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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Phenoxymethyl penicillin in the horse: an alternative to parenteral administration of penicillin. This preliminary study evaluated phenoxymethyl penicillin (Penicillin V) as an alternative to parenteral administration of penicillin in horses. Penicillin V was administered orally to five horses at two different doses and plasma levels of the drug were determined at timed intervals. The results were evaluated by regression analysis. Following the administration of penicillin V at a dose of 66,000 IU/kg or 110,000 IU/kg, the mean peak plasma levels obtained were 1.55 micrograms/mL and 2.34 micrograms/mL respectively. A plasma level two to four times above the minimal inhibitory concentration ...
Changes of the fibrocartilage in navicular disease in horses. A histological and histochemical investigation of navicular bones. Histological and histochemical investigations of the fibrocartilage of facies flexoria from navicular bones of horses with navicular disease have shown alterations similar to those described in the hyaline articular cartilage in osteoarthritic joints.
Assessment of the efficacy of an abductor muscle prosthesis for treatment of laryngeal hemiplegia in horses. Four variations of abductor muscle prosthesis for treating laryngeal hemiplegia were evaluated in 153 horses by questionnaire, and in the 100 Thoroughbred racehorses in this group survival analysis was used to compare their racing performances and earnings with those of 400 control horses. The questionnaire indicated that the technique which included a ventriculectomy and 2 prostheses was regarded as being the most successful (P less than 0.01) and resulted in the least residual stertor (P less than 0.001). Survival analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the treated g...
Treatment of equine cutaneous neoplasia by radiotherapy using iridium 192 linear sources. The treatment of equine cutaneous tumours by conventional or cryosurgical techniques can be limited where the position of the tumour makes radical excision or freezing impractical or dangerous. Radiotherapy provides an effective and practical alternative. The use of iridium pins with guide needles allows accurate positioning of sources and uniform radiation fields to be achieved. The subsequent removal of the pins reduces the period of incapacity and reduces the radiation risk when compared to permanently implanted sources. Twenty-seven tumours on 26 horses were treated by this method with a 1...
Segmental epidural and subarachnoid analgesia in conscious horses: a comparative study. Six adult horses were used to compare the effects of segmental epidural analgesia (SEA) and segmental subarachnoid analgesia (SSA). A 17-gauge Huber point directional needle was used to place a catheter with stylet into the epidural space or the subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral junction and to catheterize the thoracolumbar epidural or subarachnoid space. The position of the catheter was confirmed radiographically. A 2% solution of mepivacaine hydrochloride was used at average doses of 80 mg (4 ml) to produce SEA and 30 mg (1.5 ml) to produce SSA. Onset of analgesia in respo...
[Primary closure of the scrotal wound in the castration of stallions]. A method of castration in stallions is reported on, in which primary closure of the wound caused by castration was attempted. Primary wound-healing occurred in 90 per cent of 110 stallions showing normally descended testicles, whereas this proportion was 97.4 per cent in thirty-eight unilaterally cryptorchid stallions in which the normally descended testicle was removed using the method described. It is concluded that the present method of castration will only be successful when surgery is carried out under strictly aseptic conditions.
Management of umbilical hernias in cattle and horses. The medical records of 60 cattle and 47 horses treated for umbilical hernia at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine over a 3-year period were studied retrospectively. Age, hernia size, physical signs at admission, reducibility, method of repair, prevalence, and types of complications were evaluated. Most patients were less than 6 months old, with hernias less than 10 cm long. Affected cattle had a higher prevalence of organic diseases associated with umbilical hernias and more postsurgical complications than did affected horses.
A new analgesic drug combination in the horse. A xylazine and butorphanol drug combination produced minimal and transient hemodynamic effects and no significant respiratory depression when administered to 6 healthy horses. Combining xylazine and butorphanol produced a synergistic analgesic effect and provided good chemical restraint for a standing surgical procedure.
The spectrum of antiviral activities of acyclovir in vitro and in vivo. In vitro sensitivity data suggest that acyclovir should be effective against clinical manifestations of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus and possibly Epstein-Barr virus. The clinical potential against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 is further supported by results in animal models. Human cytomegalovirus and the veterinary herpes viruses, with the possible exception of equine herpes virus type 1, may be insufficiently sensitive to be amenable to treatment.
Induction of multiple ovulations during the ovulatory season in mares. The efficacy of an equine pituitary extract for induction of multiple ovulations during the ovulatory season was studied in 112 horse mares in four experiments. Combined for all experiments, 70% of the mares (78/112) had multiple ovulations for an average of 3.0 ovulations per mare. The interval between first and last ovulation was decreased (P<0.01) when human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was included in the treatment regimen (0.0+/-0.0 versus 1.6+/-0.4 days). Ovulation rate was lower (P<0.01) when extract treatment was initiated at day 19 (1.3+/-0.2) than when initiated at day 15 post-...
