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Topic:Clinical Pathology
Clinical pathology in horses involves the study and analysis of biological samples to diagnose and monitor diseases and health conditions. This discipline encompasses various laboratory tests and procedures that assess the physiological and biochemical status of equines. Common analyses include hematology, biochemistry, urinalysis, and cytology, each providing insights into different aspects of equine health. Hematology evaluates blood components, such as red and white blood cells and platelets, to identify conditions like anemia or infection. Biochemistry tests measure enzymes, electrolytes, and metabolites to assess organ function and metabolic status. Urinalysis examines urine samples for indicators of renal function and systemic diseases. Cytology involves the microscopic examination of cells from tissues or fluids to detect abnormalities. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, applications, and diagnostic value of clinical pathology in equine medicine.
Description of an epizootic and persistence of Streptococcus equi infections in horses. The age-specific attack rates of Streptococcus equi infections of the upper respiratory tract and lymph nodes (strangles) in horses for the different age groups were 17.6% for broodmares, 47.5% for 1-year-old horses, and 37.5% for foals. Streptococcus equi was isolated from nasal, pharyngeal, or lymph node specimens in 31 (60.8%) of 51 sick horses. A male 1-year-old horse, shipped from Kentucky to farm A, was considered to be the index case. Six (19.4%) of 31 horses with strangles remained as shedders of S equi after clinical signs of the disease had ended. Shedders of S equi were not identifi...
Tubuloreticular inclusions in equine connective tissue neoplasms. Abnormal irregularly branched and anastomosing tubules within cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum were observed by transmission electron microscopy in tumour cells comprising connective tissue neoplasms (sarcoids) from three horses and a mule. These tubuloreticular inclusions were also observed in cultured tumour cells from one of these horses examined, but were not detected in fibroblasts (fibrocytes), epidermis, or vascular endothelial cells in skin biopsy specimens from five clinically healthy horses, nor in one additional equine connective tissue neoplasm.
Evaluation of three strip tests for measuring electrolytes in mares’ pre-partum mammary secretions and for predicting parturition. Three strip test kits which measure calcium and/or magnesium in mares' mammary secretions were compared and assessed for their accuracy in:- 1) measuring these electrolytes compared to standard laboratory measurements, and 2) predicting the time of parturition. Daily samples of mammary secretions were obtained pre-partum from 35 Thoroughbred mares and allocated a score. Measurement of mammary secretion calcium and/or magnesium by the strip tests and laboratory methods correlated significantly (P less than 0.001). The results obtained for prediction of parturition were analysed by two methods. ...
Detection of hypogammaglobulinaemia in neonatal foals using the glutaraldehyde coagulation test. The glutaraldehyde coagulation test was adapted to foal serum to determine adequacy of the colostral-intestinal transfusion of IgG. The test is performed simply by mixing one volume of reagent with 10 volumes of serum and observing the coagulation time. The required glutaraldehyde concentration was established for various threshold levels of IgG as determined by radial immunodiffusion. The analysis consisted of 140 serum samples from foals. Sera with low IgG levels require high glutaraldehyde concentrations and vice versa. The 4 g/l threshold generally accepted for IgG adequacy, was achieved a...
Metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of propionylpromazine in horses. The propionylpromazine concentrations in plasma after intramuscular administration to horses were determined using gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. After hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase/arylsulphatase, the parent drug and three metabolites were detected in urine. The metabolites were identified as 2-(1-hydroxypropyl)promazine, 2-(1-propenyl)promazine and 7-hydroxypropionylpromazine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No N-demethylated or sulphoxidated metabolites of propionylpromazine were observed in the horse urine.
Vertebral lymphosarcoma as the cause of hind limb paresis in a horse. No abstract available
Clinical examination of the equine foot. The foot is the most common source of limb pain. The problems vary from simple to quite complex. An accurate diagnosis is dependent upon a thorough and detailed knowledge of anatomy and of what is available in the way of ancillary examination techniques. The correction of most foot problems requires an appreciation of a multitude of factors and a thorough knowledge of farrier science.
A new Papulaspora species from the infected eye of a horse: Papulaspora equi sp. nov. An unusual fungus, probably traumatically introduced into the eye of a horse while grazing, was studied on various mycological media. Upon examination of colonies the organism produced bulbils and clearly exhibited the characteristics of a new species of Papulaspora, P. equi Shadomy & Dixon.
