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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Uterine and fetal dynamics during early pregnancy in mares. Fetal activity and mobility and changes in diameter of the allantoic fluid compartment in the uterine horns were studied in mares between days 69 and 81 of pregnancy by use of transrectal ultrasonography (n = 12) and transcervical videoendoscopy (n = 8). The insertion tube of the videoendoscope was positioned within the allantoic sac to permit viewing of the fetus and entrance to each uterine horn. Each uterine horn was divided ultrasonographically into 3 segments of equal length, and the horns were designated on the basis of side of umbilical attachment (cord vs noncord horns). The diameter o...
Use of a computerized system for evaluation of equine spermatozoal motility. Three ejaculates from each of 3 stallions were used to evaluate a computerized system (Hamilton-Thorn motility analyzer; HTMA) for measuring equine spermatozoal motility. Variance components (ejaculate-within-stallion, chamber-within-ejaculate, and microscopic field-within-chamber) were determined for each stallion after diluting ejaculates to 25 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml with a skim milk-glucose seminal extender. The HTMA was compared with frame-by-frame playback videomicrography (VIDEO) for determining: percentage of spermatozoal motility and spermatozoal number in microscopic fields; curviline...
[Papillomatosis of cattle and its relationship to equine sarcoid]. The aetiology and the pathogenesis of equine sarcoids are described. Aspects of therapy are discussed.
Effects of conjugated equine estrogen with and without three different progestogens on lipoproteins, high-density lipoprotein subfractions, and apolipoprotein A-I. The effects of conjugated equine estrogen and subsequent cyclical progestogen supplementation on lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A-I levels were investigated in three groups of postmenopausal women. Unopposed conjugated equine estrogen (0.625 mg) lowered total cholesterol 4-8% and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 12-19% below pre-treatment levels in all three groups. Levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I were increased 9-13 and 9-18%, respectively, with unopposed estrogen. The increase in HDL cholesterol was mainly due to increases in the high-dens...
Repair of shoulder luxation in a horse. Shoulder luxation in a 3-year-old Thoroughbred filly was treated by closed reduction, using a calf jack to provide traction on the limb. Arthroscopic examination of the shoulder allowed removal of soft tissue and bony debris. After surgery, the filly was confined to a box stall for 6 months. Eight months after surgery, the filly was doing light work and was not lame. Muscular atrophy present before surgery had resolved. Use of a calf jack may allow reduction of shoulder luxation under field conditions.
Ileal diverticulum as a cause of chronic colic in a horse. A 4-year-old Thoroughbred gelding with a history of chronic colic was referred for evaluation of signs of abdominal pain. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a diverticulum of the distal portion of the ileum located between the layers of the mesentery. The diverticulum was similar in location and appearance to acquired ileal diverticula described in human beings. Complete bypass of the diverticulum by ileocecostomy resulted in apparent resolution of the chronic colic in this horse.
Prevalence (treatment days) and severity of illness in hypogammaglobulinemic and normogammaglobulinemic foals. Serum samples for determination of IgG concentration were obtained between postpartum hours 18 and 48 from 132 Standardbred foals. Results of the IgG assay were not known to farm personnel. None of the foals was given plasma IV for treatment of hypogammaglobulinemia. Foal health records were examined retrospectively to determine prevalence of infectious-type illness (foal treatment days [FTD]), prevalence of life-threatening infectious illness (foal treatment days-serious condition [FTD-SC]), and number of diseases (NOD) per foal. Values for FTD, FTD-SC, and NOD per foal were compiled for the ...
Effects of flunixin meglumine on endotoxin-induced prostaglandin F2 alpha secretion during early pregnancy in mares. The role of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) in embryonic loss following induced endotoxemia was studied in mares that were 21 to 44 days pregnant. Thirteen pregnant mares were treated with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, flunixin meglumine, to inhibit the synthesis of PGF2 alpha caused by Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin given IV. Flunixin meglumine was administered either before injection of the endotoxin (group 1, -10 min; n = 7), or after endotoxin injection into the mares (group 2, 1 hour, n = 3; group 3, 2 hours, n = 3); 12 pregnant mares (group 4) were given only S typhimurium...
Equine cutaneous mastocytoma: morphology, biological behaviour and evolution of the lesion. Thirty equine cutaneous mastocytomas were examined histologically and two were studied ultrastructurally. Lesions were characterized by distinct sheets of well-differentiated mast cells with variable degrees of eosinophil infiltration, collagen degeneration, necrosis, granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis. Twenty-two of 25 growths did not recur for up to 6 years after surgical excision, two recurred at the surgical site and one spontaneously regressed less than 3 months after obtaining a biopsy sample. Equine cutaneous mastocytoma is a benign proliferative lesion which seldom recurs after ex...
