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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Lower gastric ulcerogenic effect of suxibuzone compared to phenylbutazone when administered orally to horses. The objective was to compare the gastrointestinal and general toxicity of suxibuzone (SBZ) to that of phenylbutazone (PBZ) when administered orally in horses. Fifteen healthy horses were allocated to three treatment groups. One group received a high dose of PBZ for two weeks; the second group was given an equimolecular dosage of SBZ; and a third group received placebo. Horses were daily monitored, and blood samples were collected before and during the study. On day 18, complete post-mortem examinations were performed. One horse treated with PBZ showed clinical signs of NSAID toxicosis. Small o...
Evaluation of serum concentrations of biochemical markers of bone metabolism and insulin-like growth factor I associated with treadmill exercise in young horses. To evaluate changes in serum concentrations of biochemical markers of bone metabolism and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) associated with treadmill exercise in young horses. Methods: 12 two-year-old Thoroughbred mares. Methods: During a 20-week study period, 6 horses were exercised on a treadmill 3 times a week (exercise group) and 6 horses received walking exercise 6 days a week (controls). Serum concentrations or activity of biochemical markers and IGF-I were assessed biweekly. Bone mineral density and content of the first phalanx were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorbiometry (DEXA) ...
Changes in heart rate variability in horses during immersion in warm springwater. To determine the effects of immersion in warm springwater (38 degrees to 40 degrees C) on autonomic nervous activity in horses. Methods: 10 male Thoroughbreds. Methods: Electrocardiograms were recorded from horses for 15 minutes during a warm springwater bath after being recorded for 15 minutes during stall rest. Variations in heart rate (HR) were evaluated from the power spectrum in terms of low frequency (LF, 0.01 to 0.07 Hz) power and high frequency (HF, 0.07 to 0.6 Hz) power as indices of autonomic nervous activity. Results: Mean (+/- SE) HR during stall rest and immersion in warm springwa...
Evaluation of iohexol clearance used to estimate glomerular filtration rate in clinically normal foals. To determine whether pharmacokinetic analysis of data derived from a single i.v. dose of iohexol could be used to predict creatinine clearance and evaluate simplified methods for predicting serum clearance of iohexol with data derived from 2 or 3 blood samples in clinically normal foals. Methods: 10 healthy foals. Methods: Serum disposition of iohexol and exogenous creatinine clearance was determined simultaneously in each foal (5 males and 5 females). A 3-compartment model of iohexol serum disposition was selected via standard methods. Iohexol clearance calculated from the model was compared ...
Effect of induced unilateral synovitis of distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints on sagittal plane kinematics and kinetics of trotting horses. To study the effect of unilateral synovitis in the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints on locomotion, including the compensating effects within and between limbs. Methods: 4 clinically normal horses. Methods: Gait analyses including kinematics, force plate, and inverse dynamic analysis were performed at the trot before lameness, after which synovitis was induced by injecting endotoxin into the right distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints. Gait analyses were repeated 24 to 30 hours later during lameness. Differences between the stride variables during the 2 conditions (lame and...
Relationship between seminal plasma lactoferrin and gonadal function in horses. Total 78 semen samples were obtained from 27 Thoroughbred stallions (aged 6 to 27 years), and were subjected to quantification of lactoferrin (Lf) in seminal plasma and examination of the seminal properties. The seminal plasma Lf concentration varied from 21 to 689 microg/ml, with a mean value of 244 +/- 151 microg/ml (S.D.). The seminal plasma Lf concentration and total seminal plasma Lf positively correlated with the sperm concentration (r=0.5938, P<0.001) and with the total sperm number (r=0.6959, P<0.001), respectively. There was no correlation between seminal plasma Lf and sperm mot...
Analysis of risk factors for recurrent airway obstruction in North American horses: 1,444 cases (1990-1999). To identify risk factors for recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) among horses examined at veterinary teaching hospitals in North America. Methods: Retrospective case-control study. Methods: 1,444 horses with RAO and 1,444 control horses examined for other reasons. Methods: The Veterinary Medical Database was searched for records of horses in which RAO was diagnosed. A control group was identified by randomly selecting a horse with a diagnosis other than RAO that matched the institution and year of admission for each of the horses with RAO. Information obtained included hospital, admission year ...
Use of high-resolution ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in veterinary ophthalmology. The recent development of a 20-MHz, high-frequency ultrasound probe has allowed tissue to be visualized at resolutions of 20 to 80 microm, which is similar to a low-power histologic view. This high degree of resolution, however, limits tissue penetration to 5 to 10 mm, which is ideal for examination of the anterior segment of the eye. The detail provided by high-resolution ultrasound readily permits the clinician to distinguish between various anterior segment entities that may appear similar but are treated quite differently, such as anterior uveal tumors, iridociliary cysts, and iris bombé....
