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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in foals. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was diagnosed in 3 foals. In 2 foals (No. 1 and 2), diagnosis was by histologic evaluation of pulmonary tissue. On retrospective evaluation, P carinii cysts were found on sediment smears of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 1 foal (No. 1). A different foal (No. 3) was diagnosed as having pneumocytosis by finding P carinii cysts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and was treated successfully. Definitive diagnosis of pneumocytosis in animals is usually made at necropsy. However, careful cytologic evaluation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid sediment can provide a diagnos...
Selection of quarter horses affected with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis by show judges. Thirty offspring of a Quarter Horse sire, affected by hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HPP), were examined electromyographically. On the basis of the detection of or lack of spontaneous activity with high frequency myotonic or pseudomyotonic discharges, the horses were diagnosed as being affected (14 horses) or unaffected (16 horses) with HPP. The show performance of these horses was evaluated for the first 3 to 9 years of their life by use of American Quarter Horse Association records. Horses affected with HPP performed significantly (P < 0.01) better in halter classes than did unaffected ...
Early insulin response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test in horses. Plasma insulin concentration of many species has a characteristic early or acute-phase response in the minutes after IV administration of glucose. However, the plasma insulin response of horses soon after the IV administration of glucose has not been examined, whereas the more prolonged response has been evaluated. We examined the plasma insulin and glucose concentration responses of adult mares during the 30 minutes after rapid IV administration of glucose (0.33 g/kg of body weight). Plasma glucose concentration peaked at 664 +/- 54 mg/dl within 1 minute of cessation of glucose administration...
Measurement of gastric emptying of water in foals by impedance epigastrography. Impedance epigastrography was used to measure gastric emptying rates on two occasions in each of three foals. After smoothing of the raw data, emptying of water appeared to obey an exponential model. The mean emptying rate constant (SEM) was 0.171 +/- 0.038 min-1 (mean emptying half time 4.9 +/- 1.0 min).
Systemic bone growth factors in light breed mares and their foals. There is a high incidence of bony pathology in race horses. Thus, plasma GH, IGF-1, osteocalcin (OC), calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphorus (P) concentrations were measured in 12 healthy Selle Français foals and their dams during the first five months after birth. Plasma IGF-1 and OC concentrations were higher in foals than in mares (336 +/- 25 vs 230 +/- 18 ng/ml, P < 0.05; 52.5 +/- 3.2 vs 4.9 +/- 0.1 ng/mg, P < 0.01, respectively). A significant positive linear relationship could be established between these two parameters in foals (IGF-1 = 19 + 0.619 OC; P < 0.05). Another strikin...
Fracture of the wing of the ilium, adjacent to the sacroiliac joint, in thoroughbred racehorses. During a two year period, sagittal fractures of the wing of the ilium were diagnosed in 10 Thoroughbred horses. All were spontaneous fractures sustained during normal exercise in training and racing, with no history of inciting trauma. When ultrasound scans of the surface of the pelvis were performed, the fracture was clearly visible as a discontinuity of the sacral wing of the ilium. In 3 horses, an irregular contour suggestive of periosteal callus was seen in the vicinity of the acute fracture. All horses examined by gamma scintigraphy had a focal increase in uptake of isotope just lateral t...
Evaluation of pulse oximetry in horses surgically treated for colic. All 43 horses anaesthetised for colic surgery were premedicated with xylazine or diazepam. Anaesthesia was induced with guaifenesin and ketamine, horses were placed in dorsal recumbency and anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Haemoglobin saturation readings (SpO2) were taken with a pulse oximeter and compared with computed haemoglobin saturation (SaO2) from arterial blood samples. Readings were taken over a range of SaO2 of 78-100%, mean arterial blood pressure ranged from 24 to 108 mmHg and PaO2 ranged from 53 to 490 mmHg. Analysis of 107 readings ...
