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Topic:Comparative Study
Comparative studies in equine research involve the systematic analysis of different horse breeds, management practices, or physiological responses to identify variations and similarities. These studies are instrumental in understanding how different factors influence health, performance, and behavior in horses. Common areas of comparison include genetic traits, nutritional requirements, disease resistance, and response to training. By evaluating these differences, researchers can develop targeted strategies for breeding, healthcare, and training. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that focus on the methodologies, findings, and implications of comparative studies in the context of equine science.
Equine viral arteritis. Current status in Finland. A serological study for antibodies against equine arteritis virus (EAV) in Finland was performed during 1996. All equine sera delivered to the Virology Unit at the National Veterinary and Food Research Institute were tested with a micro-neutralization test, using the Arvac strain as antigen. The study also included imported horses to evaluate EAV circulation in the countries of origin. Nucleocapsid gene sequences of 2 Finnish equine semen isolates were amplified with RT-PCR and sequenced. The genetic relationships of those isolates with strains isolated elsewhere in the world were analyzed. Th...
Comparison of two techniques for total intravenous anesthesia in horses. To characterize responses associated with two 1-hour total intravenous anesthesia techniques in horses. Methods: 6 mature, healthy mares. Methods: Each horse was anesthetized 3 times. Treatment order was determined by a series of Latin squares. After baseline measurements and instrumentation, horses were given xylazine (XYL) i.v.; anesthesia was induced 5 minutes later with 10% guaifenesin given i.v., then either ketamine (KET) or propofol (PRO) was given i.v. After anesthesia induction, each horse received an infusion of XYL and either KET or a low or high dose of PRO. Cardiopulmonary variabl...
Gonadotropin response to naloxone in the mare: effect of time of year and reproductive status. In the mare, endogenous opioids have been implicated in the suppression of gonadotropin secretion during seasonal anestrus (AN). The present study tested whether continuation of reproductive activity during the nonbreeding season (NBS) reflects the absence of a seasonal shift in opioid tone compared to what occurs in AN mares. During the NBS, 11 AN and 8 luteal-phase mares received 0.1, 0.05, 0. 025 mg/kg naloxone (NAL) or vehicle on alternate days. Whereas cycling mares responded to all dosages of NAL, AN mares responded only to the higher dosages for FSH, and LH failed to increase at any dos...
Hematologic and serum biochemical variables and plasma corticotropin concentration in healthy aged horses. To compare hematologic and serum biochemical variables and plasma ACTH concentration between healthy horses 5 to 12 years old and those more than 20 years old. Methods: 30 healthy horses 5 to 12 years old and 30 healthy horses more than 20 years old. Methods: Venous blood was collected from all horses, and CBC and serum biochemical analysis were performed for each horse. Plasma ACTH concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. Student's paired t-test or the Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used to compare values between control and aged horse groups. Results: Compared with values for contro...
Structures of buffalo and mare lactoferrins. Similarities, differences, and flexibility. Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron binding glycoprotein found in the external secretions and neutrophilic leucocytes of mammals, is thought to be responsible for primary defence against microbial infection, mainly as a result of lactoferrin sequestration of iron required for microbial growth (Weinberg, 1978). Many other functions have been attributed to lactoferrin, including immunomodulation and cell growth regulation (Lbnnerdal & lyer, 1995). The lactoferrin has molecular mass of 80 kDa. The protein folds into two globular lobes, the N-lobe comprising the N-terminal half of the polypeptide chain ...
The accuracy of the dorsoproximal-dorsodistal projection in assessing third carpal bone sclerosis in standardbred trotters. Thirty-five carpal joints from 20 standardbred trotters, age 1 to 7 years, all euthanized for nonorthopedic reasons, were examined to investigate the correlation between assessments of subchondral bone sclerosis in the third carpal bone from radiographs in the dorsoproximal-dorsodistal (DPr-DDi) projection and histomorphometric bone volume density measurements. The agreement between assessments of sclerosis from antemortem versus postmortem radiographs was also evaluated. Bones graded as sclerotic in the DPr-DDi projection had significantly higher bone volume density values for all areas of me...
