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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Pleuropneumonia associated with pulmonary hydatidosis in a horse. Hydatid cysts (metacestode of Echinococcus grunulosus) are a
common incidental post-mortem finding in horses in the United
Kingdom (Cranley 1982), being found most frequently in the liver
and the lungs (Schwabe 1986). However, hydatid cysts are well
tolerated by horses and clinical hydatidosis is rare, even in
heavily infected animals (Thompson and Smyth 1975; Thompson
and Allsopp 1988). Clinical disease has been attributed to hydatid
cysts in the equine retrobulbar region (Bamett et ul. 1988), brain
(Gordon 1974, quoted by Thompson 1977) and liver (Barvaux
and Derzelle 1947). This is...
The vitamin A and vitamin E status of horses raised in Alberta and Saskatchewan. The purpose of the study was to determine normal baseline levels of vitamin A and vitamin E in clinically normal horses under typical field conditions in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Heparinized blood samples were collected from approximately 400 clinically healthy horses selected from 24 locations in Alberta and Saskatchewan during a two-year period. For each horse, historical information including feed type, vitamin supplementation, time of year, sex, and age were recorded. From each blood sample, the plasma vitamin A (all-transretinol) and vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) levels were measured usin...
Sir Frederick Hobday Memorial Lecture. Some observations on condylar fractures of the third metacarpus and third metatarsus in young thoroughbreds. The common spontaneous fractures of the third metacarpus and
metatarsus of young racehorses are split cannons or condylar
fractures. Meagher (1976) described a series of 45 cases involving
the lateral condyle and Richardson (1984) detailed 15 cases involving
the medial metatarsal condyle. Rick et al. (1983) published a clinical
and pathological study of 75 cases of third metacarpal and metatarsal
condylar fracture. In the United Kingdom, Barr et al. (1989) recorded
8 cases with long fractures, 3 lateral and 5 medial condylar. This
paper reports 124 cases of medial or lateral condylar f...
Accessory carpal bone fractures in the horse. The clinical signs, the radiographic appearance, and the treatment of two cases of fracture of the accessory carpal bone are described. The fractures were in the vertical plane. Surgical intervention consisted out of fixation of the fracture with two lag screws. Follow-up information revealed that one horse became sound and returned to complete athletic activity whereas the other horse remained lame. A brief literature review is given and the surgical treatment and the complications are discussed.
Repair of fractures of the distal aspect of the radius in two horses. Fractures of the distal radius in two horses were repaired by open reduction and interfragmentary compression using screws placed in a lag fashion. One horse had a complete oblique fracture of the medial aspect of the epiphysis of the distal radius and was sound for riding 32 months after surgery. The other horse had an open spiral comminuted fracture with medial displacement of the distal radial fragment. Laminitis developed in the contralateral limb and this horse was euthanatized 5 weeks after surgery.
Comparative efficacy of moxidectin and ivermectin against hypobiotic and encysted cyathostomes and other equine parasites. Efficacies of moxidectin and ivermectin were compared in four groups of eight ponies with natural parasite infections: placebo (Control), oral moxidectin gel at 0.3 mg kg-1 of body weight (Mox 0.3), oral moxidectin gel at 0.4 mg kg-1 of body weight (Mox 0.4), and oral ivermectin paste at 0.2 mg kg-1 of body weight (Ivermectin). Fecal samples were taken 0 and 2 weeks after treatment. Animals were necropsied and worms were collected 2 weeks after treatment. Moxidectin and ivermectin showed similar efficacy (99%) against adult cyathostomes, Strongylus spp., Triodontophorus spp. and Habronema musc...
A 64,X,i(Xq) karyotype in a standardbred filly. Chromosomal analysis is not a routine examination in equine
practice. It is indicated, however, in infertile or subfertile
mares with small, inactive ovaries (Chandley et a/. 1975;
Power 1986).
The most commonly reported abnormalities in mares
concern sex chromosomes such as 63,XO and mosaic
63,XO/64,XX giving sterile mares and 64,XY resulting in
gonadal dysgenesis, sex reversal and testicular feminisation
(Power 1990). The phenotypic manifestations of a horse with
these karyotypic abnormalities are usually quite mild
compared with the corresponding abnormalities in man. These
mild ...
