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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
A bottom-up approach in estimating the measurement uncertainty and other important considerations for quantitative analyses in drug testing for horses. Quantitative determination, particularly for threshold substances in biological samples, is much more demanding than qualitative identification. A proper assessment of any quantitative determination is the measurement uncertainty (MU) associated with the determined value. The International Standard ISO/IEC 17025, "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories", has more prescriptive requirements on the MU than its superseded document, ISO/IEC Guide 25. Under the 2005 or 1999 versions of the new standard, an estimation of the MU is mandatory for all quantitativ...
Continuous administration of low-dose GnRH in mares II. Pituitary and ovarian responses to uninterrupted treatment beginning near the autumnal equinox and continuing throughout the anovulatory season. We tested the hypothesis that continuous subcutaneous treatment with low-dose GnRH, administered to mares from late September/early October through March, would prevent the development of seasonal anovulation. Quarter Horse mares (n=20) were stratified by age and body condition score and assigned randomly to either a saline control (n=9) or a GnRH (n=11) treatment group. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone was delivered continuously via osmotic minipumps, with sham pumps placed in control mares. Initial pumps were inserted on Day 3 following ovulation or during the follicular phase if the next anti...
A surgical approach to the lateral compartment of the equine guttural pouch in the standing horse: modification of the forgotten “Garm technique”. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy and complications following lavage and drainage of the lateral compartment (LC) of the equine guttural pouch (GP) using a modified Garm's technique (MGT). In an ex vivo study (study 1), six cadaver heads were examined to assess the anatomical limits of the surgical approach and whether vital structures might be damaged. This was followed by an in vivo study (study 2) in which a lavage/drainage tube was placed for 3 days into each LC of four standing horses using the MGT. In both studies, the procedure offered direct access i...
Are distributions of secondary osteon variants useful for interpreting load history in mammalian bones? In cortical bone, basic multicellular units (BMUs) produce secondary osteons that mediate adaptations, including variations in their population densities and cross-sectional areas. Additional important BMU-related adaptations might include atypical secondary osteon morphologies (zoned, connected, drifting, elongated, multiple canal). These variants often reflect osteonal branching that enhances toughness by increasing interfacial (cement line) complexity. If these characteristics correlate with strain mode/magnitude-related parameters of habitual loading, then BMUs might produce adaptive diffe...
Dietary fructan carbohydrate increases amine production in the equine large intestine: implications for pasture-associated laminitis. Pasture-induced laminitis in the horse is associated with the overconsumption of fermentable carbohydrate, in the form of simple sugars, fructans, or starch. The fermentation of carbohydrate in the cecum and large intestine results in the production of lactic acid and other toxins or "laminitis trigger factors." Vasoactive amines have been suggested as possible initiating factors. The aim of this study was to feed a commercially available form of fructan carbohydrate (inulin, 3 g/kg of BW per day) to normal ponies and to ponies predisposed to laminitis, to mimic a change from a basal hay diet ...
Efficiency of short-term storage of equine semen in a simple-design cooling system. Five experiments tested the efficiency of a simple, low-cost system (CP) for cooling and storing equine semen at 2.0 degrees C for 24 h and 48 h. Pantaneiro stallions of known fertility were used. Semen quality was evaluated for progressive motility (PM), plasma membrane integrity (PMI), and pregnancy rate. Experiment 1 showed that PM and PMI were similar between CP and the control (Equitainer) in cooled semen. In Experiment 2, the influence was evaluated of combinations (four treatments) of two volumes (50/100 ml) and two sperm concentrations (500/750x10(6)) on sperm quality of semen cooled a...
