betz cells. This type w...
Lindberg R.A morphological study on equine granulomatous enteritis (EGE) in 13 horses is presented. All horses were young (1 to 5 years old) standardbreds. Based on gross pathology, cases were classified into those with diffuse (11 cases) and those with localized (2 cases) small bowel lesions. The granulomatous reaction in the gut was marked by diffuse and patchy infiltrates and distinct granulomas, composed of epithelioid cells, macrophages and lymphoid cells, and was devoid of necrosis. Salient accompanying features of the small bowel included lymphoid hyperplasia, peri-lymphatic and transmural inflamm...