A modified technique for implantation of polypropylene mesh for the repair of external abdominal hernias in horses: a review of 21 cases. During a 3-year period 21 horses were surgically treated because of large abdominal wall defects. In each case the defect was bridged with a polypropylene mesh, which was placed on the outside of the hernial ring. This was in contrast with the technique for mesh herniorrhaphy generally described in human and veterinary literature, in which the mesh is always implanted on the inside of the hernial ring. One horse was destroyed on the first postoperative day because of postanaesthetic myelomalacia. Surgical repair as described was successful in 18 patients. Recurrence of herniation occurred in t...
Blood amino acids in the pregnant mare and fetus: the effects of maternal fasting and intrafetal insulin. Blood amino acids were measured in twelve chronically catheterized mares and fetuses between 250 and 310 days gestation. The concentrations of the majority of individual amino acids were similar in maternal and fetal arterial blood and no gestational changes were detected. Only methionine, phosphoserine, 3-methyl-histidine and glutamine were consistently higher in the fetus than the mare, whilst certain other amino acids were higher in the maternal blood. Fasting the mares for 36 h led to significant falls in plasma glucose and rises in urea and maternal free fatty acids (FFA). Small but signi...
Relationship between plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations in hypertriglyceridaemic donkeys. Hyperinsulinaemia is a commonly-observed characteristic of insulin resistance, and a reduction in insulin sensitivity is thought to be either a causative and/or symptomatic feature of equine hyperlipaemia. A positive correlation (r = 0.545, P = 0.0015) existed between plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations determined in 31 donkeys with naturally occurring hyperlipidaemia/hyperlipaemia. Greater insulin values tended to occur in the animals with an overweight body score. Inter-animal variation in insulin concentrations, however, prevented the identification of any differences either with...
Oral bioavailability of pivampicillin in foals at different ages. The plasma disposition of ampicillin after intravenous administration at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg was studied in six healthy, 1-month-old foals. The oral bioavailability of pivampicillin was determined in the same foals at four ages, ranging from 11 days to 4 months. Pivampicillin was administered orally at a dose rate of 19.9 mg/kg, which is equivalent on a molecular basis to 15 mg/kg ampicillin. Ampicillin concentrations in plasma were determined up to 12 hours after administration. After intravenous administration, the mean distribution and elimination half-lives of ampicillin were 0.121 and...
Ultrasonographic evaluation and long-term follow-up of flexor tendonitis/desmitis in the metacarpal/metatarsal region in Dutch warmblood horses and standardbred racehorses. Over a 2 year-period, the ultrasonographic localization and distribution of flexor tendinous and ligamentous injuries, the long-term follow-up, and the outcome were studied in 101 Dutch Warmblood horses (DW) with a mean age of 8.7 years and in 71 Standardbred racehorses (ST) with a mean age of 5.2 years. The ratio between forelimb and hind limb flexor tendonitis/desmitis in the DW-group was 4:1 and in the ST-group group 4:3. In the DW-group, tendonitis/desmitis of the suspensory ligament (32%), the superficial digital flexor tendon (29%), the distal carpal check ligament (17%) of the forelimb ...
A silver-impregnation and immunocytochemical study of innervation of the distal sesamoid bone and its suspensory ligaments in the horse. The innervation of the navicular bone (os sesamoideum distale) and its suspensory ligaments (ligamenta sesamoidea collateralia) (CSL) or proximal suspensory ligament and the ligamentum sesamoideum distale impar or the distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DS-impar ligament) was examined using combined anatomical techniques of silver impregnation and immunocytochemistry. Silver impregnation studies revealed an abundance of nerve fibres present in both the CSL and DS-impar ligament with the latter having relatively more nerve fibres. These silver-impregnated nerves coursed parallel to and were asso...
Seasonal and epididymal maturation of stallion spermatozoa. Epididymal sperm maturation in the stallion was analysed using eight epididymides and deferent ducts from healthy animals. Samples were obtained in June-July and October-November (resting and breeding periods, respectively). Epididymides were divided into head, body and tail. Sperm samples were submitted to a routine seminogram, chromatin decondensation test (Lung, 1972) and sperm velocity determination (Makler, 1980). Results demonstrate that stallion spermatozoa achieve maturation in the transition between the head and body of the epididymis as revealed by chromatin decondensation. Objective...