Scintigraphic measurement of uterine clearance in normal mares and mares with recurrent endometritis. The percentage of Technetium 99m-albumin colloid (99mTc-microAA), a radiocolloid, cleared from the uterine lumen within 4 h of intrauterine infusion, was measured in 15 mares during 2 consecutive cycles, on Day 3 of oestrus and 48 h after ovulation. Four nulliparous (Group 1) and 4 multiparous (Group 2) mares were classified as resistant and the remaining 7 multiparous mares were classified as susceptible (Group 3) to endometritis. Mares in Groups 1 and 2 cleared more 99mTc-microAA from their uteri than did mares in Group 3 during oestrus (P < 0.01) and 48 h after ovulation (P 50% of the c...
The rapid and effective administration of a beta 2-agonist to horses with heaves using a compact inhalation device and metered-dose inhalers. The purpose of the study was to administer therapeutic aerosol generated by metered-dose inhalers to horses exhibiting clinical signs of heaves using a compact inhalation device developed for human medicine. It was fitted to a custom face mask in order to study the effect of an inhaled beta 2-agonist, fenoterol. Pulmonary function testing was performed on six horses following an acute exacerbation of heaves, characterized by tachypnea, wheezes, crackles, and spasmodic cough. Horses inhaled fenoterol in 1 mg increments administered as one 200 microgram puff every 5-10 s with the recording of da...
Transendoscopic electrocautery-induced gastric ulcers as a model for gastric healing studies in ponies. The ponies were apparently healthy and 6-20 months of age. In Study 1, gastric lesions were created by transendoscopic electrocautery in the non-glandular gastric mucosa, adjacent to the margo plicatus in 9 ponies which were then treated with water, 12 mg cimetidine HCl/kg bwt or 18 mg cimetidine HCl/kg bwt per os every 12 h for 35 days. In Study 2, gastric lesions were similarly induced in 9 ponies in the non-glandular mucosa and also in the glandular mucosa just below the non-glandular lesion on the greater curvature of the stomach. The ponies were treated with water, 8 mg cimetidine/kg bwt ...
Cutaneous hemangiosarcoma with pulmonary metastasis in a horse. A 6-year-old Thoroughbred mare had a 7-cm ulcerated mass on the cranial aspect of the left cervical area. Ultrasonography revealed the mass to be < 1 cm thick and composed of small lobules that were filled by material hypoechoic to the surrounding muscle tissues. Fine-needle aspiration of the mass yielded blood, and cytologic examination revealed a few epithelial cells with neoplastic changes. Thoracic radiography revealed an interstitial pattern with several disseminated nodules. A diagnosis of cutaneous hemangiosarcoma with pulmonary metastases was made. The diagnosis was confirmed at necrop...
Gastric emptying of four liquid meals in pony foals. Water, saline and a saline/Intralipid mixture (lipid concentration 1.25 per cent) emptied very rapidly from the stomach in neonatal pony foals, and obeyed an apparently exponential pattern. Cisapride did not significantly modify the emptying of the saline/Intralipid mixture. Equine milk emptied more slowly. The data indicated that the lipid component of milk was not an important factor. Milk caused deviation from an exponential pattern in two of four foals: an initial lag phase appeared, which could represent a phase of intragastric processing. However, the rate was still rapid compared with r...
Epidemiologic and immunologic characteristics of Streptococcus equi infection in foals. A 2-phase study was performed to characterize the effects of Streptococcus equi infection in unexposed and previously exposed foals. In phase I, 22 weanling foals involved in a naturally occurring S equi epizootic were studied, along with a comparison group of 11 unexposed foals, matched for age, sex, and breed. Six months later (phase II), an epizootic was experimentally induced in previously exposed and unexposed foals from phase I. The prevalence and duration of clinical signs, the relative risk of developing disease, bacteriologic culture results, hematologic responses, and mucosal and ser...
Alterations in blood viscosity in horses competing in cross country jumping. Packed cell volume and plasma total protein (TP), serum albumin (Alb) and globulin (Glb), and plasma ionized calcium (PCa) concentrations, blood viscosity (BV), and plasma viscosity (PV) were measured in 42 horses at rest and after the cross country jumping phase of a horse trial competition. The BV and PV were determined at 6 shear rates (230, 115, 46, 23, 11.5, 5.75 s-1), using a digital rotational cone and plate microviscometer. A paired t-test was used to determine differences between PCV, TP, Alb, Glb and PCa values at rest and after exercise. The PCV, TP, Alb, and Glb values increased (P...