Biochemical study of repair of induced osteochondral defects of the distal portion of the radial carpal bone in horses by use of periosteal autografts. Periosteal autografts were used for repair of large osteochondral defects in 10 horses aged 2 to 3 years old. In each horse, osteochondral defects measuring 1.0 x 1.0 cm2 were induced bilaterally on the distal articular surface of each radial carpal bone. Control and experimental defects were drilled. Periosteum was harvested from the proximal portion of the tibia and was glued into the principal defects, using a fibrin adhesive. Control defects were glued, but were not grafted. Sixteen weeks after the grafting procedure, the quality of the repair tissue of control and grafted defects was asse...
Effects of increased end-expiratory lung volume on breathing in awake ponies. We studied the changes in breathing and respiratory muscle electromyograms (EMG) during passively induced increases in end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) in awake normal (N), hilar nerve-denervated (HND), carotid body-denervated (CBD), and HND + CBD ponies. EELV was increased by applying continuous negative pressure (-10 and -20 cmH2O) around the torso of the standing pony. In all groups, negative pressure produced sustained increases in EELV that were linearly related to the degree of negative pressure. Elevated EELV decreased breathing frequency (f) in N and CBD ponies but increased f in HND ...
Effect of increased inspired CO2 on respiratory dead space in ponies. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of elevated inspired CO2 on respiratory dead space (VD) of 12 normal, 8 carotid body-denervated (CBD), 7 hilar nerve-denervated (HND), and 6 CBD+HND ponies. The Fowler technique was used to determine VD on a breath-by-breath basis while the ponies breathed room air and inspired CO2 at 3 and 6%. During room air breathing, tidal volume (VT) and VD were greater in HND ponies than in normal and CBD ponies (P less than 0.05), and VT was less and VD/VT was greater after CBD than before CBD. For all groups. VD, VT, and breathing frequency...
Prognostic factors and survival of horses with ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma: 147 cases (1978-1988). Between January 1978 and December 1988, 147 horses with ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were admitted to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (CSU-VTH). Diagnosis was confirmed by histologic examination of appropriate tissue specimens. Medical records and communication with owners, referring veterinarians, or both provided information regarding initial examination, treatment at the CSU-VTH, and final outcome. At initial examination, 123 (83.7%) horses had unilateral involvement and 24 (16.3%) horses had bilateral involvement. The nictitating membrane, nasal c...
Epidemiologic study of ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma in horses. Proportional hospital accession ratios for equine ocular/adnexal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were determined for 14 colleges of veterinary medicine participating in the Veterinary Medical Data Program between January 1978 and December 1986. Comparison of the ratios with their respective geographical, physical data has shown an increased prevalence of SCC with an increase in longitude, altitude, or mean annual solar radiation. In contrast, prevalence of SCC increased with a decrease in latitude. Between January 1978 and December 1988, 147 horses with ocular/adnexal SCC were admitted to the Co...
Use of gastrotomy to relieve esophageal obstruction in a horse. Esophageal obstruction of 1 week's duration in a gelding was diagnosed by contrast radiography and esophagoscopy. A food bolus was found at the junction of the caudal thoracic portion of the esophagus and the cardia. A gastrotomy was performed through a cranial abdominal incision and a phytobezoar was manually broken down and removed. The gelding was started on complete pellet food and water on the fifth day after surgery. The horse remained clinically normal more than 1 year after surgery.
Closed suction drainage in the treatment of infectious arthritis of the equine tarsocrural joint. Infectious arthritis of the tarsocrural joint was treated in 13 horses with closed suction drainage through a flat, fenestrated, latex (Jackson-Pratt) drain, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and bandage immobilization. In 11 horses, arthroscopic lavage and debridement were also performed. Ingress drains were placed for lavage in six horses. Ten horses returned to their previous level of competition or were sound. One horse raced but had lameness of the affected tarsocrural joint and dropped in racing class; one horse was euthanatized because of laminit...
Proviral sequences detected by polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood cells of horses with equine infectious anemia lentivirus. Proviral sequences in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 3 horses with acute equine infectious anemia virus were monitored using the polymerase chain reaction. Provirus was detected during the initial viremic episode in each horse and during each of 3 relapsing viremic cycles, although the appearance of provirus lagged behind the onset of viremia. Following each viremic episode, provirus levels in the peripheral monocytes decreased to less than 1 copy in 5 x 10(6) cells.
Severe hypercarbia resulting from inspiratory valve malfunction in two anesthetized horses. Severe hypercarbia was documented by arterial blood gas analysis in 2 adult horses anesthetized for exploratory laparotomy. Both horses appeared to be adequately anesthetized, but continued to breathe against the ventilator. In both cases, the inspiratory valve on the anesthesia machine was found to be stuck open, permitting expired CO2 to return to the inspiratory limb of the anesthetic circuit and to be inhaled with the next breath. Correction of the malfunctioning valve alleviated the hypercarbia. Problems with the flow valves of the anesthesia machine should be suspected when anesthetized ...