Vascular perfusion in horses with chronic laminitis. Vascular perfusion casts were used to define and characterise the macroscopic perfusion defects present in the distal digit of 11 horses affected by chronic laminitis. Five clinically normal horses were used as controls. Based on clinical history and clinical status, horses with chronic laminitis were classified as being potentially treatable or clinically refractory. Eleven macroscopic vascular defects were noted in the casts from horses with laminitis. Four types of lesions were identified in the submural laminar circulation, 3 in the coronary bed and 4 were associated with the solar circula...
Interaction of gentamycin and atracurium in anaesthetised horses. Evoked hind limb digital extensor tension (hoof twitch) was maintained at 40% of baseline for 1 h by atracurium infusion in 7 horses anaesthetised with halothane. After 1 h, atracurium was discontinued and hoof twitch allowed to recover to 75%. Atracurium was again given by infusion to maintain 40% twitch for a second hour, then 2 mg gentamycin/kg bwt were given i.v. Atracurium infusion was continued for a third hour, and then hoof twitch was again allowed to recover spontaneously to 75%. Gentamycin reduced twitch strength from 40 +/- 1% (mean +/- sem) to 29 +/- 4% within 7.0 +/- 1.5 min (P = ...
[An evaluation of the direct agglutination test for the diagnosis of “mal de caderas” in horses]. The usefulness of the direct agglutination test (DA) to diagnose Mal de Caderas disease was evaluated. Forty four sera samples from two lots of horses with natural T. evansi infection (Lot 1 and Lot 2) were used. Thirteen (81.2%) of sixteen horses in which parasites were isolated gave positive agglutination titres (> or = 1:512) in the DA test. Treatment of these positive sera with 2-mercaptoethanol drops three to eight dilutions the agglutination titres in twelve samples (92%), showing the IgM nature of these antibodies. The DA test was also positive in seventeen of twenty eight horses in ...
Concentration and molecular weight distribution of hyaluronate in synovial fluid from clinically normal horses and horses with diseased joints. High molecular weight (MW) hyaluronate (HA) is an integral part of synovial fluid (SF), regulating many important physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Many of its effects depend on, or are reflected in, the concentration and MW of HA. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to assess simultaneously the concentration and MW of HA in SF obtained from horses with various arthritides: acute traumatic arthritis; chronic traumatic arthritis, including degenerative joint disease (DJD); and infectious arthritis. The size-exclusion column was calibrated, using appropriate HA concentrati...
Laboratory and clinical evaluation of a chromogenic endotoxin assay for horses with acute intestinal disorders. In this study the laboratory and clinical performance of a chromogenic endotoxin assay for equine plasma was evaluated. The assay was sensitive (detection limit 3 ng LPS/L plasma), reproducible (within and between-assay CV at 50 ng LPS/L E. coli O111:B4 LPS standard addition was 5% and 7.5%, respectively), and not substantially affected by enhancement or inhibition phenomena (recovery of an in vitro spike was 75-125% in 80% of the samples). LPS added to whole blood was rapidly inactivated upon incubation at 37 degrees C but not at 0 degrees C. A recently developed blood collection tube for LPS...
[Echocardiography and therapy of atrial fibrillation in horses]. Echocardiographic evaluation of 45 horses (43 warm-blooded horses, one Thoroughbred and one Standardbred) with atrial fibrillation was performed, using M-mode, B-mode and pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography. Seventeen (38%) of these horses had a history of poor performance. An increase of left ventricular shortening fraction was found in 25 horses (56%). Atrial dilatation was seen in 37 horses (82%). Eight horses (18%) had normal atrial dimensions. In nine horses only left atrium and in six horses only right atrium was enlarged. In the other 22 horses both atria were dilated. Correlation was ...
Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, working, medium and extended trot in horses. Highly-trained dressage horses were studied to test the hypothesis that stride length is altered independently of stride duration in the transitions between the collected, working, medium and extended trot. Six well-trained dressage horses were filmed at a frame rate of 150 frames/s performing the collected, working, medium and extended trots in a sand arena. Temporal, linear and angular data were extracted from the films, with 4 strides being analysed for each horse and gait type. There were no significant asymmetries between the left and rights limbs or diagonals when data from the whole gro...