Neopterin values in selected groups of normal animals. To establish baseline information on neopterin concentrations in livestock, companion and laboratory animals and identify the factors that may influence these concentrations, blood samples were taken from normal dairy cattle, horses, llamas, dogs, cats and rats of varying ages and sexes. In addition, neopterin concentrations in normal, adult equines were compared with those found in racing Thoroughbreds. There were no differences due to sex, sexual maturity, pregnancy, castration, or age. For all ages and sexes combined, mean neopterin concentrations were significantly lower in llamas (2.27+/-...
Evidence for different 5-HT1B/1D receptors mediating vasoconstriction of equine digital arteries and veins. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a potent vasoconstrictor of equine digital arteries and veins which may play a role in the ischaemic disease, laminitis. The present investigation compared the properties of 5-HT1B/1D receptors in arteries with those in veins using isolated rings of equine digital blood vessels. The 5-HT1B/1D receptor-selective agonists, anpirtoline and sumatriptan were 17.9 and 10 times more potent and produced 4.1 and 5.6 times greater maximum contractions, respectively, in veins when compared to arteries. Other agonists tested were of equal potency and produced the same maximum...
Bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of sacroiliac injury in twelve horses. Nuclear bone scintigraphy was used to diagnose sacroiliac injury in 12 horses presented for nonspecific rear limb lameness. The most common history was decreased performance and/or a mild chronic rear limb lameness which could not be localised by routine lameness examination. The scintigraphic patterns of the 12 affected horses were compared to 5 normal horses and 10 horses with lameness not related to the pelvic region. Subjective and quantitative evaluation of the bone scans clearly separated the 12 affected horses from the 5 normal horses and the 10 horses with lameness from causes other th...
Clinical assessment of gas exchange in mature horses. There are limited methods of assessing pulmonary function in horses at rest. We developed clinical techniques to measure gas exchange efficiency in horses and evaluated 3 groups of horses that were 1) asymptomatic based on auscultation with rebreathing, transtracheal aspirate cytology, and thoracic radiographs (n = 6), 2) asymptomatic at rest but symptomatic with rebreathing (n = 11) and 3) symptomatic at rest (n = 9). Blood samples were obtained from the transverse facial artery and jugular vein. Maximal end-tidal CO2 tension (PETCO2) was measured by an infrared capnograph through a facemask....
Farm and animal exposures and pediatric brain tumors: results from the United States West Coast Childhood Brain Tumor Study. Nineteen counties from San Francisco and Los Angeles, California and Seattle, Washington were the United States sites for a large population-based case-control study of childhood brain tumors (CBTs), sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. CBT patients who were 1 year and were first on a farm when they were < 6 months of age also had increased risk for CBTs (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.2-13). A somewhat increased risk for CBTs was found for children of mothers who ever had worked on livestock farms compared with mothers who never had worked on a farm (OR = 7.4, 95% CI = 0.86-64, based on five...
A primary male autosomal linkage map of the horse genome. A primary male autosomal linkage map of the domestic horse (Equus caballus) has been developed by segregation analysis of 140 genetic markers within eight half-sib families. The family material comprised four Standardbred trotters and four Icelandic horses, with a total of 263 offspring. The marker set included 121 microsatellite markers, eight protein polymorphisms, five RFLPs, three blood group polymorphisms, two PCR-RFLPs, and one single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). One hundred markers were arranged into 25 linkage groups, 22 of which could be assigned physically to 18 different...
Equine CRISP-3: primary structure and expression in the male genital tract. Although originally described in the male rodent genital tract, cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs) are expressed in a variety of mammalian tissue and cell types. The proteins of the male genital tract have been observed associated to spermatozoa and are believed to play a role in mammalian fertilization. Here we describe the identification and primary structure of the first equine member of the CRISP family. Equine CRISP-3 is transcribed and expressed in the stallion salivary gland, in the ampulla and the seminal vesicle. It displays all 16 conserved cysteine residues and shows 82% homo...
