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Topic:Diagnostic Technique
Diagnostic techniques in equine medicine encompass a range of procedures and tools used to identify diseases, injuries, or other health conditions in horses. These techniques include imaging methods such as radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as laboratory tests like blood work and tissue biopsies. Each diagnostic method provides specific information that can aid in the assessment and management of equine health issues. Radiography is commonly used for evaluating bone structures, while ultrasonography is useful for soft tissue examination. MRI offers detailed images of both soft and hard tissues, though its use is limited by cost and availability. Laboratory tests can detect biochemical and hematological changes indicative of disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the development, application, and efficacy of various diagnostic techniques in equine veterinary practice.
Species markers for equine strongyles detected in intergenic rDNA by PCR-RFLP. Five species of equine strongyle belonging to the subfamily Strongylinae (Strongylus edentatus, S. equinus, S. vulgaris, Oesophagodontus robustus and Triodontophorus serratus) and 11 species belonging to the subfamily Cyathostominae (Poteriostomum imparidentatum, P. ratzii, Cylicocyclus insignis, Cc. leptostomus, Cc. nassatus, Cylicostephanus calicatus, Cs. longibursatus, Cs. goldi, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cy. labiatum and Cy. pateratum) were characterized using a polymerase chain reaction-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism technique (PCR-RFLP). Internal transcribed spacer ribosom...
Theoretical relationship between the post-administration time and plasma or urinary concentration of a metabolite and the unchanged drug. Administration of caffeine to horses. In a doping test for racing horses, it is useful for the elucidation of the illegal use of drugs if one can estimate the time at which the detected drug was administered. In order to estimate the time which has elapsed after the administration of caffeine (CA) into horses, the ratios of concentration for the respective metabolites to the unchanged CA in the plasma or the urine were determined. These ratios have been known to be independent of the dose of CA. The relationship between [plasma or urinary concentration of a metabolite]/ [plasma or urinary concentration of the unchanged drug] and t...
Laparoscopic ovariectomy in two horses with granulosa cell tumors. Two mares were admitted for ovariectomy of unilateral granulosa cell tumors. Both mares were ovariectomized (1 unilateral and 1 bilateral) by use of a ventral abdominal laparoscopic technique. This approach required tilting the operative table 30 degrees to elevate the pelvis and to allow observation of the ovaries. Using a single laparoscopic portal and 3 to 4 instrument portals, a triangulation technique was used. The ovarian pedicles were isolated and secured via loop ligation. The ovaries then were divided from the ligated pedicle and placed within specimen bags for extraction. The specime...
Magnetic motor evoked potentials in ponies. Magnetic stimulation of motor pathways was used to effect motor unit action potential recordings from forelimb and hindlimb muscles in unanesthetized ponies. Motor pathway conduction velocities to the forelimb and hindlimb were determined to be 53.8 +/- 9.6 m/s-1 and 63.4 +/- 8.3 m/s-1, respectively. This noninvasive technique will enable more precise evaluation of motor deficits in clinical patients than is possible with the neurological examination.
Anatomy of the ocular arteries in the horse. Orbital and intrabulbar arteries were studied in 20 equine eyes by means of latex injections and methylmethacrylate casts. The orbital branches of the external ophthalmic artery arise far caudal to the posterior pole of the eyeball and present a variable topographic arrangement. The intrabulbar arteries are supplied by ciliary and choroidoretinal arteries. Dependent on their entrance into the eyeball, the ciliary arteries are subdivided into a posterior and an anterior group. The posterior ciliary arteries perforate the sclera post equatorially and consist of 4 major vessels that penetrate in ...
Accuracy of Accusport for measurement of lactate concentrations in equine blood and plasma. The aim of this study was to investigate correlations between lactate concentrations in equine whole blood and plasma measured with Accusport1 and Yellow Springs Instruments (YSI2) (2300) methods. The effect of packed cell volume (PCV) on the accuracy of Accusport was also investigated. Blood samples were collected from Thoroughbred horses at 5-10 min intervals after a treadmill exercise test. Blood was added to NaEDTA (for PCV measurement) and to 2 tubes containing lithium heparin anticoagulant (for lactate assays). At concentrations greater than 10 mmol/l, Accusport1 greatly underestimated t...
Development of a diagnostic DNA probe to detect Setaria digitata: the causative parasite of cerebrospinal nematodiasis in goats, sheep and horses. Two repetitive sequences (IpSdM and IpSdS) have been cloned and sequenced from the genome of Setaria digitata. When IpSdM (214 bp) and IpSdS (201 bp) were aligned, a high degree of homology (85%) was observed, indicating that they belong to the same family of repeats. IpSdM represents a complete repeating element while IpSdS consists of two partial repeating elements arranged in tandem. The elements are present in about 10 000 copies comprising 2.8% of the S. digitata genome. As a diagnostic probe IpSdM detects as little as 100 pg DNA of both S. digitata and S. labiato-papillosa. It can also d...