In vitro-produced equine embryos: production of foals after transfer, assessment by differential staining and effect of medium calcium concentrations during culture. Viability of equine embryos produced by oocyte maturation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo culture to the blastocyst stage in vitro was evaluated after transfer of embryos to recipient mares. No pregnancies were produced after transfer of five blastocysts that had been cultured in G media. Transfer of 10 blastocysts cultured in modified DMEM/F-12 medium produced five pregnancies and three live foals; the two lost pregnancies developed only trophoblast (based on transrectal ultrasonography). To evaluate the status of the inner cell mass, equine blastocysts produced in vivo and in vi...
Relationships between uterine culture, cytology and pregnancy rates in a Thoroughbred practice. Endometrial cytology and culture specimens (n=2123) were collected concurrently with a guarded uterine culture instrument from 970 mares (738 barren, 1230 foaling and 155 maiden mares) during three breeding seasons (2001-2004). Results were compared to the 28-d pregnancy rate for the cycle from which the samples were taken. Cytological smears were evaluated for inflammation at x100 and graded as: not inflammatory (0-2 neutrophils/field), moderate inflammation (2-5 neutrophils/field), severe inflammation (>5 neutrophils/field), or hypocellular (scant epithelial cells and no neutrophils). Ute...
Cetirizine in horses: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following repeated oral administration. The pharmacokinetics of the histamine H(1)-antagonist cetirizine and its effect on histamine-induced cutaneous wheal formation were studied in six healthy horses following repeated oral administration. After three consecutive administrations of cetirizine (0.2 mg/kg body weight, bw) every 12h, the trough plasma concentration of cetirizine was 16+/-4 ng/mL (mean+/-SD) and the wheal formation was inhibited by 45+/-23%. After four additional administrations of cetirizine (0.4 mg/kg bw) every 12 h, the trough plasma concentration was 48+/-15 ng/mL and the wheal formation was inhibited by 68+/-11%....
Exposure of veterinary personnel to ionising radiation during bone scanning of horses by nuclear scintigraphy with 99mtechnetium methylene diphosphonate. The aim of this study was to compare the radiation doses received by the personnel drawing up and injecting the radiopharmaceutical and operating the nuclear scintigraphy equipment, and those restraining nine horses while they were being scanned during scintigraphic investigations of lameness. Sensitive electronic dosimeters were worn by the personnel and the doses they received during the administration of the radiopharmaceutical and during the period of image acquisition were recorded at intervals. On average, 90 per cent of the total doses were received during the period of image acquisitio...
A clinical comparison of two anaesthetic protocols using lidocaine or medetomidine in horses. To compare the effects of two balanced anaesthetic protocols on end-tidal isoflurane (Fe'ISO), cardiopulmonary performance and quality of recovery in horses. Methods: Prospective blinded randomized clinical study. Methods: Sixty-nine client-owned horses, American Society of Anesthesiologists category I and II, undergoing elective surgery. Methods: The horses were premedicated with acepromazine (0.03 mg kg(-1)) IM 30-60 minutes before induction of anaesthesia and were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: in group L (37 horses) xylazine (1 mg kg(-1)) and in group M (31 horses) medetomidin...
Effects of hippotherapy on postural stability, in persons with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effectiveness of hippotherapy as an intervention for the treatment of postural instability in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: A sample of convenience of 15 individuals with MS (24-72 years) were recruited from support groups and assessed for balance deficits. Methods: This study was a nonequivalent pretest-posttest comparison group design. Nine individuals (4 males, 5 females) received weekly hippotherapy intervention for 14 weeks. The other 6 individuals (2 males, 4 females) served as a comparison group. All participants we...
Mechanisms behind intrauterine device-induced luteal persistence in mares. Intrauterine glass balls are used to prevent oestrous signs in sports mares, but the mechanism of action is unknown. It has been suggested that the glass ball can mimic an embryo or act via an induced chronic uterine inflammation and absent or continuous low-grade prostaglandin (PG) release. The purpose of this study was to induce prolonged luteal function in mares using a small intrauterine device (IUD) and to study the mechanisms behind prolonged IUD-induced luteal function. A uterine swab and a biopsy specimen were obtained in early oestrus. A water-filled plastic ball, diameter 20mm and we...