[Differentiation of domestic horse and Przewalskis horse using various DNA sequences]. The electrophoretic mobility of seven erythrocyte enzymes and spectra of fragments amplified by RAPD-PCR with primers UBC-85 and UBC-126 were comparatively analyzed in domestic horse and Przewalski's horse. All tested genetic markers were classified into two groups differing in their involvement in differentiation of the two closely related horse species. Markers from different groups differed neither in their type (a polymorphic protein or an amplification product) nor in their biochemical role (for enzymes).
Recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia in horses: comparison to isoflurane and effect of postmedication with xylazine. To compare recovery from sevoflurane or isoflurane anesthesia in horses. Methods: Prospective, randomized cross-over design. Methods: Nine Arabian horses (3 mares, 3 geldings, and 3 stallions) weighing 318 to 409 kg, 4 to 20 years old. Methods: Horses were anesthetized on three occasions with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg), Diazepam (0.03 mg/kg intravenously [i.v.]), and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg i.v.). After intubation, they were maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane for 90 minutes. On a third occasion, horses were maintained with sevoflurane and given xylazine (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) when the vaporizer was tur...
[Are zoo Przewalski horses domesticated horses?]. Analysed were the brain case capacities and brain weights of wild przewalski horses, przewalski horses from zoological gardens and domesticated horses. Domesticated horses have about 14% less brain case capacity and 16% less brain weight than wild przewalski horses. Przewalski horses from zoological gardens also have about 14% less brain capacity than wild przewalski horses. The brain weight of przewalski horses from zoological gardens shows no difference to the brain weight of domesticated horses. If we look at the brain size, przewalski horses from zoological gardens are domesticated horses....
Carboxymethylated phosphatidylethanolamine in mitochondrial membranes of mammals–evidence for intracellular lipid glycoxidation. The non-enzymatic modification of aminophospholipids with lipoperoxidation-derived aldehydes and glycoxidation-derived products have been reported previously. However, it remains unknown whether intracellular membranes are damaged by these glycoxidation-derived products. To investigate this issue, we tested whether aminophospholipids from mitochondrial membranes are damaged by glycoxidative stress the mitochondrion being identified as the major site of reactive-species production in the cell. We have used a selected-ion-monitoring/gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry assay for carboxymethyleth...
Controlled-release products for the control of the estrus cycle in cattle, sheep, goats, deer, pigs, and horses. This paper describes the estrus cycles of a number of livestock breeds and reviews the controlled-release drug delivery systems that are currently available for the purpose of controlled breeding. The bovine estrus cycle is reviewed in detail, and the estrus cycles of other species are described in a manner that highlights similarities and differences between species. Pertinent formulation and pharmacokinetic information about current drug delivery systems is presented and discussed, and recent advances in this area are also described.
Experimental infection of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in horses. Human blood collected from two patients from Westchester County, New York with human granulocytic ehrlichia (HGE) infection was inoculated into two ponies. Inoculated ponies developed clinical signs similar to a previous report (Madigan et al., 1995). Histopathological changes involved follicular hyperplasia of lymphoid tissues. HGE DNA was detected by PCR in muscle, fascia, peritoneum, and adrenal gland after the ponies produced a high level of antibodies to HGE. We suggest that HGE may reside in poorly vascularized connective tissues, where the antibodies may have some difficulties to penetr...
Evaluation of a portable clinical analyzer in a veterinary hospital setting. Evaluation of a portable clinical analyzer for determination of blood gas tensions, electrolyte and glucose concentrations, and Hct in a hospital setting. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: 50 dogs, 50 cats, and 28 horses, all clinically normal. Methods: Blood samples were analyzed on a portable clinical analyzer to determine concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, glucose, and ionized calcium and values of Hct, pH, PCO2, and PO2. Values obtained were compared with those obtained from the same blood samples, using a standard automatic analyzer (serum sodium, potassium, chloride, ...
Blood-gas measurements adjusted for temperature at three sites during incremental exercise in the horse. Rectal temperature (Tre) is often used to adjust measurements of blood gases, but these adjusted measurements may not approximate temperatures during intense exercise at main sites of gas exchange: muscle and lung. To evaluate differences in blood gases between sites, temperatures (T) were measured with thermocouples in the rectum (re), in mixed venous blood (v), in gluteal muscle (mu), and on the skin (sk) in seven Arabian horses as they underwent an incremental exercise test on a treadmill. Blood samples were drawn from the carotid artery and pulmonary artery (mixed venous) 30 s before each ...
