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Topic:Diagnostic Technique
Diagnostic techniques in equine medicine encompass a range of procedures and tools used to identify diseases, injuries, or other health conditions in horses. These techniques include imaging methods such as radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as laboratory tests like blood work and tissue biopsies. Each diagnostic method provides specific information that can aid in the assessment and management of equine health issues. Radiography is commonly used for evaluating bone structures, while ultrasonography is useful for soft tissue examination. MRI offers detailed images of both soft and hard tissues, though its use is limited by cost and availability. Laboratory tests can detect biochemical and hematological changes indicative of disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the development, application, and efficacy of various diagnostic techniques in equine veterinary practice.
The mule (Equus mulus) as a recipient of horse (Equus caballus) embryos: Comparative aspects of early pregnancy with mares. The aim of this study was to compare the embryonic and early fetal development of horse embryos between recipient mules and mares from day 10-60 of pregnancy, in addition to hormonal (eCG and progesterone), ovarian, and uterine characteristics for approximately 4 months. Embryo donor mares (n = 5) and two groups of recipients (acyclic mules, n = 7; cyclic mares, n = 7) were used. Donor mares were monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography and inseminated using fresh semen. Cyclic recipient mares were synchronized with the donor's ovulation using PGF2α and deslorelin acetate. M...
Estimation of glomerular filtration rate by plasma clearance of iohexol in healthy horses of various ages. Plasma clearance of iohexol is a reliable method to assess the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The relationship between aging and GFR in horses is unclear. To compare GFR estimated by iohexol clearance in horses of different ages. Twenty-one clinically healthy horses were enrolled. Prospective study. Groups: (A) composed by 8 young horses (≤14 years old) with serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dL, (B) by 7 aged horses (≥20 years old) with serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dL, and (C) by 6 aged horses (≥20 years old) with serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL. Iohexol was injected (75.5 mg/kg) through...
Exercise Induced Laryngeal Obstruction in Humans and Equines. A Comparative Review. Dynamic obstructions of the larynx are a set of disorders that occur during exercise in equines and humans. There are a number of similarities in presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment. Both equines and humans present with exercise intolerance secondary to dyspnea. During laryngoscopy at rest, the larynx appears to function normally. Abnormalities are only revealed during laryngoscopy at exercise, seemingly triggered by increased ventilatory demands, and quickly resolve after cessation of exercise. Lower airway disease (asthma being the most prevalent condition), cardiac diseas...
Nonsurgical and surgical management of metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint dorsal chip fracture in the Thoroughbred racehorse. Arthroscopy is considered the treatment of choice for dorsal osteochondral chip fractures of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joints in the racehorse; however, there is no published research on non-surgical management of this injury. Objective: To compare clinical features, intra-articular medication use and return to racing in Thoroughbred racehorses with non-surgically (non-SX) or surgically (SX) managed MCP/MTP dorsal chip fracture. Methods: Retrospective observational study conducted between 2006 and 2014. Methods: Radiographs of Thoroughbred racehorses were reviewed to identify...
Application of embryo biopsy and sex determination via polymerase chain reaction in a commercial equine embryo transfer program in Argentina. Embryo biopsy for fetal sexing has clinical application, but few reports are available of its use within an active embryo transfer program. We evaluated results on biopsy of 459 embryos over one breeding season. There were no significant differences in pregnancy rate between biopsied and non-biopsied embryos (72% vs 73%) or for biopsied embryos recovered at the centre (73%) compared with those shipped overnight (72%). However, the pregnancy rate decreased significantly in shipped embryos biopsied ≥20h after collection. Overall, 86% of biopsies provided a sex diagnosis. The likelihood of a po...
Preservation of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites and immunoglobulin A through silica gel drying for field studies in horses. Non-invasive methods enable stress evaluation through measuring fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the feces avoiding stressful blood drawing or stressful restraining of animals in the field. However, FGMs and IgA are mostly analysed in freshly frozen samples, which is difficult when fresh samples cannot be frozen immediately or frozen samples cannot be stored or transported. Good results were also derived from air-dried fecal samples, which are hampered by unstable air humidity in the field. These difficulties may be overcome, when drying of samples could b...
Investigation into pathophysiology of naturally occurring palatal instability and intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) in racehorses: Thyro-hyoid muscles fatigue during exercise. Exercise induced intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) is a common cause of airway obstruction and poor performance in racehorses. The definite etiology is still unclear, but through an experimental model, a role in the development of this condition was identified in the dysfunction of the thyro-hyoid muscles. The present study aimed to elucidate the nature of this dysfunction by investigating the spontaneous response to exercise of the thyro-hyoid muscles in racehorses with naturally occurring DDSP. Intramuscular electrodes were implanted in the thyro-hyoid muscles of nin...
Re-evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of xylazine administered to Thoroughbred horses. Xylazine is widely used worldwide as a short-acting sedative in general equine and racing practice. In the UK, although it has a legitimate use during training, equine anti-doping rules state it is a prohibited substance on race day. The aim of the study was to produce a detection time (DT) to better inform European veterinary surgeons so that xylazine can be used appropriately under regulatory rules. Previous publications have various limitations pertaining to analysis method, particularly for plasma and limited length of time of sample collection. In this study, pharmacokinetic data were pro...