Effect of oral melatonin on the date of the first ovulation after ovarian inactivity in mares under artificial photoperiod. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that exogenous melatonin (12 mg) given 4 h before dusk (evening melatonin), or near dawn (morning melatonin), would mimic a prolongation of the night and suppress stimulation of the ovaries induced by long days. Experiment 1 consisted of a non-stimulated control group, a control group stimulated by 14.5 h of light, a treated group stimulated with 14.5 h of light plus evening melatonin, a control group given 17.5 h of light and a treatment group given 17.5 h of light plus morning melatonin. The mean (+/- s.e.m.) intervals from the start of treatment to the ...
Experimental cutaneous free flap transfers in the horse. Equine limb wounds often heal slowly by epithelialization, and large scars are a frequent end result. In some ways, they resemble the wound associated with human tibial injuries. The literature indicates that previous investigators have failed to transfer free skin flaps successfully in the horse. In this paper, we review our experimental work with the deep circumflex iliac flap in the horse. Dissections of 20 cadavers confirmed the anatomical consistency of the flap. Four flaps survived well when elevated as island flaps, but five orthotopic and nine heterotopic free flap transfers all failed...
The morphology of abdominal and inguinal cryptorchid testes in stallions: a light and electron microscopic study. Eleven unilateral cryptorchid stallions, two to three years old, were castrated at Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Five of these cryptorchid cases were abdominal and the rest were inguinal. This study was initiated to document the differences between the abdominal and inguinal equine cryptorchid testes. Specimens were obtained from the abepididymal side of each cryptorchid testes and processed for light and electron microscopic study. The cryptorchid testes were smaller than the scrotal testes, with the abdominal testes being one-fourth the size of the scrotal testes. ...
Evaluation of sodium carboxymethylcellulose for prevention of experimentally induced abdominal adhesions in ponies. Twelve ponies were used to evaluate the reliability of an abdominal adhesion model and the efficacy of intraperitoneal infusion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose in preventing abdominal adhesions. A celiotomy was performed on each of the 12 ponies and the serosa of the distal portion of the jejunum was abraded with a dry gauze sponge at 5 locations. In addition to the serosal damage, a single 2-0 chromic gut suture was placed through the seromuscular layer of the jejunum in the center of the abraded area. After closure of the celiotomy, a 1% solution of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (7 ml/kg of...
Effects of furosemide on ponies with recurrent airway obstruction. The effect of aerosol and intravenous administrations of furosemide was examined in ponies with recurrent obstructive pulmonary disease, commonly called 'heaves'. This recurrent airway disease bears many similarities to human asthma. Six ponies with the disease (principal animals) were studied during clinical remission and during an acute attack of airway obstruction precipitated by stabling and feeding dusty hay. Six control animals were also studied. Furosemide (1.0 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered by aerosol in the first study, and intravenously in a second study. In principal ponies with...
Changes in luteinizing hormone bioactivity associated with gonadotrophin pulses in the cycling mare. Equine plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) possesses both biological (in vitro bioassay, B) and immunological (radioimmunoassay, I) activities and the ratio of B:I varies with stage of the oestrous cycle. To estimate the contribution made by pituitary secretion and peripheral metabolism to changes in the B:I ratio, pituitary venous effluent and circulating plasma from 5 dioestrous and 2 oestrous mares were analyzed using both an in vitro bioassay and a radioimmunoassay. During dioestrus, LH was released in a pulsatile fashion with a frequency of 1.4 pulses/24 h and a pulse duration of 20-40 min (c...
Establishment of equine oviduct cell monolayers for co-culture with early equine embryos. A culture for equine oviduct epithelial cells is described. Primary cultures reached confluence in 5-8 days, forming a monolayer of polygonal cells and remaining morphologically intact for about 20 days. Subcultures were obtained by collecting cells detached spontaneously from the monolayers, and confluence was reached again after 5-7 days. Cells frozen before primary culture were confluent 10-15 days after thawing. Dishes containing confluent cells also were frozen, and some cohesive monolayers formed after thawing. Equine embryos, collected 2 days after ovulation, were cultured alone or with...
Effects of a histamine type-2 receptor antagonist (BMY-25368) on gastric secretion in horses. The effects of a potent new histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist, BMY-25368, were studied on gastric acid secretion in 5 foals from which food was withheld. Doses of 0.02, 0.11, 0.22, and 1.10 mg/kg of body weight were administered IM in a randomly assigned treatment sequence. Following BMY-25368 administration, hydrogen ion concentration was decreased and mean pH was higher than baseline values in a dose-response pattern. At the 0.22 and 1.10 mg/kg doses, the high pH was sustained for greater than 4 hours. The BMY-25368 thus may be useful for treating gastric ulcer disease in horses.