Congenital malignant melanoma in two foals. Two cases of congenital malignant melanomas in horses are described in this report. In each case, wide surgical excision of the mass was performed; no recurrence or metastasis was detected after a minimum of 15 months' follow-up. Melanomas are among the most common neoplasms of horses, but they typically develop in gray horses greater than 6 years old.
Fractures of the distal phalanx in the horse. Fractures of the distal phalanx are an important cause of lameness referrable to the foot. Depending on the fracture configuration and articular involvement, conservative or surgical treatment may be required. Fractures of the distal phalanx have been divided into six categories based on fracture configuration. Discussion of clinical features, management, and prognosis for horses with distal phalangeal fractures is presented for each fracture type.
Simple nonrebreathing valves for use with large mammals. Two simple nonrebreathing valves suitable for use with large mammals are described. These valves can be constructed in a reasonably well equipped workshop using materials that are readily available. The resistive pressure of both valves is less than 0.1 kPa at flow rates up to 15 L.s-1. Their main limitation is a relatively large dead space, although the dead space of valve B (290 mL) is less than the dead space of some commercially available valves. Healthy adult horses and cows compensate for the increased dead space by an increase in tidal volume.
The treatment of laminitis in horses. The structural and vascular anatomy of the healthy equine foot is compared with the pathologic changes in the foot of horses with acute and chronic laminitis. The structural and vascular abnormalities present in the foot of horses with laminitis are demonstrated in order to explain the abnormal manner in which their feet grow. The medical, surgical, dietary, and endocrine management of acute and chronic laminitis is discussed. Various forms of hoof trimming beneficial to the reestablishment of normal digital perfusion, normal hoof growth, and normal spatial orientation among the distal phalanx...
Ganglioneuroma as a cause of small intestinal obstruction in the horse: a case report. The clinical signs, medical and surgical management, and pathological findings are described for a ganglioneuroma, an atypical intestinal tumor, that caused colic because of small intestinal obturation.
Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation with duplication of the atlas and axis in a half Arabian foal. An unusual occipitoatlantoaxial malformation is described in a 2-week-old male part Arabian foal that was unable to stand at birth and showed signs of spastic tetraparesis due to a cervical spinal cord compression. There were 2 atlases present. One was fused to the occipital bones. The other articulated with the first atlas and an axis which had a long dens that projected into the vertebral canal. Examination of the ossification centers of the axis indicated partial duplication of that bone.
Small intestinal strangulation caused by Meckel’s diverticulum in a horse. Necropsy of a 12-year-old Quarter Horse mare revealed a blind-end segment of intestine originating from the antimesenteric border of the ileum. The blind-end segment had looped around and strangulated the ileum and 3.5 m of the jejunum.
Clinical anatomy of the equine foot. A review of investigations of the functional anatomy of the equine foot is presented. Emphasis is placed on the relationships of structures involved in the major diseases of the foot.
Overriding vertebral spinous processes in the extinct horse, Equus occidentalis. Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae of the extinct horse, Equus occidentalis, were examined for gross and radiographic evidence of overriding spinous processes. Of 2,661 vertebrae examined, 580 had intact spinous processes. Thirty-six intact spinous processes, which appeared grossly similar to overriding spinous processes in the modern domestic horse, E caballus caballus, were radiographed. Of these 36 vertebrae, 2 had radiographic signs compatible with a radiographic diagnosis of overriding spinous processes, ie, radiographically observed lysis and/or sclerosis. Seemingly, weight bearing or other s...
Muscular dystrophy-like disease in a thoroughbred foal. A 1-month-old male thoroughbred foal, which had difficulty in walking, was killed and examined by histological, histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The muscles of the trunk and upper hind limbs were chiefly affected, and changes in the affected muscles resembled those in muscular dystrophy in man. The type of muscular dystrophy present in this foal and the significance of this disease in thoroughbred horses are discussed. The dystrophy in this foal resembled the limb-girdle type or myotonic dystrophy of muscular dystrophy in man.
Pathophysiology of acute laminitis. This article reviews research findings relating to the pathophysiology of acute laminitis in horses. The data presently available suggest that the onset of the condition may be due to constriction of the postcapillary vessels in the digit, leading to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and movement of fluid into the interstitial space.
