English
French
Topic:Clinical Examination
Hernia in horses and cows.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
June 1, 1946
Volume 108 409-411
FARQUHARSON J.No abstract available An observation of the red cell content of the blood of the thoroughbred horse.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
January 18, 1946
Volume 103, Issue 2664 73
MacLEOD J, PONDER E.No abstract available The lymphatic circulation of the hind limbs of the horse.
The Cornell veterinarian
January 1, 1946
Volume 36 51-66
ROSSOFF I.No abstract available Hypocalcaemia in the mare.
The Veterinary record
November 10, 1945
Volume 57 503
FORSYTH H.No abstract available The treatment of equine colic.
Australian veterinary journal
October 1, 1945
Volume 21, Issue 5-6 156 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1945.tb13982.x
Rainey JW.No abstract available [Bilateral equine varus foot bot].
Archivos. Sociedad de Cirujanos de Hospital, Santiago de Chile
September 1, 1945
Volume 15 701-703
GARAVAGNO TC.No abstract available An equine hermaphrodite.
The Cornell veterinarian
January 1, 1945
Volume 35 373-375
BRITTON JW.No abstract available Sleepy Grass and Its Effect on Horses.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
March 6, 1903
Volume 17, Issue 427 392-393 doi: 10.1126/science.17.427.392
Bailey V.This study investigates the unexplained phenomenon of “sleepy grass” found in the Sacramento Mountains, which, when consumed by horses, allegedly puts them into a deep sleep without any usual symptoms […] The Callosities Upon Horses’ Legs.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
July 20, 1900
Volume 12, Issue 290 113-114 doi: 10.1126/science.12.290.113-b
Irwell L.No abstract available A New Method of Castrating Horses.
The Journal of comparative medicine and veterinary archives
September 1, 1899
Volume 20, Issue 9 589-590
No abstract available The Examination of Horses for Soundness.
The Journal of comparative medicine and veterinary archives
May 1, 1897
Volume 18, Issue 5 299-302
Hanson HD.No abstract available Examination of Horses for Soundness.
The Journal of comparative medicine and veterinary archives
March 1, 1897
Volume 18, Issue 3 127-130
Burkholder AJ.No abstract available Toothache of Horses.
The Homoeopathic physician
April 1, 1887
Volume 7, Issue 4 132
McCart TS.No abstract available Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares.
Equine veterinary journal
October 1, 1983
Volume 15, Issue 4 371-372 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.x
Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF.No abstract available Read More 247
Body condition scoring and weight estimation of horses.
Equine veterinary journal
January 1, 1988
Volume 20, Issue 1 41-45 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01451.x
Carroll CL, Huntington PJ.Three hundred and seventy two horses of varying breeds, height and fatness were weighed and measured for height at the withers. They were assessed for condition score by adaptation of a previously published method. The heart girth and length of 281 of the horses were also measured. Weight of horses was highly correlated (P less than 0.001) with height (r2 = 0.62), condition score (r2 = 0.22) and girth2 x length (r2 = 0.90). Nomograms were constructed to predict weight from height and condition score, and girth and length measurements. Weight can also be accurately estimated from the formula: (... Read More 116
Equine metabolic syndrome.
Journal of veterinary internal medicine
April 2, 2010
Volume 24, Issue 3 467-475 doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0503.x
Frank N, Geor RJ, Bailey SR, Durham AE, Johnson PJ.No abstract available Read More 84
An equine pain face.
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia
July 31, 2014
Volume 42, Issue 1 103-114 doi: 10.1111/vaa.12212
Gleerup KB, Forkman B, Lindegaard C, Andersen PH.The objective of this study was to investigate the existence of an equine pain face and to describe this in detail. Methods: Semi-randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Methods: Six adult horses. Methods: Pain was induced with two noxious stimuli, a tourniquet on the antebrachium and topical application of capsaicin. All horses participated in two control trials and received both noxious stimuli twice, once with and once without an observer present. During all sessions their pain state was scored. The horses were filmed and the close-up video recordings of the faces were analysed for alterat... Read More 73
Apparent adiposity assessed by standardised scoring systems and morphometric measurements in horses and ponies.
Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
April 28, 2008
Volume 179, Issue 2 204-210 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.029
Carter RA, Geor RJ, Burton Staniar W, Cubitt TA, Harris PA.This study described a scoring system for the assessment of apparent neck adiposity and evaluated morphometric measurements for assessment of neck and overall adiposity. Twenty-one barren Thoroughbred mares, 13 Arabian geldings and 75 Welsh, Dartmoor, or crossbred pony mares, were clinically examined and blood samples analysed for insulin, glucose, leptin, and triglycerides. Bodyweight (BW), height, length, girth and abdominal circumferences, neck length, neck crest height and neck circumference were measured, and body condition scores (BCS) and cresty neck scores (CNS) were rated. Girth:heigh... Read More 73
ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome.