Contact area and pressure distribution changes of the equine third carpal bone during loading. Changes in contact area and pressure distribution with loading were evaluated on the proximal articulating surface of the equine third carpal bone using safranin-O dye staining and pressure sensitive film techniques. A significant increase in percentage contact area resulted as the applied load was increased from 3115 to 9000 N (54.93% +/- 7.99 vs 61.43% +/- 7.37 respectively, P = 0.016). The area in contact shifted towards the dorsal aspect of both the radial and intermediate facets of the third carpal bone. Changes were also detected in the mean pressure under the same loading conditions. Th...
Analysis of the frequency spectrum of the equine electroencephalogram during halothane anaesthesia. The electroencephalogram (EEG) has been used in human clinical anaesthesia as an indicator of cortical activity and as an indicator of the depth of anaesthesia. It would be useful if it provided a reliable indication of the depth of anaesthesia of horses. In this study anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained with halothane in nine ponies. The end tidal halothane concentration (PE-Hal) was monitored and 20 seconds of EEG were recorded at 0.8 per cent, 1.0 per cent and 1.2 per cent halothane, equivalent to the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), 1.25 MAC and 1.5 MAC. Each 20 se...
Changes in respiratory muscle activity in ponies when end-expiratory lung volume is increased. The objective of the present study was to determine whether lung and diaphragm afferents contribute to the changes in respiratory muscle activity when end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) is changed in ponies. We studied the responses of the diaphragm and the transversus abdominis (TA) muscles to passive increases in EELV in awake intact (I), diaphragm-deafferented (DD), pulmonary vagal- (hilar nerve) denervated (HND), and DD + HND ponies. Negative pressure of -10 or -20 cmH2O applied around the ponies' torsos [positive transrespiratory (TR) pressure] increased (P < 0.05) EELV in all ponies; t...
Nerve supply of the proximal sesamoid bone in the horse. In chronical proximal sesamoid bone lameness it is difficult to localise the exact site of pain. A specific diagnostic analgesia is not available because of a deficiency of detailed information about the nerve supply to the proximal sesamoid bones and surrounding area. A macroscopic study of the nerve distribution to the proximal sesamoid bones of 10 foals and 5 adult horses revealed that these bones are innervated by two branches, in this study called the medial and lateral sesamoidean nerve, respectively, originating from the medial and lateral palmar nerve. Histology of the left forelimbs o...
Effects of centrifugation and specimen preparation technique on bronchoalveolar lavage analysis in horses. Bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) were performed for 6 healthy horses and 8 horses with lower airway diseases (LAD). Total cell and differential counts were performed before and after centrifugation and resuspension of the BAL cells in a small volume of fluid; there was no difference in the total cell counts, but mast cell percentages were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, after centrifugation, in the LAD group. The two specimen preparation techniques compared were cytocentrifugation and centrifugation on microscope glass covers. For both groups of horses, lymphocyte percentages were significantl...
Lipid analysis of lavage samples from the equine guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum). The guttural pouch is a large, air-filled diverticulum of the auditory tube, present in the horse and other species. Lipid analysis of saline lavage from the equine guttural pouch has demonstrated the presence of phospholipids and neutral lipids in amounts that are variable but consistently greater than in any other species described. A stain specific for choline-containing phospholipids has demonstrated the presence of phospholipid-containing vesicles only within the cells of subepithelial, seromucoidlike glands, suggesting that these cells incorporate phospholipids in their secretions. The f...
Gastric emptying of solid, non-digestible, radiopaque markers in ponies. The gastric emptying of different forms of ingesta occurs by a variety of mechanisms and dysfunction may selectively affect different components of the gastric contents. A technique for assessing gastric emptying of solid, indigestible, radiopaque markers was developed. Emptying of these markers in four ponies was variable in both pattern and rate (half emptying time ranged from less than one hour to more than 24 hours). However, whereas in man physically similar markers appear to empty relatively rapidly when fasting but are delayed by a meal, no such delay was evident in these ponies. The ho...