Evaluation of equine cecal motility by ausculation, ultrasonography and electrointestinography after jejunocecostomy. Horses often suffer reduced intestinal motility after jejunocecostomy. Therefore, accurate evaluation of intestinal motility is important for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this condition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate intestinal motility in horses after jejunocecostomy using three different methods, i.e. auscultation, ultrasonography and electrointestinography. Methods: Six healthy thoroughbreds were used in this study. They were subjected to jejunocecostomy. Methods: Bowel sounds in the right paralumbar fossa were assigned a score of 0-3 for intestinal motility evalua...
Comparison of ketamine and S(+)-ketamine, with romifidine and diazepam, for total intravenous anesthesia in horses. To compare the quality of induction and recovery, degree of muscle relaxation, clinically apparent potency and cardiopulmonary effects of racemic ketamine or S(+)-ketamine when used for total intravenous anesthesia in horses. Methods: Prospective randomized clinical trial Methods: Sixteen healthy stallions (323 +/- 99 kg), with a mean age of 6.2 years, undergoing castration. Methods: Horses were pre-medicated with romifidine IV, 15 minutes before induction of anesthesia. Each animal was then randomly allocated to receive either diazepam and ketamine (DK) or diazepam and S(+)-ketamine (DKS) at ...
The effects of morphine on the recovery of horses from halothane anaesthesia. To investigate the effects of peri-operative morphine on the quality and duration of recovery from halothane anaesthesia in horses. Methods: Prospective randomized study. Methods: Twenty-two client owned horses, ASA category I or II. Methods: Horses undergoing elective surgical procedures were divided into two groups and paired according to procedure, body position during surgery, body mass and breed. Group M+ received morphine by intravenous injection (0.15 mg kg(-1)) before induction of anaesthesia and then by infusion (0.1 mg kg(-1) hour(-1)) during anaesthesia. Group M- received the same a...
Pathomorphological study on gastroduodenal ulceration in horses: localisation of lesions. Gastroduodenal ulceration is a prevalent disease in foals and adult horses. Decreased performance as well as fatal complications relate to this syndrome. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of gastric ulceration in a mixed population of horses by postmortem examination and to evaluate a possible association between equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) and sex or age of the examined horses, to evaluate the localisation of lesions in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract and to determine the occurrence of gastric parasites. Postmortem examinations were performed ...
Serum bile acids concentrations in healthy and clinically ill neonatal foals. Reference ranges for serum bile acids (SBA) concentration are well established in healthy adult horses. Increased values are indicative of hepatic disease. Objective: SBA concentrations are significantly greater in the neonatal period compared with mature horses, and illness in the neonatal period will further increase SBA. Methods: Ten healthy mature horses, 12 healthy foals, and 31 clinically ill foals. Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study. Blood samples were obtained once from the mature horses, from healthy foals immediately after birth, at 2 days, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks of a...
Serum iron and plasma fibrinogen concentrations as indicators of systemic inflammatory diseases in horses. Detection of systemic inflammation, which is important for proper diagnosis and prompt treatment, can be challenging. Objective: Measurement of plasma iron concentration is a sensitive method for detecting systemic inflammation in horses compared with measurements of plasma fibrinogen concentration, a traditional marker for inflammation in the horse. Methods: Ninety-seven horses hospitalized with diseases causing systemic inflammation, 22 horses with localized inflammation, and 12 clinically normal horses were included in this study. Methods: A retrospective study was made on hospitalized hors...
Thoracic percussion to determine the caudal lung border in healthy horses. The application of equine thoracic percussion has been ignored because of the availability of modern imaging techniques. Ultrasonography is a reliable tool in determining the caudal lung border of horses. The aim of the study was to compare percussion with ultrasonography to determine lung borders in horses. Objective: That thoracic percussion can detect the caudal lung border and that its accuracy is comparable with thoracic ultrasonography. Methods: Fifteen randomly chosen, healthy, Warmblood horses. Methods: The caudal lung border was detected by percussion and ultrasonography at the end of...
