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Topic:Clinical Pathology
Clinical pathology in horses involves the study and analysis of biological samples to diagnose and monitor diseases and health conditions. This discipline encompasses various laboratory tests and procedures that assess the physiological and biochemical status of equines. Common analyses include hematology, biochemistry, urinalysis, and cytology, each providing insights into different aspects of equine health. Hematology evaluates blood components, such as red and white blood cells and platelets, to identify conditions like anemia or infection. Biochemistry tests measure enzymes, electrolytes, and metabolites to assess organ function and metabolic status. Urinalysis examines urine samples for indicators of renal function and systemic diseases. Cytology involves the microscopic examination of cells from tissues or fluids to detect abnormalities. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, applications, and diagnostic value of clinical pathology in equine medicine.
Haematological response to racing and training exercise in Thoroughbred horses, with particular reference to the leucocyte response. The haematological response to racing and to fast and slow training exercise was investigated in studies involving two populations of horses which differed widely in geographical location, climatic factors and management (Newmarket and Hong Kong). The well documented elevations in erythrocyte parameters were demonstrated and changing responses in leucocyte parameters, resulting in variations in the neutrophil to lymphocyte (N/L) ratio were described. It was shown that the immediate response to the anticipation or stress of exercise was a decrease in N/L ratio in association with an increase in...
Biochemical and haematological effects of phenylbutazone in horses. Five matched pairs of horses were used to investigate the effects of phenylbutazone on a range of physiological, biochemical and haematological variables. The drug was given by mouth daily for 15 consecutive days at the manufacturer's recommended dose rates to one group of horses (Group A); the second group (Group B) received equivalent doses of a placebo. For some of the measured parameters, significant changes were recorded in both groups, indicating background instability. Significant decreases in serum total protein, albumin, plasma pH, viscosity and magnesium, and an increase in albumin: ...
Morphologic and biochemical changes in cartilage of foals treated with dexamethasone. Epiphyseal and articular cartilages were examined in pony foals treated with intramuscular injections of either 0.5 mg dexamethasone per 100 kg bodyweight daily for 3, 8 or 11 months, or 5.0 mg per 100 kg for 11 months, and in horse foals treated with 5.0 mg per 100 kg for 20 weeks. The proximal femoral growth plates exhibited increased spatial separation between chondrocyte columns, narrowed zones of disorganized columnar and hypertrophic cartilage, abnormal penetration of hypertrophic cartilage by metaphyseal capillaries, retained cartilage in the spongiosa, distal terminal plate formation, ...
Hypoglycemic seizures in a Shetland pony. A 12-year-old, 195 kg Shetland pony broodmare had eight seizures between May 29 and August 7, 1979. Plasma glucose levels during three of these seizures were markedly depressed (16, 18 and 19 mg/100 ml). Serum insulin levels were elevated during two of the seizures (86.0 and 97.7 microU/ml). Although a fasting hypoglycemia was not demonstrated, plasma glucose values during a normal day were abnormal; a plasma glucose level of 42 mg/100 ml was noted eight hours post-feeding. Serum insulin values obtained during an oral glucose tolerance test and intravenous glucagon tolerance test were consiste...
Fibroblastic tumor of the premaxilla in two horses. In 2 horses with rapidly growing, locally destructive tumors of the premaxilla, there was major disruption and displacement of some incisor teeth, with radiographic evidence of disruption of the premaxilla at the base of the tumors. In horse 1, most of the tumor was removed by incising it at its base, and the tumor bed was treated cryosurgically with 3 freeze-thaw cycles, using liquid nitrogen. The area healed by 2nd intention. The tumor was found to be a benign fibroblastic tumor, possibly a fibroma. After 4 years, there has been no recurrence. Horse 2 was euthanatized on the basis of a tenta...
Comparative effects of phenylbutazone, naproxen and flunixin meglumine on equine platelet aggregation and platelet factor 3 availability in vitro. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, and have potential value in the treatment of thrombotic disease in the horse. This study compares the potency of three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs phenylbutazone, naproxen (equiproxen) and flunixin meglumine (banamine) with respect to their effects on equine platelets. Two functional responses of horse platelets were evaluated in vitro: their ability to aggregate and their ability to make available platelet factor 3 procoagulant activity. Flunixin at a concentration of 10(-6) M signific...
Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine in the horse: serum, synovial, peritoneal, and urine concentrations after single-dose intravenous administration. Six healthy adult mares were given a single IV injection of trimethoprim (TMP)-sulfadiazine (SDZ) at a dosage rate of 2.5 mg of TMP/kg of body weight and 12.5 mg of SDZ/kg. Serum, synovial, peritoneal, and urine TMP-SDZ concentrations were measured serially over a 48-hour period. The highest measured mean concentrations of TMP and SDZ were found in the first (0.5 hour) sample of serum, synovial fluid, and peritoneal fluid. The mean peak concentrations of TMP and SDZ averaged 4.37 micrograms/ml and 21.81 micrograms/ml for serum, 2.95 micrograms/ml and 15.31 micrograms/ml for synovial fluid, and...