Journal of veterinary internal medicine
February 6, 2019
Volume 33, Issue 2 335-349 doi: 10.1111/jvim.15423
Durham AE, Frank N, McGowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, Roelfsema E, Vervuert I, Feige K, Fey K.Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a widely recognized collection of risk factors for endocrinopathic laminitis. The most important of these risk factors is insulin dysregulation (ID). Clinicians and horse owners must recognize the presence of these risk factors so that they can be targeted and controlled to reduce the risk of laminitis attacks. Diagnosis of EMS is based partly on the horse's history and clinical examination findings, and partly on laboratory testing. Several choices of test exist which examine different facets of ID and other related metabolic disturbances. EMS is controlled ... Read More 59
Effects of calcified cartilage on healing of chondral defects treated with microfracture in horses.
The American journal of sports medicine
July 10, 2006
Volume 34, Issue 11 1824-1831 doi: 10.1177/0363546506289882
Frisbie DD, Morisset S, Ho CP, Rodkey WG, Steadman JR, McIlwraith CW.Microfracture of full-thickness articular defects has been shown to significantly enhance the amount of repair tissue. However, there is a suggestion that leaving calcified cartilage inhibits this repair response. Objective: Removal of the calcified cartilage with retention of subchondral bone enhances the amount of attachment of the repair tissue compared with retention of the calcified cartilage layer. Methods: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: There were 1-cm(2) articular cartilage defects made in 12 skeletally mature horses on the axial weightbearing portion of both medial femoral cond... Read More 58
Repeatability of subjective evaluation of lameness in horses.
Equine veterinary journal
February 17, 2010
Volume 42, Issue 2 92-97 doi: 10.2746/042516409X479568
Keegan KG, Dent EV, Wilson DA, Janicek J, Kramer J, Lacarrubba A, Walsh DM, Cassells MW, Esther TM, Schiltz P, Frees KE, Wilhite CL, Clark JM....Previous studies have suggested that agreement between equine veterinarians subjectively evaluating lameness in horses is low. These studies were limited to small numbers of horses, evaluating movement on the treadmill or to evaluating previously-recorded videotape. Objective: To estimate agreement between equine practitioners performing lameness evaluations in horses in the live, over ground setting. Methods: 131 mature horses were evaluated for lameness by 2-5 clinicians (mean 3.2) with a weighted-average of 18.7 years of experience. Clinicians graded each limb using the AAEP lameness scale ... Read More 55
Assessment of repeatability of a wireless, inertial sensor-based lameness evaluation system for horses.
American journal of veterinary research
September 2, 2011
Volume 72, Issue 9 1156-1163 doi: 10.2460/ajvr.72.9.1156
Keegan KG, Kramer J, Yonezawa Y, Maki H, Pai PF, Dent EV, Kellerman TE, Wilson DA, Reed SK.To determine repeatability of a wireless, inertial sensor-based lameness evaluation system in horses. Methods: 236 horses. Methods: Horses were from 2 to 29 years of age and of various breeds and lameness disposition. All horses were instrumented with a wireless, inertial sensor-based motion analysis system on the head (accelerometer), pelvis (midline croup region [accelerometer]), and right forelimb (gyroscope) before evaluation in 2 consecutive trials, approximately 5 minutes apart, as the horse was trotted in a straight line. Signal-processing algorithms generated overall trial asymmetry me... Read More 52
Recommendations for management of equine athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities.
Journal of veterinary internal medicine
March 14, 2014
Volume 28, Issue 3 749-761 doi: 10.1111/jvim.12340
Reef VB, Bonagura J, Buhl R, McGurrin MK, Schwarzwald CC, van Loon G, Young LE.Murmurs and arrhythmias are commonly detected in equine athletes. Assessing the relevance of these cardiovascular abnormalities in the performance horse can be challenging. Determining the impact of a cardiovascular disorder on performance, life expectancy, horse and rider or driver safety relative to the owner's future expectations is paramount. A comprehensive assessment of the cardiovascular abnormality detected is essential to determine its severity and achieve these aims. This consensus statement presents a general approach to the assessment of cardiovascular abnormalities, followed by a ... Read More 50
Endoscopic scoring of mucus quantity and quality: observer and horse variance and relationship to inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and volume.
