Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Isolation of Clostridium difficile and detection of cytotoxin in the feces of diarrheic foals in the absence of antimicrobial treatment. Clostridium difficile was isolated from the feces of 27 of 43 diarrheic foals (63%), and cytotoxin was detected in feces from 28 diarrheic foals (65%). The foals had not received any antimicrobial treatment before the onset of diarrhea. C. difficile was not isolated from feces of 18 normal foals without diarrhea and 62 adult horses (P less than 0.005). This finding of C. difficile and its toxins in association with diarrhea in foals adds another possible cause to the list of infectious agents which may cause diarrhea in foals.
Jejunocolic anastomosis for the surgical management of recurrent cecal impaction in a horse. A 5-year-old Thoroughbred gelding with recurrent cecal impaction refractory to medical management was treated with a side-to-side jejunocolic anastomosis. Cecal impaction did not recur after surgery. The horse gained weight and performed successfully for 14 months, but experienced three episodes of mild abdominal pain between 14 and 20 months after surgery. Mild cecal gas distention and firm ingesta in the colon were detected on rectal examination. The horse's feces remained soft after surgery, except during the colic episodes when dry, firm feces were passed.
Names and codes of the diseases and clinical signs of dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, goats and swine from the consultant diagnostic database. A complete listing of the clinical signs and diseases of dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, goats and swine in the CONSULTANT database for computer assisted diagnosis is presented, along with the codes used to record this data. This list may be useful to those teaching, researching or writing on the diseases of domestic animals, and is of particular use to those who need such a resource for developing diagnostic coding and computer-assisted information retrieval.
The amino acid sequence of an amyloid fibril protein AA isolated from the horse. The amino acid sequence of the amyloid fibril protein AA from horse was established from characterization of cyanogen bromide fragments, tryptic peptides, and a peptide derived from a digest with Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteinase. The protein was found to consist of 80 amino acid residues. Sequence homologies with protein AA from other species were very striking, and revealed an insertion of two amino acid residues between positions 72 and 73. In position 44, two amino acid residues were found which provide further evidence for a polymorphism in the amyloid fibril protein AA.
Carcinoma of the mammary gland in a mare. A 17-year-old Quarter Horse mare developed rapidly progressive, bilateral, firm enlargements of both mammary glands, ventral abdominal edema, dyspnea, and neurologic signs. The horse was euthanatized, and a carcinoma of the mammary gland was diagnosed at necropsy. Microscopically, normal glandular parenchyma was replaced by neoplastic nodules, and the tumor had metastasized to most visceral organs and throughout the musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. The tumor had a solid pattern, with microglandular differentiation, and numerous syncytial sheets.
Infiltrative lipoma in the heart of a horse. An expansile, yellow, soft mass was observed in the free wall of the right ventricle of a 3-year-old, male, Morgan, horse at necropsy. The mass was composed of well differentiated adipocytes in solid sheets or infiltrating between muscle fibers with associated myofiber degeneration. The mass was interpreted to be an infiltrative lipoma of the heart.
Actinobacillus suis-like organisms in horses. Actinobacillus suis-like organisms have been recognized in equine specimens at the University of California Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital since 1975. The most common source (65%) of the organism was transtracheal washings. The organism was gram-negative, produced hemolysis on blood agar, and gave a positive reaction for oxidase, urease, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, and esculin. Carbohydrate reactions were variable, consisting of 4 main patterns. Actinobacillus suis-like organisms were (90%) sensitive to therapeutic concentrations of amikacin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gen...
Immunohistochemical evaluation of the equine endometrium during the oestrous cycle. Endometrial biopsies were obtained from four mares during consecutive oestrous cycles on the first day of oestrus, on the day when ovulation was detected, and four and eight days after ovulation. Cycle stages were confirmed by means of rectal palpation, ultrasonography and plasma progesterone determination. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the formalin fixed biopsy specimens was performed using a peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. Immunoglobulin (Ig)A-, IgM-, IgG(Fc)- and IgG(T)-containing cells were detected in all biopsies; with IgA- and IgG(Fc)-containing cells generally predominating. ...