Repeatability and normal values for measurement of pharyngeal and tracheal pressures in exercising horses. Repeatability of measurements of peak and mean tracheal and pharyngeal pressures in exercising horses was determined. Five athletically fit horses were subjected to repeated (n = 5) standardized exercise trials. Static pressures in the trachea, nasopharynx, and mask were determined. At least 96% of all mean pressure measurements were within 5 cm of H2O of the mean value for any horse. Peak pressure measurements were less repeatable, but at least 96% of all measurements were within 10 cm of H2O of the mean peak measurements for any horse. In 10 horses galloping at 14 m/s, the 95% confidence int...
Investigation of association between alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor haplotype and endometritis in the thoroughbred mare. Failure to inhibit proteinases can lead to excessive tissue damage. The possibility that the severity of endometritis in Thoroughbred mares correlates with the haplotypes of plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) expressed was investigated in two groups of mares. In mares with pyometritis before treatment, the frequency of the N haplotype, which is already high in the Thoroughbred population, was significantly increased when compared with that in a large published population. In mares with acute endometritis which persisted after treatment followed by sexual rest, the absence of S an...
Effects of neutralization of pregnant mares’ serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) shortly before or at the preovulatory LH surge in PMSG-superovulated heifers on follicular function and development. Normally cyclic heifers (n = 34) received 2500 iu pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) i.m. at day 10 of oestrus, and 15 mg prostaglandin (PG) i.m. at day 12. Thereafter, a monoclonal antibody against PMSG was administered i.v. before (n = 24), at (n = 6) or shortly after (n = 4) the preovulatory LH surge. Peripheral blood concentrations of LH and oestradiol were compared; follicular development was monitored by daily ultrasound scanning; and the numbers of preovulatory-sized follicles and ovulations were counted 96 h after injection of PG following death. Anti-PMSG treatment before the ...
Jugular vein wall repair after intravenous injection in equids. The evolution of the healing process of venous puncture wounds was studied macroscopically and light-microscopically in order to determine the time of venipuncture. Seven small equids of various ages, all in normal healthy condition, were experimentally injected in the external jugular vein with a physiological Hartmann solution at different times before euthanasia. Two types of needle diameters i.e. 16.5 G and 19 G, were used. A fairly good uniformity in the healing process was seen in the 7 animals. In most cases the lesions induced within 5 weeks before death were macroscopically visible, w...
Detection of African horse sickness virus by reverse transcription-PCR. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was used to detect African horse sickness virus (AHSV). A single primer pair which amplified a 423-bp fragment of the S8 gene which encodes the NS2 protein of AHSV was identified. Amplification of this fragment from all nine serotypes of AHSV was achieved with these primers. Between 10(1) and 10(2) copies of AHSV genomic double-stranded RNA could be detected by RT-PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. Application of RT-PCR to blood samples from AHSV-infected horses resulted in earlier detection of viremia than virus isolat...
Pulmonary intravascular macrophages in horses and ponies. Seven horses (4 anesthetized and 3 awake) and 2 ponies (anesthetized) were studied to evaluate the high sensitivity of the pulmonary circulation of the horse to various blood-borne particles, and to establish the presence of intravascular macrophages in the lung. Pulmonary and systemic pressures and cardiac output before and during particle injection were measured in some animals. An anesthetized foal had a large increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (32 and 34 mm of Hg) within 1 minute of IV administration of small test doses of radioactively labeled liposomes (2.5 mumol/kg of body weight) ...