Radiographic examination of the equine foot. A complete radiographic examination of the equine foot consists of properly exposed, processed, and positioned radiographs. For radiographic interpretation, in addition to knowing radiographic signs of disease, a knowledge of normal radiographic anatomy and possible insignificant anatomic variations is necessary.
[Micronema deletrix as the cause of a granulomatous nephritis in a horse]. Infections with Micronema deletrix are described sporadically in humans and horses. This case report describes the infection with Micronema deletrix in a horse. The animal was sent to the clinic because of recurrent colic. On rectal palpation a mass was detected in the area of the right kidney and the horse was destroyed on its owners request. At slaughter a greatly enlarged right kidney interspersed with numerous white nodules was found. Histological examination revealed a granulomatous nephritis with numerous sections of nematodes. Based on their morphology and size, they were identified as ...
Conditions of the interphalangeal joints. The various conditions of the interphalangeal joint are presented; these include degenerative joint disease and osteochondral chip fractures of the proximal interphalangeal joint, fractures of the middle phalanx affecting proximal and/or distal interphalangeal joints, subluxation and osteochondrosis of the proximal interphalangeal joint, and arthrosis of the distal interphalangeal joint.
Effects of dietary energy and phosphorus content on blood chemistry and development of growing horses. Growth and clinical biochemistry were examined over 30 wk in 42 light horse weanlings fed high-forage diets (73 to 77% alfalfa) or high-concentrate diets (63 to 65% grain and grain by-products) that were either low (.24 to .35%), normal (.68%) or high (.95 to 1.06%) in P. Body weights and blood samples were taken every 2 wk. Forage and concentrate diets contained 2.65 and 3.09 Mcal digestible energy/kg DM, respectively. Calcium and P digestibilities were highest (P less than .01) in those horses fed the low P diets, but only horses fed forage-low P diets may have absorbed insufficient P. Serum...
Effects of intramuscular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on chemical and physical defects in equine articular cartilage. The effect of intramuscular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSG) on repair of cartilage injury was evaluated in eight horses. In each horse, one middle carpal joint had both a partial-thickness and a full-thickness articular cartilage defect created. In the contralateral middle carpal joint, chemical articular cartilage injury was created by intra-articular injection of 50 mg sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA). Horses were divided into two groups for treatment. Group 1 horses (control) received an intramuscular injection of normal saline every four days for a total of seven injections starting seven...
In vitro reactivity of digital arteries and veins to vasoconstrictive mediators in healthy horses and in horses with early laminitis. The in vitro reactivity of vasoconstrictive mediators that are implicated in acute laminitis was determined in palmar and plantar digital arteries and veins obtained from healthy horses and in palmar digital vessels of horses with early laminitis (Obel grade I). To obtain baseline reactivity data, 3 experiments were conducted, using healthy horses: (1) the reactivity of palmar and plantar digital arteries and veins to angiotensin II, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) were compared; (2) the direct effects of bacterial endotoxin on vascular reactivity were assessed; and (3) the...
Clinical and pathological effects of flunixin meglumine administration to neonatal foals. The effects of daily intravenous administration of flunixin meglumine at dosages of 0.55, 1.1, 2.2 and 6.6 mg/kg for five days were examined in neonatal foals. Six two day old foals were used to evaluate the effect of each dosage. Foals were examined every day and blood samples collected on days 1, 3 and 6. All foals were euthanized after six days, necropsied and examined for lesions. The major clinical abnormality was diarrhea, but the incidence was not related to the dosage of flunixin meglumine administered. The foals receiving 6.6 mg/kg of flunixin meglumine had significantly more gastroin...
Distribution of histological lesions in the equine endometrium. The distribution of histopathological lesions in the equine endometrium was examined to investigate the representativeness of a single biopsy specimen in terms of the whole endometrium. Five sections from each of 110 uteri obtained from slaughtered mares were evaluated microscopically and classified according to a four-category grading system used for endometrial biopsies. Depending on the extent of agreement between the categories of the homologous sections, the uteri were considered to show either good agreement (81 uteri; 73.6 per cent), moderate agreement (26 uteri; 23.6 per cent) or poor ...