Effect of cardiac arrhythmia on left ventricular and aortic blood pressure parameters in the horse. Transaortic blood pressures were recorded in seven horses using catheter mounted transducers during various types of supraventricular arrhythmia. Changes in left ventricular (LV) and aortic (Ao) pulse contours were associated with variation in pulse interval (PI). When PI lengthened there was a rise in LV end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) associated with a prolonged filling time. In contrast, a long PI resulted in a reduced end diastolic Ao pressure (AoEDP) due to a prolonged arterial 'run off'. LVdP/dt max representing the peak rate of rise of pressure during the isovolumic contraction period wa...
Measurement of superoxide dismutase, diamine oxidase and caeruloplasmin oxidase in the blood of thoroughbreds. Methods were developed for the measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), diamine oxidase (DAO) and caeruloplasmin oxidase in the blood of thoroughbred horses. These enzymes were measured in 178 normal thoroughbreds stabled throughout the United Kingdom. The relationships between the activities of SOD, DAO and caeruloplasmin oxidase and the blood concentrations of their associated trace metals (copper, zinc and manganese) were studied in 52 of the thoroughbreds. Trace metals were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. No relationships were found between the activities ...
Species dependent gentamicin pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity in the young horse. Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxic potential were evaluated in twelve 2 to 3 month-old horses. Whereas recent evidence in our clinic indicated that young horses may be especially susceptible to gentamicin nephrotoxicity, young rabbits and rats are usually resistant. Gentamicin (4.5 mg/kg) was given by rapid intravenous injection. Serum gentamicin concentrations over a 13-hour period were fitted to an open, two-compartment, pharmacokinetic model. Subsequently, the same horses were divided into groups of 3 horses each. Each group received 0, 2.2, 4.4 or 8.8 mg gentamicin/kg, intramuscul...
The in vitro effects of EDTA-tris, EDTA-tris-lysozyme, and antimicrobial agents on equine genital isolants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Five isolants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected from clinical cases of equine genital infection and one standard strain of P. aeruginosa were exposed to various concentrations of ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (tris buffer pH 8) and EDTA-tris lysozyme. Colony forming units of the isolants and minimal inhibitory concentrations for 11 antimicrobial agents were determined with each isolant before and after exposure to the EDTA solutions. Decreased cellular viability was found with all six isolants after exposure to the EDTA-tris solutions. Reversal...
Inhibition of motility of bovine, canine and equine spermatozoa by artificial vagina lubricants. The effects of four vaginal lubricants on progressive spermatozoal motility were evaluated. Neat semen was exposed to 0, 5, or 10% (w/v) of H-R, sterile K-Y, nonsterile K-Y or Maxilube lubricating jellies for 10 min at 37 degrees C and then extended to 10x10(6) spermatozoa/ml. Spermatozoal motility was evaluated after 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 or 8 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. For bovine spermatozoa, sterile K-Y jelly at 10% suppressed motility (P<0.05), but nonsterile K-Y, H-R and Maxilube jellies had no effect. Maxilube was toxic (P<0.01) to canine spermatozoa and is not recommended for use...
Luteal luteinizing hormone receptors during the postovulatory period in the mare. Changes in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone concentrations, number of luteal unoccupied LH receptors, receptor affinity constants, luteal weights and luteal progesterone concentrations were determined during the postovulatory period in the mare. The number of unoccupied LH receptors and receptor affinity was less during the early (Days 1-4) and late [Day 15 through 3rd day after start of corpus luteum (CL) regression] luteal phases than during the mid-luteal (Days 9-14) phase of the postovulatory period (P less than 0.01). The number of LH receptors per CL increased 21-fold (P l...
A pharmacokinetic study of digoxin in the horse. Digoxin was administered orally and intravenously to seven healthy adult mares and geldings in two separate trials. At a dose of 44 microgram digoxin/kg body weight, the oral study was characterized by an absorption phase with a mean (+/- 1 standard deviation) peak serum digoxin concentration of 2.21 ng/ml (+/- 0.45) at a mean of 2.29 h (+/- 1.52) after administration. A second rise in serum digoxin concentration started about 6-8 h after administration and extended to about 20 h after administration. The mean bioavailability (F) was 23.38% (+/- 5.96). At a dose of 22 microgram digoxin/kg body...
Precipitating cross-reactions among pneumococcal types. Data accumulated over many years are brought together on cross-reactions of 46 among the more than 80 pneumococcal serological types, with the idea of correlating cross-reactions with the structures of the relevant type-specific capsular polysaccharides, insofar as these have been determined. The precipitin reaction was carried out with the polysaccharides and antibodies raised in horses, rabbits, and a mule. Quantitative values (micrograms of antibody nitrogen per milliliter of antiserum at 0 to 1 degree C) are given in many instances and discussed, together with arbitrary qualitative data, i...
Radiographic assessment of epiglottic length and pharyngeal and laryngeal diameters in the Thoroughbred. A lateral radiograph of the pharyngeal region provides a technique for identifying pharyngeal disorders, including entrapment of the epiglottic cartilage and dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Epiglottic cartilage length, predicted from radiographs by measurement from the body of the thyroid cartilage to the tip of the epiglottis (thyroepiglottic length), was well correlated to actual length at postmortem examination (r2 = 0.98). Thyroepiglottic length, corrected for magnification, was 8.76 +/- 0.44 cm in 24 healthy Thoroughbreds. Nine Thoroughbreds with entrapment of the epiglottic carti...