Evaluation of partial arytenoidectomy as a treatment for equine laryngeal hemiplegia. The efficacy of partial arytenoidectomy was assessed in 6 Standardbred horses, with surgically induced laryngeal hemiplegia, at rest (Period A) and during exercise at speeds corresponding to maximum heart rate (Period C) and 75% of maximum heart rate (Period B). Peak expiratory and inspiratory airflow rate (PEF and PIF), and expiratory and inspiratory transupper airway pressure (PUE and PUI) were measured and expiratory and inspiratory impedance (ZE and ZI) were calculated. Simultaneously, tidal breathing flow-volume loops (TBFVL) were acquired using a respiratory function computer. Indices de...
Caprylic acid fractionation of hyperimmune horse plasma: description of a simple procedure for antivenom production. A simple methodology for hyperimmune horse plasma fractionation, based on caprylic acid precipitation, is described. Optimal conditions for fractionation were studied; the method gives best results when concentrated caprylic acid was added to plasma, whose pH had been adjusted to 5.8, until a final caprylic acid concentration of 5% was reached. The mixture was vigorously stirred during caprylic acid addition and then for 60 min; afterwards the mixture was filtered. Non-immunoglobulin proteins precipitated in these conditions, whereas a highly enriched immunoglobulin preparation was obtained in...
Identification and verification of the anabolic steroid boldenone in equine blood and urine by HPLC/ELISA. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect the anabolic steroid boldenone in equine blood and urine. The polyclonal antiserum was raised in rabbits, employing boldenone-17-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin as antigen. Boldenone-17-hemisuccinate-horseradish peroxidase served as enzyme conjugate. Sensitivity of the assay was 26.0 +/- 3.0 pg/well. Among the endogenous steroids tested only progesterone and testosterone exhibited moderate cross-reactivities, 3.4 and 2.5%, respectively. These cross-reactivities are of no importance for the boldenone assay. For the reductio...
Effects of acetylpromazine, xylazine, and vertical load on digital arterial blood flow in horses. Palmar digital arterial blood flow was measured in 6 conscious, standing horses, using surgically placed perivascular ultrasonic flow probes. The effects of 2 dosages of xylazine (0.55 and 1.1 mg/kg of body weight) and of 3 dosages of acetylpromazine (0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 mg/kg), as well as the effect of vertical load, on digital blood flow were evaluated. Intravenous administration of xylazine induced a significant (P < 0.05), transient decrease in digital blood flow. Intravenous administration of acetylpromazine induced a significant (P < 0.05), prolonged increase in digital blood flow...
Effect of xylazine and ketamine on the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil during halothane anaesthesia. We measured plasma concentrations of alfentanil in two horses after three different randomly ordered treatments. Each horse received halothane in oxygen by mask followed by a bolus dose of alfentanil 60 micrograms kg-1 i.v., halothane in oxygen by mask followed by an i.v. alfentanil infusion for 120 min and xylazine and ketamine followed by halothane and a bolus dose of alfentanil 60 micrograms kg-1 i.v. Halothane was maintained at 1.05-1.07% end-tidal concentration with a PaCO2 of 6-7.3 kPa. The plasma concentration-time curves were similar after bolus and infusion doses of alfentanil with ha...
The role of the carotid chemoreceptors in the control of breathing during exercise. Our objective was to gain insight into the role of the carotid chemoreceptors (CC) in the exercise hyperpnea. Humans and ponies were studied at rest and during submaximal exercise breathing room air. In healthy humans, alveolar ventilation (VA) was tightly matched to CO2 production (CO2) resulting in PaCO2 deviating during exercise less than 1-2 mm Hg from rest. In contrast, ponies' VA increased proportionately more than VCO2 during exercise resulting in a workload dependent hypocapnia. Attenuating CC activity through hyperoxia had no effect on exercise PaCO2 of humans but hyperoxia accentuate...
Gastrojejunostomy for management of acute proximal enteritis in a horse. A 5-year-old Arabian stallion was treated medically 6 days for proximal enteritis. On the sixth day, exploratory celiotomy verified the diagnosis and ruled out other intraluminal and extraluminal gastrointestinal tract obstructions. A gastrojejunostomy was performed. The horse had trouble maintaining and gaining weight in the first year after surgery, but 8 years after surgery, the owner reported that the horse was doing well.