Equine linkage group II: phase conservation of To with AlB and GcS. Blood type analysis of 29 foals in a paternal half-sib family verified linkage of five LGII loci (Es, E, To, Gc, Al). Population and parentage data from other tobiano-spotted horses suggested conservation of a tightly linked (To:GcS:AlB) marker complex.
Unilateral distension of the tarsal sheath in the horse: a report of 11 cases. Eleven horses with unilateral distension of the sheath are reported with emphasis on the use of plain and contrast radiography in diagnosis. Six had associated bony abnormalities of the sustentaculum tali, and two of these showed destructive or mixed destructive and proliferative lesions resulting from osteomyelitis. One horse had a fracture of the sustentaculum. In three horses proliferative changes were found. Bony changes were best demonstrated on a dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique view. Contrast radiography of the tarsal sheath was performed in five cases without, and two horses with, a...
Surgical repair of an esophageal stricture in a horse. An esophageal stricture was diagnosed in a 9-month-old quarterhorse by esophagoscopy and positive pressure contrast esophagography. Medical management and two attempts at surgical intervention were unsuccessful. The initial surgical technique used was a linear esophagotomy, mucosal resection and anastomosis, and closure of the muscular tunic, which resulted in a more severe stricture. The second surgical procedure was interruption of the stricture cicatrix by a single linear esophagotomy and primary closure of only the esophageal muscular tunic. This technique resulted in an increased lumen di...
Large granular lymphocytes from SCID horses develop potent cytotoxic activity after treatment with human recombinant interleukin 2. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from foals with hereditary severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) have morphologic characteristics of large granular lymphocytes (LGL). Attempts to demonstrate cytotoxic activity were without success unless the LGL were incubated with 100 U of human recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL 2)/ml for 24 hr. With rIL 2 incubation, low effector to target ratios (10:1) consistently yielded high levels of cytotoxic activity (30 to 50%) in a standard 4-hr 51Cr-release assay using YAC-1 lymphoma or K562 erythroleukemia cell lines as targets. Monoclonal antibody EqT12 reacted...
Influence of chemotactic agents on the locomotion of equine polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocytes. Subpopulations of equine leucocytes, polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells, were separated from whole blood on a discontinuous Percoll gradient and used in studies of chemokinesis and chemotaxis. Polymorphonuclear cells responded to the chemo-attractant properties of zymosan-activated plasma in Boyden chamber and agarose microdroplet assays but they responded only slightly (Boyden chamber) or not at all (agarose microdroplet) to the peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). Equine mononuclear cell movement was increased by FMLP in both assay systems and these cells also respond...
Antibody response of horses to Rhodococcus equi antigens. The antigens extracted from strains belonging to seven capsular serotypes of Rhodococcus equi, as well as from two wild strains isolated from pneumonic foals, were examined. Whole-cell antigens and soluble products present in broth culture supernatants were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electroblotted onto nitrocellulose, and stained with serum from hyperimmunized rabbits or foals. Foal sera used included sera from pneumonic animals with known titer to equi factors; from animals bled monthly on a farm with enzootic pneumonia, and from animals bled mont...
Arthroscopic surgical approaches and intraarticular anatomy of the equine shoulder joint. Arthroscopic approaches to the scapulohumeral joint were developed in four clinically normal, live horses (5 limbs) to determine their usefulness for evaluation and potential surgical treatment of intraarticular lesions. The articular surface of the entire glenoid, cranial humeral head (medial and lateral) and caudolateral humeral head, as well as the synovial membrane, could be closely examined from an arthroscopic portal cranial to the infraspinatus tendon. The caudomedial humeral head could be examined partially. Cranial and caudal instrument portals allowed good surgical access to the enti...
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia induced by penicillin in horses. Three horses developed severe, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia after treatment with penicillin. The horses had positive direct antiglobulin (Coombs) tests and high titers of IgG antibody that agglutinated penicillin-coated equine red cells. Two of the horses were tested for antibodies to autologous red cell antigens; autoantibodies were not present. Titers of antipenicillin antibody decreased after penicillin was discontinued but IgG antibody was detectable months after recovery. One of the horses was challenged with penicillin; antibody titer increased slightly, but anemia did not develop. A...