Detection of Salmonella organisms and assessment of a protocol for removal of contamination in horse stalls at a veterinary teaching hospital. To assess methods of detecting environmental contamination with Salmonella organisms and evaluate a cleaning and disinfection protocol for horse stalls in a veterinary teaching hospital. Methods: Original study. Methods: 37 horses with diarrhea likely to be caused by Salmonella infection and their stall environments. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from horses daily during hospitalization; samples were obtained from stall sites after cleaning and application of disinfectants. Fecal and environmental samples were cultured for Salmonella spp and tested via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a...
Transrectal Doppler sonography of uterine and umbilical blood flow during pregnancy in mares. Transrectal color Doppler sonography was used to investigate uterine and umbilical blood flow during pregnancy (duration, 46-48 weeks) in four mares. The resistance index (RI) and blood flow volume (VOL) of the uterine arteries ipsilateral and contralateral to the conceptus, and the presence of an early diastolic notch in the Doppler wave, were evaluated every 4 week throughout pregnancy. Fetal blood flow was calculated semiquantitatively every 2 week (from 20 to 40 weeks), using the RI of the umbilical arteries. During the entire period of investigation, there were no significant individual v...
Dose-response study of intrafollicular injection of insulin-like growth factor-I on follicular fluid factors and follicle dominance in mares. The effect of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on the concentrations of follicular fluid factors during follicle deviation and the development of dominance was studied in mares in two experiments. Transvaginal ultrasound guidance was used for intrafollicular injection and subsequent sequential sampling of follicular fluid. Treatment involved a single injection of IGF-I into the second-largest follicle (F2) at the expected beginning of deviation (Hour 0) based on diameter (> or =20 mm) of the largest follicle (F1). Mares in IGF-I groups were given a dose of 500 microg (experiment 1) or 2...
Factors affecting plasma progesterone concentration and the retrospective determination of time of ovulation in cyclic mares. Factors influencing plasma progesterone concentration were investigated in seven mares. Two-phase logistic curves were fitted (r=0.98) to plasma progesterone concentrations of blood samples collected once daily. In addition to the effect of time (P<0.001), there were differences (P<0.01) among mares in the peak height of the progesterone plateau and in the (area under the curve) AUC. Plasma progesterone concentrations were higher (P<0.001) after a multiple versus single ovulation. There was an effect of season (P<0.001), but no significant effect of luteal morphology. The retrospec...
Clinical and prognostic significance of radiographic pattern, distribution, and severity of thoracic radiographic changes in neonatal foals. A total of 207 thoracic radiographs obtained from 128 foals were evaluated to assess the impact of pulmonary radiographic pattern, distribution, and severity of pulmonary changes on short-term survival of neonatal foals. The association between selected clinical variables and the radiographic manifestation of neonatal respiratory disease was also investigated. The evaluation of interstitial and alveolar-interstitial radiographic patterns within the caudodorsal, caudoventral, and cranioventral lung regions proved to be highly reliable between viewers in the study. A diagnosis of systemic inflam...
Risk factors and prognostic variables for survival of foals with radiographic evidence of pulmonary disease. The medical records of 163 neonatal foals that had thoracic radiographs taken within 48 hours of admission to a referral hospital were reviewed. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify risk factors for the development of thoracic radiographic changes and (2) to identify prognostic indicators for survival in foals with radiographic evidence of pulmonary disease. Failure of transfer of passive immunity (IgG concentration < or = 400 mg/dL) was the only risk factor for radiographic evidence of respiratory disease identified by multivariate analysis. Hypoxemic patients (PaO2 1.7 mg/dL...
Platelets enhance endotoxin-induced monocyte tissue factor (TF) activity in the horse. Endotoxaemia is the leading cause of death in horses. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIG), stimulated by induced monocyte proteins, is a prominent feature. Monocyte-platelet cellular interactions are central to the vascular dysfunction produced by circulating endotoxin and are implicated in many thrombotic diseases in the horse. This study reports that endotoxin (0.01-10 microg ml(-1)) and blood platelets (2.5 x 10(7) - 1 x 10(8) ml(-1)) are potent inducers of expression and activity of monocyte tissue factor (TF), the primary activator of the blood coagulation protease cascade. The c...
Hypomagnesemia in hospitalized horses. This study was initiated to identify the signalment and clinical variables potentially associated with hypomagnesemia in horses evaluated at the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine (NCSU-CVM) veterinary teaching hospital between January 1999 and May 2001. A nested case reference study (nested case-control study) was conducted to examine the potential relationship between hypomagnesemia and signalment, serum chemistry panel analyses, number of hospitalization days, discharge status, and diagnosis. A series of independent and multivariable logistic regression models w...
Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects. Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically signific...
Influence of exogenous GnRH on sexual behavior and frozen/thawed semen viability in stallions during the non-breeding season. Twelve fertile stallions were divided into two groups, either receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (n = 6) or Placebo (n = 6). Based on the history of frozen/thawed semen characteristics three stallions within each group were assigned as being "good freezers" [GnRH (+); Placebo (+)] and three stallions were assigned as being "poor freezers" [GnRH (-); Placebo (-)]. The study was performed as a "blinded" investigation and stallions were treated twice daily by an intramuscular injection of 1 ml GnRH (Buserelin), 50 microg) or Placebo. The experiment was divided into three time periods...