Oblique views of the ilium and the scintigraphic appearance of stress fractures of the ilium. The research article discusses a study on the use of oblique dorsal views in detecting stress fractures in horses who participate in races. The aim of the researchers was to […]
Effect of nasal occlusion on tracheal and pharyngeal pressures in horses. To compare tracheal and pharyngeal inspiratory and expiratory pressures achieved during 60 seconds of nasal occlusion in standing horses with pressures achieved in horses during intense exercise. Methods: 5 Standardbreds. Methods: Tracheal and pharyngeal inspiratory and expiratory pressures were obtained from 5 horses during 60 seconds of nasal occlusion and compared with tracheal and pharyngeal pressures achieved during incremental treadmill exercise tests in which horses ran at 50, 75, and 100% of the speed that resulted in maximal heart rate (HRmax). Results: Significant difference was not ...
A 16S rRNA-based PCR assay for detection and identification of granulocytic Ehrlichia species in dogs, horses, and cattle. A PCR-based assay was developed for detecting DNA of granulocytic ehrlichiae in blood samples from dogs, horses, and cattle, Primers were designed from 16S rRNA sequence information to specifically amplify DNA from a newly identified Swedish Ehrlichia species. The 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence of this Swedish species differs in only two and three positions from the sequences of Ehrlichia phagocytophila and Ehrlichia equi, respectively, which were also amplified by this PCR system. For evaluation, PCR results were compared with microscopic examination of stained blood smears for the detection of...
Measurement of bone specific alkaline phosphatase in the horse: a comparison of two techniques. For many years total alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in serum has been used to monitor bone metabolism in different species. However, total AP lacks bone specificity because the total activity in serum is made up of several isoenzymes, of which the liver and bone isoforms predominate. The aim of the present study was to evaluate an immunoradiometric assay for measuring bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) in horses. BAP, a specific marker of bone formation, was measured in sera from thoroughbred horses by using a previously characterised wheat germ lectin (WGL) precipitation assay and a...
Echinococcus granulosus in Spain: strain differentiation by SDS-PAGE of somatic and excretory/secretory proteins. A comparison was made, by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), of excretory/secretory (ES)-crude and immunopurified (with the corresponding anti-host serum) hydatid fluids-and somatic (S)-protoscoleces-proteins, from several ovine, equine, swine, bovine and human Echinococcus granulosus Spanish isolates. Likewise, the host influence on parasitic ES protein expression was studied, comparing purified hydatid fluids from ovine and equine cysts obtained from natural hosts and in RNMI mice. Purified hydatid fluids patterns, under reducing conditions, yielded the mos...
Assessment of autonomic nervous function by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in the horse. We studied power spectral analysis of heart rate (HR) variability in the horse, with the hypothesis that the quantitative information provided by the spectral analysis of HR variability reflects the interaction between sympathetic and parasympathetic regulatory activities. For this purpose, electrocardiogram, blood pressure (BP) and respiratory (Resp) waveform were simultaneously recorded from Thoroughbred horses (3-5 years old) and analyzed by power spectrum. There were two major spectral components at low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) bands for HR variability. The peak of Resp varia...
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses: 538 cases (1982-1993). To describe clinical manifestations of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses and to evaluate diagnostic methods for identification of this disease. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 538 horses with a diagnosis of C pseudotuberculosis infection. Results: Median age of horses with external abscesses was similar to that in horses with internal abscesses. Breed and sex did not appear to be associated with infection. Cases were detected during all 12 months; however, the disease was most common in the fall and early winter, with the highest incidence in September, Octobe...
Instrumentation and techniques in locomotion and lameness. The success of a clinical gait laboratory depends on choosing the right equipment, installing it correctly, running calibration checks, and having skilled technical and professional personnel. For kinematic analysis, videographic or optoelectronic systems are the method of choice, with 2-D data being adequate for the majority of equine evaluations. A force plate provides a precise description of the 3-D ground reaction force; transmission of the force through the body tissues is measured using strain gauges attached to the bones and tendons. Accelerometers bonded to the hoof wall provide infor...
Instrumentation and techniques in equine fracture fixation. In recent years fracture fixation in the horse has changed significantly. New devices, mainly adapted from the human field, have been successfully introduced into large animal surgery. Examples of such implants include the DCS/DHS implant system, the self-tapping screw, the cannulated screw, and the pinless external fixator. However, new devices have also been developed exclusively for equine fracture management, including the interlocking intramedullary nail and the external skeletal fixation device. With these devices the surgeon has more options for repairing fractures in horses. Neverthele...