Equine veterinary journal
December 8, 2004
Volume 36, Issue 7 576-582 doi: 10.2746/0425164044864525
Gerber V, Straub R, Marti E, Hauptman J, Herholz C, King M, Imhof A, Tahon L, Robinson NE.Endoscopic scoring of airway mucus quantity and quality has not been critically assessed. Objective: To evaluate mucus scores for 1) observer- and horse-related variance and 2) association with inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and measured volume. Methods: Variance of scoring within and between observers and over time within horses were determined for airway mucus accumulation, apparent viscosity, localisation and colour, and correlations of mucus accumulation scores with neutrophil ratios in secretions. The relationship of accumulation score to measured volumes of 'artificial mucus' was in... Read More 44
Comparison of an inertial sensor system of lameness quantification with subjective lameness evaluation.
Equine veterinary journal
May 6, 2012
Volume 44, Issue 6 652-656 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00571.x
McCracken MJ, Kramer J, Keegan KG, Lopes M, Wilson DA, Reed SK, LaCarrubba A, Rasch M.Subjective evaluation of mild lameness has been shown to have poor interobserver reliability. Traditional methods of objective lameness evaluation require specialised conditions and equipment. Wireless inertial sensor systems have been developed to allow for simple, rapid, objective lameness detection in horses trotted over ground. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivities of an inertial sensor system and subjective evaluation performed by experienced equine practitioners at detecting lameness in horses. We hypothesised that the inertial sensor system would identify... Read More 41
Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses.
Equine veterinary journal
May 18, 2012
Volume 45, Issue 1 74-79 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00578.x
McGowan TW, Pinchbeck GP, McGowan CM.Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is an ageing-related neurodegenerative disorder. The prevalence and risk factors for PPID using seasonally adjusted basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations in aged horses have not been previously reported. Objective: To determine the prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for PPID in a population of horses aged ≥ 15 years in Queensland, Australia. Methods: Owner-reported data was obtained using a postal questionnaire distributed to an equestrian group. A subgroup of surveyed owners were visited and a veterina... Read More 34
Disorders of the thoracolumbar spine of the horse–a survey of 443 cases.
Equine veterinary journal
October 1, 1980
Volume 12, Issue 4 197-210 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1980.tb03427.x
Jeffcott LB.The survey comprised 443 horses, referred to the clinical department of the Equine Research Station, with a history of a thoracolumbar (TL) complaint. A wide range of lesions were capable of producing back problems and more than one condition or site of injury was found in 75 animals (17 per cent). There were 103 horses (19.7 per cent) with no evidence of damage to the TL spine or its associated structures. In 66 of these cases, clinical signs were attributed to a variety of hindlimb lamenesses and, in 37, no specific diagnosis could be made. Soft tissue injury was diagnosed in 203 cases (38.8... Read More 33
Enteritis and colitis in horses.
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
August 3, 2006
Volume 22, Issue 2 437-ix doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.008
Feary DJ, Hassel DM.Enteritis and colitis remain challenging and life-threatening diseases despite many recent advances. Successful treatment is largely dependent on early recognition and directed therapy, which is facilitated by obtaining a complete history and physical examination. A number of new therapies and methods of monitoring critically ill patients have become integral components of treatment success. The critical monitoring of equine foals and adults continues to be an exciting and emerging field. Read More 31
Systematic pain assessment in horses.
Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
August 6, 2015
Volume 209 14-22 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.030
de Grauw JC, van Loon JP.Accurate recognition and quantification of pain in horses is imperative for adequate pain management. The past decade has seen a much needed surge in formal development of systematic pain assessment tools for the objective monitoring of pain in equine patients. This narrative review describes parameters that can be used to detect pain in horses, provides an overview of the various pain scales developed (visual analogue scales, simple descriptive scales, numerical rating scales, time budget analysis, composite pain scales and grimace scales), and highlights their strengths and weaknesses for po... Read More 31
Acute phase response to surgery of varying intensity in horses: a preliminary study.