Evidence that commercial calf and horse sera can contain substantial amounts of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid. We analyzed fetal calf, newborn calf, horse, and adult cow sera for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). All sera samples contained CLA, but the amounts varied. The predominant isomer was cis-9,trans-11 CLA but some samples appeared to contain substantial amounts of an isomer with the retention time of trans-10,cis-12 CLA.
A model equation for the prediction of mechanical internal work of terrestrial locomotion. By refining a previously published model, a simple equation for the estimation of the mechanical internal work during locomotion is presented. The only input variables are the progression speed, the stride frequency and the duty factor, i.e. the fraction of the stride duration at which a foot is in contact with the ground. The inclusion of this last variable, easily measurable, allows to obtain a single equation for both walking and running. The model predictions have been compared with the mechanical internal work experimentally obtained on humans in several conditions: speeds (range 0.8-3.3 ...
Development of an ELISA to assess the potency of horse therapeutic polyvalent antibothropic antivenom. The objective of this study was the search for a suitable venom antigen to be used in an in vitro alternative immunoassay, to the standard antivenom neutralization assay using mice. Bothrops jararaca venom was fractionated in DEAE-Sephacel columns and the fractions were tested for a correlation between antibody capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) absorbance values and the 'in vivo' antivenom potency. Individual antivenoms from 14 horses and 15 separate FUNED polyspecific Bothrops ampouled antivenoms (final product) were used. Fractions showing the higher correlations were further...
Effect of density and weight of load on the energy cost of carrying loads by donkeys and ponies. Two experiments were designed to compare the energy used in carrying loads by donkeys and ponies. In the first experiment 3 donkeys and 3 ponies were compared on treadmills in the UK. Density of load (lead shot or straw) had no significant effect on the energy cost of carrying loads; however, the energy cost of carrying a load decreased significantly (p < 0.001) as the weight of the load increased (in donkeys 6.44, 4.35 and 3.03 J/kg load/m, in ponies 5.82, 3.75 and 3.68 J/kg load/m, for loads of 13, 20 and 27 kg/100 kg liveweight (M) respectively). Differences between species were not sign...
[Population genetic parameters of aboriginal Yakut horses as related to modern breeds of the domestic horse Equus caballus L]. This study was the first to analyze the polymorphic characteristics of a wide range of biochemical markers in aboriginal Yakut horses. A total of 124 alleles, including 48 alleles of seven blood-group loci and 76 alleles of ten loci for enzymes and other proteins, were studied. For these polymorphic systems, a computer analysis of the genetic distances between 85 horse breeds of different origin from all parts of the world was performed. The low level of hereditary variation in the Yakut horses confirmed that this breed is old and has long been an isolated population. Phylogenetic analysis dem...
Mechanical correlations derived from segmental histologic study of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon, from foal to adult. To assess histologic variations of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) according to site and to horse age and activity, and to correlate these data with reported segmental mechanical results. Methods: Superficial digital flexor tendons isolated from 42 horses 0.5 hour to 23 years old. Methods: 7 segments of each SDFT were delimited and submitted for conventional histologic examination. Each segment was examined and graded for fiber undulation, cellularity, number and size of interfascicular connective spaces (ICS), presence or absence of focal and diffuse chondroid metaplasia, ...
Organization of the equine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region genes; III. Alignment of c mu, c gamma, c epsilon and c alpha genes. Previous restriction analysis of cloned equine DNA and genomic DNA of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells had indicated the existence of one c epsilon, one c alpha and up to six c gamma genes in the haploid equine genome. The c epsilon and c alpha genes have been aligned on a 30 kb DNA fragment in the order 5' c epsilon-c alpha 3'. Here we describe the alignment of the equine c mu and c gamma genes by deletion analysis of one IgM, four IgG and two equine light chain expressing heterohybridomas. This analysis establishes the existence of six c gamma genes per haploid genome. The genomic a...