Observations on headshaking in the horse. The clinical records of 100 cases of headshaking in horses were reviewed. Possible causes of the abnormal behaviour were identified in 11 animals; these included ear mite infestation, otitis interna, cranial nerve dysfunction, cervical injury, ocular disease, guttural pouch mycosis, dental periapical osteitis and suspected vasomotor rhinitis. However, in only two of these could it be shown that correction of the abnormality led to elimination of the headshaking. The additional clinical signs exhibited by the other idiopathic cases of headshaking included evidence of nasal irritation, sneezing ...
Isolation of Cache Valley virus and detection of antibody for selected arboviruses in Michigan horses in 1980. Blood samples collected in September and November 1980 from 87 horses in southwestern Michigan were examined for virus isolation and for plaque-reduction neutralizing antibody against selected arboviruses. Cache Valley virus was isolated from the blood of a clinically normal horse in St Joseph County in September. The age-specific antibody prevalence for Cache Valley virus indicated enzootic transmission in the study area. The high antibody prevalence and the lack of age-specific antibody prevalence indicated sporadic, but intense, exposure to Jamestown Canyon virus. Low prevalences of antibod...
Structural studies on equine glycoprotein hormones. Amino acid sequence of equine chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit. The complete amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG beta) has been established by both automated Edman and manual 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl-Edman degradations. Specific fragments were produced by cleavage with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, trypsin, or dilute HCl. For the sequence analyses of the heavily glycosylated COOH-terminal portion, a chemical deglycosylation procedure with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid was employed. The peptide chain of eCG beta consists of 149 amino acid residues. Five or more oligosaccharide chains are attached t...
Evaluation of fenbendazole for larvacidal effect in experimentally induced Parascaris equorum infections in pony foals. Fifteen pony foals were inoculated with 1,500 +/- 298.7 infective Parascaris equorum eggs. The foals were assigned to 3 treatment groups. Treatments included 10 mg of fenbendazole/kg given once on postinoculation day (PID) 11, 10 mg of fenbendazole/kg given daily on PID 11 to 15, and no treatment (controls). The foals were euthanatized on PID 25 and examined for P equorum larvae in the small intestine, lungs, and liver. Significantly (P less than 0.05) lower mean numbers of P equorum larvae were found in the small intestine of foals treated on PID 11 to 15 (1.4 [range, 0 to 6]) than in the sma...
Cellulitis and subcutaneous abscesses caused by Rhodococcus equi infection in a foal. Cellulitis and subcutaneous abscess formation was diagnosed in a 3-month-old Thoroughbred filly. Clinical signs consisted of a large ulcerated plaque, with satellite pustules on the medial aspect of the right hock and subcutaneous abscesses in the right inguinal and mammary gland areas. Laboratory analysis revealed mature neutrophilia. Rhodococcus equi was isolated from the cellulitis and the subcutaneous abscess. Oral administration of erythromycin and rifampin for 35 days resulted in a clinical cure.
Pleuroscopic diagnosis of gastroesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. A 15-year-old Quarter Horse gelding was examined because of chronic intermittent colic of 40 days' duration. The clinical signs included acute onset of depression, ptyalism, abdominal splinting, and rolling within an hour of eating. An intramural mass of the esophagus was identified during esophagoscopy. A large soft-tissue density surrounding the distal portion of the esophagus, creating a stricture, was identified on an esophagogram. With the horse slightly sedated, pleuroscopy was performed, allowing direct visualization and biopsy of the mass. The histopathologic diagnosis was squamous cel...
Pulmonary aspergillosis in a horse with myelomonocytic leukemia. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia was diagnosed in a 2-year-old Standardbred mare that had hind limb edema and fever unresponsive to antibiotics. The mare had anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis, with circulating myeloblasts and monocytoid cells. A bone marrow specimen was hypercellular, with myeloblasts and monocytoid cells. Peroxidase, chloroacetate esterase, and alpha naphthyl acetate esterase activities were detected in many bone marrow cells. Interstitial pulmonary densities were seen radiographically. The mare was euthanatized and necropsied. Infiltrates of leukemic cells were found m...