Veterinary surgery : VS
August 14, 2009
Volume 38, Issue 6 762-769 doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2009.00564.x
Jacobsen S, Nielsen JV, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Toelboell T, Fjeldborg J, Halling-Thomsen M, Martinussen T, Thoefner MB.To evaluate the postoperative inflammatory response of horses to elective surgery of varying intensity. Methods: Prospective longitudinal study. Methods: Horses referred to 2 hospitals for either arthroscopic removal of a unilateral osteochondritic lesion in the tibiotarsal joint (minimal surgical trauma, n=11), correction of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy by laryngoplasty and ventriculectomy (intermediate surgical trauma, n=10) or removal of an ovarian tumor by laparotomy (major surgical trauma, n=5). Methods: Horses had a thorough clinical examination every day. White blood cell (WBC) counts... Read More 31
EquiMoves: A Wireless Networked Inertial Measurement System for Objective Examination of Horse Gait.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
March 13, 2018
Volume 18, Issue 3 850 doi: 10.3390/s18030850
Bosch S, Serra Braganu00e7a F, Marin-Perianu M, Marin-Perianu R, van der Zwaag BJ, Voskamp J, Back W, van Weeren R, Havinga P.In this paper, we describe and validate the EquiMoves system, which aims to support equine veterinarians in assessing lameness and gait performance in horses. The system works by capturing horse motion from up to eight synchronized wireless inertial measurement units. It can be used in various equine gait modes, and analyzes both upper-body and limb movements. The validation against an optical motion capture system is based on a Bland-Altman analysis that illustrates the agreement between the two systems. The sagittal kinematic results (protraction, retraction, and sagittal range of motion) sh... Read More 30
The production and distribution of IL-6 and TNF-a in subcutaneous adipose tissue and their correlation with serum concentrations in Welsh ponies with equine metabolic syndrome.
Journal of veterinary science
September 30, 2014
Volume 16, Issue 1 113-120 doi: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.113
Basinska K, Marycz K, u015aieszek A, Nicpou0144 J.A main symptom of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) in ponies is pathological obesity characterized by abnormal accumulation of fat deposits and inflammation. In this study, we analyzed the expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in subcutaneous adipose tissue and the correlation with serum concentrations in peripheral blood of Welsh ponies. Based on clinical examination findings, the animals were divided into two groups: ponies affected with EMS (n = 8) and obese ponies (n = 8). The adipose tissue was examined using immunohist... Read More 30
Use of erythromycin-rifampin combination in treatment of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia.
Veterinary microbiology
August 1, 1987
Volume 14, Issue 3 337-342 doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(87)90121-0
Hillidge CJ.The selection of lipid-soluble antibiotics capable of intracellular penetration is considered critical for the successful treatment of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia and lung abscesses in foals. Two such antibiotics: erythromycin (25 mg kg-1, three times daily) and rifampin (5 mg kg-1 twice daily) have been used in combination for this purpose at the University of Florida since 1981. Positive evidence of R. equi was present on culture of tracheal aspirates in 57 foals, most of which exhibited radiographic evidence of extensive lung abscessation. The duration of therapy ranged from 4 to 9 weeks. Mi... Read More 29
Recurrent airway obstruction–heaves.
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
May 16, 2003
Volume 19, Issue 1 63-vi doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(02)00067-6
Lu00e9guillette R.Heaves, or recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), is a chronic respiratory disease featuring lower airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus accumulation. Inhaled organic dusts and T helper 2 type immunologic reactions are involved in the complex pathophysiology of RAO. Clinical signs vary and alternate with remission periods. The diagnosis is often based on history and clinical examination in severe cases, but bronchoalveolar lavage may be useful for the detection of early cases. The most important aspect of treatment is to avoid exposure to allergens. Corticosteroids may be administer... Read More 29
The diagnosis of equine insulin dysregulation.
Equine veterinary journal
June 23, 2017
Volume 49, Issue 5 570-576 doi: 10.1111/evj.12703
Bertin FR, de Laat MA.Insulin dysregulation is the hallmark of equine metabolic syndrome and has received attention because of its direct association with laminitis. In the absence of an adequate treatment for laminitis, a focus on prophylaxis is needed, making early detection of individuals at risk of developing laminitis one of the main challenges in equine endocrinology. Recent studies have shown that insulin dysregulation goes beyond tissue insulin resistance and it is now demonstrated that the equine enteroinsular axis plays a major role in insulin secretion and equine hyperinsulinaemia. In this review, we dis... Read More 29
Evidence of bias affecting the interpretation of the results of local anaesthetic nerve blocks when assessing lameness in horses.
The Veterinary record
September 12, 2006
Volume 159, Issue 11 346-349 doi: 10.1136/vr.159.11.346
Arkell M, Archer RM, Guitian FJ, May SA.Eighteen observers were influenced to different extents in the grades of lameness they allocated to eight horses by whether they knew that a nerve block had been administered; on a scale from 0 to 10 the mean difference in grade allocated once the observer knew a horse had been nerve-blocked was increased by 0.4. The consistency of the assessments made by the individual observers was good, with a an average of 0.6 of a grade difference when grading the same horse on two occasions. The agreement between the assessments of four orthopaedic experts was reasonable (+/-1 grade), but significantly p... Read More 28
Bronchoalveolar lavage: sampling technique and guidelines for cytologic preparation and interpretation.