[Population genetic analysis of the heritability of gutteral pouch tympany in Arabian purebred foals]. The objective of the present study was to analyse the importance of the influences of the sex, inbreeding coefficient and the additive genetic contribution to the occurrence of guttural pouch tympany in Arabian foals. Horses affected by guttural pouch tympany were ascertained in the Clinic for Horses, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover. The data comprised 27 Arabian purebred foals with guttural pouch tympany. Of these 27 animals 22 were patients of the Clinic for Horses between 1994 and 2001 and 5 Arabian foals were sampled on the studs. Information on the pedigrees of these patients allow...
Bone gentamicin concentration after intra-articular injection or regional intravenous perfusion in the horse. To compare intra-articular (IA) and bone gentamicin concentrations achieved after intra-articular administration or regional intravenous perfusion (RIP). Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Twelve healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses were assigned to 2 treatment groups (n = 6/group): Group 1, 1 g gentamicin administered simultaneously in both left and right metacarpophalangeal joints and group 2, 1 g gentamicin administered simultaneously in both left and right lateral palmar veins. Serum, synovial fluid, and bone biopsy specimens were collected. Gentamicin concentrations were determined by...
Accuracy of ultrasound-guided intra-articular injection of cervical facet joints in horses: a cadaveric study. Intra-articular facet joint injection is an established diagnostic procedure in human medicine but there are no reports on its reliability in equine practice. Objective: To investigate the accuracy of ultrasound-guided intra-articular injections of the cervical facet joints and to estimate factors influencing the accuracy. Methods: Sixty injections with blue dye were performed on the facet joints between 2nd and 7th cervical vertebra (C2-C7) on horses subjected to euthanasia for nonorthopaedic reasons. The facet joints were subsequently dissected to verify accuracy of deposition. Results: Seve...
Complications associated with cannula insertion techniques used for laparoscopy in standing horses. To report our experience and complications associated with different cannula insertion techniques for laparoscopy in standing horses. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: Forty horses that had laparoscopy for diagnostic or surgical purposes. Methods: After a physical examination, including rectal palpation, standing laparoscopy was performed in 40 sedated horses. Local anesthetic was injected at each site of cannula insertion in the left flank. Horses were divided into 5 groups: Pneumoperitoneum was induced before cannula insertion using a Verres needle (group 1, n = 3) or a 12-g catheter (g...
Evaluation of in vitro properties of di-tri-octahedral smectite on clostridial toxins and growth. Clostridial colitis and endotoxaemia of intestinal origin are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in horses. Intestinal adsorbents are available for treatment of these conditions; however, little information exists supporting their use. Objective: To evaluate the ability of di-tri-octahedral smectite to bind to Clostridium difficile toxins A and B, C. perfringens enterotoxin and endotoxin, inhibit clostridial growth and the actions of metronidazole in vitro. Methods: Clostridium difficile toxins, C. perfringens enterotoxin and endotoxin were mixed with serial dilutions of di-tri-octa...
Changes in antibiotic resistance in equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis (1991-2000): 65 horses. To document changes in antibiotic resistance of organisms in cases of equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis over a 10-year time period. Methods: A retrospective study. Methods: Medical records of equine patients with bacterial ulcerative keratitis seen at the University of Florida's VMTH for the years 1991-2000 were reviewed. Methods: All cases of equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis for the above mentioned years were examined. Bacterial isolates were identified and subjected to Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method sensitivity tests. Antibiotics used in the sensitivity tests included bacitracin,...
The effect of topical administration of atropine sulfate on the normal equine pupil: influence of age, breed and gender. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of age, breed and gender on vertical pupil diameter (VPD) following a single dose of 1% atropine sulfate ophthalmic solution in the normal equine eye. Methods: Thirty-two horses of various ages, breeds and genders were included. The horses had no history or clinical signs of ophthalmic disease. All horses studied had darkly pigmented irides. Methods: Two milligrams of 1% atropine sulfate ophthalmic solution was topically administered as a single dose in the right eye of each horse on Day 0. The VPD (mm) was measured in both eyes using di...
Effect of GastroGard and three compounded oral omeprazole preparations on 24 h intragastric pH in gastrically cannulated mature horses. Ulceration of the squamous gastric mucosa is commonly associated with intensive training programmes in horses, but only one compound ('Gastrogard') has been subjected to controlled scrutiny as to therapeutic efficacy. Objective: To compare the gastric acid inhibitory efficacy of one manufactured ('GastroGard') and 3 generic pharmacy-compounded preparations of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole (OME) in the mature horse. Objective: All OME preparations tested would induce a clinically acceptable effect. Methods: Six healthy mature gastrically cannulated horses of various breeds, 3 mares and 3...