A method of signal processing in motion analysis of the trotting horse. The aim of this paper is to present a method of signal processing necessary for motion analysis in the trotting horse. Motion analysis is widely used to assess lameness in horses. By definition, lameness in trot is present if the movements during the stance phases of both fore or hind limbs differ. The motion of the horse is recorded using a system for motion analysis (Selcom, 1983, SELSPOT II User Manual, Pad Nr. 6710) and the vertical motion of the head during both stance phases is compared. The symmetry is analyzed comparing the values of the Fourier coefficients. Additional head movements ...
Identification of Rhodococcus equi using the polymerase chain reaction. Two regions in the gene coding for 16S rRNA in Rhodococcus equi were selected as species-specific primer sequences for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR using these primers was tested against 10 strains of R. equi (including the type strain) and gave positive results for all but was negative for all other tested species of Rhodococcus; representatives of the most closely related genera and a number of other bacterial species. This method could therefore be used to identify this species which can infect the lungs or other organs of horses, pigs, humans and other animals.
Advances in equine arthroscopy. Surgical procedures completed under arthroscopic guidance have become commonplace in many equine practices and have largely replaced surgery using arthrotomy incisions. With a limited amount of equipment, numerous diagnostic and surgical procedures can be completed. Surgeons need to become familiar with regional and intraarticular (intrasynovial) anatomy to ensure that proper surgical approaches are used, access to the lesion will be realized, and potential complications will be minimized. Specialized motorized instruments and surgical lasers are now available and may be useful in the treatmen...
Instrumentation and techniques in respiratory surgery. In this article, videoendoscopy in conjunction with high-speed treadmill exercise and other specialized diagnostic techniques used to measure upper airway function are reviewed as they pertain to the four most commonly diagnosed functional upper airway obstructions: (1) laryngeal hemiplegia, (2) arytenoid chondritis, (3) epiglottic entrapment, and (4) intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Using experimental and clinical findings obtained with these new instruments and diagnostic techniques, current recommendations for surgery of these obstructions are presented.
Instrumentation and techniques in transendoscopic upper respiratory tract laser surgery. Transendoscopic laser surgery provides equine surgeons with a safe, reliable, and minimally invasive method of performing many surgical procedures in the upper respiratory tract. Although the Nd:YAG laser has proven efficacy, other newer lasers such as the diode and holmium: YAG lasers may prove to be useful tools for equine upper respiratory tract surgery. Long grasping forceps and a high quality fiberoptic or video endoscope are critical components necessary for performing transendoscopic laser surgery. For many of the most common upper respiratory tract abnormalities, a laryngotomy can be e...
Tibial stress fractures in racing standardbreds: 13 cases (1989-1993). To determine clinical signs, radiographic and scintigraphic findings, and performance outcome of racing Standardbreds with tibial stress fractures. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 13 racing Standardbreds with tibial stress fractures. Methods: Information concerning clinical signs, diagnostic evaluation, and recommendations was obtained by review of the medical records. Performance information before and after diagnosis of the fracture was collected from racing records, and follow-up information was obtained from the owners or trainers by use of a telephone questionnaire. Results: ...
Horseshoe characteristics as possible risk factors for fatal musculoskeletal injury of thoroughbred racehorses. To evaluate selected shoe characteristics as risk factors for fatal musculoskeletal injury (FMI) and specifically for suspensory apparatus failure (SAF) and cannon bone condylar fracture (CDY) of Thoroughbred racehorses in California. Methods: Case-control study. Methods: Thoroughbred racehorses (n = 201) that died of were euthanatized at California racetracks between August 1992 and July 1994. Methods: Shoe characteristics were compared between case horses affected by FMI (155), SAF (79), and CDY (41) and control horses that died for reasons unrelated to the appendicular musculoskeletal syste...
Instrumentation and techniques in equine gastrointestinal surgery. Recent advances in abdominal surgical techniques in the horse have resulted in improved survival rates and reduced postoperative morbidity. The development of abdominal surgical procedures in horses has paralleled the development of safe anesthetic protocols and innovative technological advancements in humans. Irrespective of the species, the application of sound surgical principles is still the foundation of surgical intervention. This article describes recent advances in equine gastrointestinal surgical techniques. The availability and application of innovative intestinal surgical devices an...
Instrumentation and techniques for laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery in the horse. Equine surgery continues to benefit from advances in laparoscopic techniques. Descriptions of the normal anatomy of the standing horse and advances in instrumentation have improved our ability to perform laparoscopic surgery in both standing and dorsally recumbent horses. The common uses for laparoscopy are diagnostic laparoscopy, cryptorchidectomy, ovariectomy, and diagnostic thoracoscopy. Other reported uses include inguinal hernia repair, ruptured bladder repair, and ventral colopexy.