Suspected immune-mediated myositis in horses. Although immune-mediated myositis (IMM) is commonly reported in other species, this condition is poorly described in horses. Objective: IMM occurs in horses. Methods: Thirty-seven horses with suspected IMM were included in the study. Methods: The database of the Neuromuscular Diagnostic Laboratory was reviewed to identify 37 horses with muscle biopsies characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates. A retrospective standardized questionnaire regarding clinical signs and response to treatment was answered by horse owners. Results: Horses with suspected IMM were predominantly of Quarter Horse bloodlin...
Effects of syringe type and storage temperature on results of blood gas analysis in arterial blood of horses. Results of arterial blood gas analysis can be biased by pre-analytical factors, such as time to analysis, syringe type, and temperature during storage. However, the acceptable delay between time of collection and analysis for equine arterial blood gas remains unknown. Objective: Dedicated plastic syringes provide better stability of arterial blood gases than multipurpose plastic syringes. Methods: Eight mares, 1 stallion, and 1 gelding, ages 3 to 10 years old. Methods: Arterial blood samples were collected in a glass syringe, a plastic syringe designated for blood gas collection, and a multipu...
Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from septic and healthy neonatal foals. Septicemia initiates the production of pro-inflammatory (interleukin [IL] 1-beta [IL-1beta], interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma], IL-6), and anti-inflammatory (IL-4) cytokines. The transcription of some of these proteins (IL-8, IL-6) is linked to endotoxin-induced activation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Objective: Septic foals fail to increase gene expression of IFN-gamma. Nonsurviving septic foals exhibit distinctive cytokine profiles. Methods: Twenty-one septic and 20 healthy neonatal foals. Methods: Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, gene...
Equine endometrial biopsy: enhancement of clinical value by more extensive histopathology and application of new diagnostic techniques? During the 1960s and 1970s, the clinical value of equine endometrial histopathology was firmly established after it was shown that fertility outcome was correlated with the presence and severity of specific microscopic lesions. The objective of this paper is to summarize reports from the veterinary literature published after the mid 1980s that describe new diagnostic methods of assessing equine uterine health using material collected by endometrial biopsy.
The effect of skin allografting on the equine endometrial cup reaction. This research tested the hypothesis that immunological sensitization of mares by skin allografting, followed by the establishment of pregnancy using semen from the skin-graft donor, would give rise to secondary immune responses to the developing horse conceptus, resulting in an earlier demise of the fetally derived endometrial cups. Maiden mares received skin allografts from a stallion homozygous for Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens and/or equivalent autografts and were subsequently mated to the skin-graft donor stallion during the next two breeding seasons. Mares that had been ...
Is there a benefit from an early booster vaccination in the control of equine influenza? Conventional equine influenza vaccination schedules consist of a primary course of two vaccinations given 4-6 weeks apart followed by a third vaccination (booster) given approximately 5 months later. In between the primary course and the third vaccination, horses are generally considered not to be adequately protected against influenza. This study aimed to investigate whether Thoroughbred foals would benefit from a vaccination schedule in which the third vaccination was given earlier than in conventional vaccination schedules. The vaccines used were an inactivated whole virus equine influenza ...
Genome-wide search for microsatellite markers associated with radiologic alterations in the navicular bone of Hanoverian warmblood horses. The aim of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pathologic changes in the navicular bone in Hanoverian warmblood horses. Seventeen paternal half-sib groups comprising 192 individuals were analyzed in a whole-genome scan. These families included 144 progeny and grandchildren, which were randomly chosen from the Hanoverian warmblood. Three different traits were considered: deformed canales sesamoidales and radiographic changes in the contour and in the structure of the navicular bone. The genome scan included in total 214 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. The pu...