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
July 26, 2008
Volume 24, Issue 2 423-viii doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.04.003
Hoffman AM.Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a method for the recovery of respiratory secretions that line the peripheral airways and alveoli. Overall, BAL is considered very safe and sufficiently sensitive to detect inflammation at the cytologic level. The good correlation between BAL differential cell counts and exercise-induced hypoxemia or lactic acidosis, airway obstruction, or airway responsiveness attests to the relevance of BAL cytology to the structure and function of the equine airways. Thus, an important advantage of BAL over tracheal wash cytology is that BAL cytology relates well to the clinic... Read More 27
Using the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) to Assess Pain Associated with Acute Laminitis in Horses (Equus caballus).
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
August 3, 2016
Volume 6, Issue 8 47 doi: 10.3390/ani6080047
Dalla Costa E, Stucke D, Dai F, Minero M, Leach MC, Lebelt D.Acute laminitis is a common equine disease characterized by intense foot pain, both acutely and chronically. The Obel grading system is the most widely accepted method for describing the severity of laminitis by equine practitioners, however this method requires movement (walk and trot) of the horse, causing further intense pain. The recently developed Horse Grimace Scale (HGS), a facial-expression-based pain coding system, may offer a more effective means of assessing the pain associated with acute laminitis. The aims of this study were: to investigate whether HGS can be usefully applied to a... Read More 27
A review of equine dental disorders.
Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
February 25, 2005
Volume 169, Issue 2 165-187 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.03.022
Dixon PM, Dacre I.Equine dentistry is a very important but until recently rather neglected area of equine practice, with many horses suffering from undiagnosed, painful dental disorders. A thorough clinical examination using a full mouth speculum is a pre-requisite to performing any equine dental procedure. Common incisor disorders include: prolonged retention of deciduous incisors, supernumerary incisors and overjet--the latter usually accompanied by cheek teeth (CT) overgrowths. Overjet can be surgically corrected, but perhaps should not be in breeding animals. In younger horses, traumatically fractured incis... Read More 27
Use of body condition scores in clinical assessment of the provision of optimal nutrition.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
September 8, 2000
Volume 217, Issue 5 650-654 doi: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.650
Burkholder WJ.No abstract available Read More 26
Rater agreement of visual lameness assessment in horses during lungeing.
Equine veterinary journal
February 2, 2015
Volume 48, Issue 1 78-82 doi: 10.1111/evj.12385
Hammarberg M, Egenvall A, Pfau T, Rhodin M.Lungeing is an important part of lameness examinations as the circular path may accentuate low-grade lameness. Movement asymmetries related to the circular path, to compensatory movements and to pain make the lameness evaluation complex. Scientific studies have shown high inter-rater variation when assessing lameness during straight line movement. Objective: The aim was to estimate inter- and intra-rater agreement of equine veterinarians evaluating lameness from videos of sound and lame horses during lungeing and to investigate the influence of veterinarians' experience and the objective degre... Read More 26
Evidence-based lameness detection and quantification.
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
July 10, 2007
Volume 23, Issue 2 403-423 doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.04.008
Keegan KG.Kinematic and kinetic gait analysis potentially offers veterinarians an objective method of determining equine limb lameness. Subjective analyses have been shown to be somewhat flawed, and there does not seem to be a high degree of intraobserver agreement when evaluating individual horses. In addition, recognition of the compensatory effects of primary lameness may be helpful for the practicing equine veterinarian. Read More 26
Assessment of serum amyloid A testing of horses and its clinical application in a specialized equine practice.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
June 22, 2013
Volume 243, Issue 1 113-119 doi: 10.2460/javma.243.1.113
Belgrave RL, Dickey MM, Arheart KL, Cray C.To compare serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration, plasma fibrinogen concentration, total WBC count, and serum albumin-to-globulin concentration ratio (A:G ratio) in clinically normal (CN) and clinically abnormal (CA) horses. Methods: Prospective cohort study. Methods: 111 CN horses and 101 CA horses hospitalized at a specialty clinical practice. Methods: Shortly after admission, a blood sample (20 mL) was collected from each horse for a CBC, serum protein electrophoresis, and determination of plasma fibrinogen concentration; SAA concentration was assessed with a previously validated immunoturbid... Read More 26