Guidelines for the future of equine locomotion research. This paper describes the major areas that require investigation in equine locomotion and outlines a plan for such research in both the Thoroughbred and Standardbred. Fifteen topics for future investigation have been selected and given an order of priority. These topics deal with characteristics of normal locomotion, factors which influence locomotion, the epidemiology and economics of lameness and the clinical identification of lameness.
Examination of the origin of increased equine serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was found to be increased in 32.6% of equine samples analyzed at the Ontario Veterinary College over an 18 month period. An attempt was made using sensitivity to L-phenylalanine and heat to identify the origin of increased serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes present in 44 clinical cases. No difference in sensitivity to either procedure was observed for serum alkaline phosphatase from groups of foals and horses representing different clinical problems. Alkaline phosphatase of osseous tissue origin appeared to be the major source of activity for each group o...
Haematology of the racing Thoroughbred in Australia 1: reference values and the effect of excitement. Eight hundred and sixteen blood samples were collected from horses at Sydney race tracks, 1 to 3 h before racing, and subjected to haematological analysis. Haemograms were also performed on 65 blood samples taken from horses at rest in their stalls. These were used as reference values of prerace and resting haemograms, respectively. The haemograms of 29 of the resting horses were compared with the haemograms of the same 29 horses the following day at the race track. Both samples were considered to be representative of their reference populations. In general, there was a significant increase fr...
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase in domestic animals. In domestic animals, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase is mainly in the kidneys, the pancreas and the intestine; its liver activity is relatively high in cows, horses, sheep and goats and very low in dogs, cats and birds. The use of plasma reference values can help to interpret the variations of serum GGT mainly in hepatobiliary diseases of cattle, sheep, goats and cholestatic disorders of dogs. Urinary GGT is a good test of kidney toxic damage.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: response test in healthy horses, and effect of phenylbutazone on equine thyroid hormones. Adult horses showed a mild diurnal variation in equine plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations, but not triiodothyronine (T3). Plasma T4 concentrations tended to be higher between 5 PM and 8 PM than at 8 AM. Increases in plasma T4 and T3 were similar in adult healthy horses given 5, 10, or 20 IU of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The T4 peaked at approximately twice (2.0 +/- 0.4 times) as high as the base line at 6 to 12 hours after the TSH was given. The greatest change from base line T3 occurred at 1 to 3 hours after the TSH was given, but the magnitude of increase was widely variable (4.36 ...
Reliability of single-sample phosphorus fractional excretion determination as a measure of daily phosphorus renal clearance in equids. In 4 healthy horses and 1 Welsh pony, fractional renal excretions of phosphorus (FEp) determined from 9 hourly time collections taken over a 24-hour period were compared to assess whether a single-sample collection would be an accurate indicator of the daily FEp. The mean FEp for each animal varied from 0.115% to 0.302%; the 2 animals with the highest values were significantly different (P less than 0.05) from the 3 with the lowest values. Individual variation within animals was not great, however, because it was calculated that the 24-hour FEp value could be found within +/- 0.087% of the sin...
A morphological study of the lesions of African horsesickness. Gross, histological and ultrastructural findings are described in 6 natural cases and in 2 experimental cases of African horsesickness. From the gross lesions the cases were divisible into 2 groups which represented the previously described pulmonary and mixed forms of the disease. Histologically, abundance of fibrin and inflammatory cells in oedematous lung suggests that the pulmonary lesion is an exudative pneumonia. Lymphoid depletion and necrosis in germinal centres were consistently present. Electron microscopy failed to demonstrate virus particles or virus-associated structures in the ti...
Effect of intranasal oxygen administration on arterial blood gas and acid base parameters in spontaneously delivered, term induced and induced premature foals. The effect of intranasal administration of oxygen at a flow rate of 10 litres per minute for 10 minutes, was studied in a total of 19 foals (thoroughbred and pony) aged between 0.5 and 12 hours. Arterial blood samples were collected before and after oxygen administration for the determination of paO2, paCO2, pHa and base excess. The foals were divided into three groups: five spontaneously delivered thoroughbred and pony foals (group 1), seven term induced thoroughbred foals (group 2) and seven induced premature pony foals (group 3). To examine the effect of duration of oxygen administration on...
Diagnosis of cardiac lesions by contrast echocardiography. Contrast M-mode echocardiography was utilized to study animals with congenital and acquired cardiac defects. Contrast was produced through the rapid injection of isotonic NaCl solution, the patient's blood, or indocyanine green dye into the circulation. Peripheral vein and intracardiac injections of contrast material were used to document ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, atrial septal defect, and mitral valve regurgitation. The technique was safe and useful for both small and large animals.