Use of rotational periosteal flaps in primary repair of sinofacial fractures in seven horses. Case history: Medical records were reviewed of horses (n = 7) undergoing surgery for fracture of one or more facial bones extending into the paranasal sinuses that was repaired primarily within 24 hours of the time of injury using a rotational periosteal flap, between April 2009 and May 2017. A kick from another horse was the cause of the injury of three horses, and one horse was injured when it collided with a tree. The cause of the injury of three horses was unknown.Clinical findings and treatment: Fractures were of the right maxillary bone in two horses, the left maxillary bone in two h...
Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration in horses decreases after freezing for 60 days. We investigated the stability of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in plasma after freezing for different lengths of time. The plasma ACTH concentrations of 12 horses were measured on day 0 (baseline) and over time, after stimulation with thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Samples were stored at -80°C for 3, 7, 30, 60, and 90 d, or at -20°C for 3, 7, 30, and 60 d, or between ice packs at -20°C for 3 and 7 d prior to determination of ACTH concentration. ACTH concentrations were compared to baseline (non-frozen day 0 plasma) for each storage method using a mixed model with repeated measure...
Antigen array for serological diagnosis and novel allergen identification in severe equine asthma. Severe equine asthma (sEA), which closely resembles human asthma, is a debilitating and performance-limiting allergic respiratory disorder which affects 14% of horses in the Northern Hemisphere and is associated with increased allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) against a range of environmental proteins. A comprehensive microarray platform was developed to enable the simultaneous detection of allergen-specific equine IgE in serum against a wide range of putative allergenic proteins. The microarray revealed a plethora of novel pollen, bacteria, mould and arthropod proteins significant in t...
Molecular investigation and phylogeny of species of the Anaplasmataceae infecting animals and ticks in Senegal. Our study aimed to assess the diversity of the species of Anaplasmataceae in Senegal that infect animals and ticks in three areas: near Keur Momar Sarr (northern region), Dielmo and Diop (Sine Saloum, central region of Senegal), and in Casamance (southern region of Senegal). Methods: A total of 204 ticks and 433 blood samples were collected from ruminants, horses, donkeys and dogs. Ticks were identified morphologically and by molecular characterization targeting the 12S rRNA gene. Molecular characterization of species of Anaplasmataceae infecting Senegalese ticks and animals was conducted usin...
[Ovarian Mixed Tumor in a Mare]. Pinna AE, Okada CTC, Ferreira CSC et al. Double ovarian tumor in the mare: case report. Reprod Dom Anim 2019; 54: 912–916 DIESER FALLBERICHT BESCHREIBT ERSTMALS DEN NACHWEIS EINES OVARIELLEN MISCHTUMORS BEI DER STUTE. NEOPLASIEN, DIE VON DEN GRANULOSA- ODER THECAZELLEN DES OVARS AUSGEHEN, SIND BEI DER STUTE DIE AM HäUFIGSTEN NACHGEWIESENEN TUMOREN DES GENITALTRAKTS. ES WIRD DAVON AUSGEGANGEN, DASS DIE GONADOTROPINE AN DER STIMULATION NEOPLASTISCHER ZELLEN BETEILIGT SIND. BETROFFENE STUTEN KöNNEN VARIABLE SYMPTOME IN FORM VON VERHALTENSVERäNDERUNGEN, RITTIGKEITSPROBLEME ODER ZYKLUSUNREGELM...
[Immunoglobulin concentration in equine colostrum and blood of newborn foals as well as clinically relevant IgG evaluation methods – An overview]. Due to the special structure of the equine placenta, foals depend on an adequate intake of high-quality colostrum post natum in order to ensure the development of passive immunity. The quality of the colostrum is determined, among other things, by the IgG content. This may be evaluated in the colostrum by direct and indirect methods (density and refractive index). The density of the colostrum is measured by a colostrometer and should amount to at least 1060 g/l. Refractometry is suitable for assessing the relative density or refractive index. Good equine colostrum has a Brix value of at leas...
Transendoscopic correction of epiglottic entrapment with a silicone-covered laser guide and diode laser in 29 horses. To describe the use of a silicone-covered laser guide and diode laser for surgical correction of epiglottic entrapment and report postoperative outcomes in horses with epiglottic entrapment. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Thoroughbred and standardbred racehorses (n = 29) with epiglottic entrapment. Methods: A silicone-covered laser guide was placed endoscopically to direct the diode laser cutting action during transection of the entrapping subepiglottic membrane and to act as a physical barrier between the membrane and the epiglottic cartilage. Postoperative complications and tra...
Non-Coding RNA Sequencing of Equine Endometrium During Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy. Maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) in the mare is not well defined. In a non-pregnant mare, prostaglandin F (PGF) is released on day 14 post-ovulation (PO) to cause luteal regression, resulting in loss of progesterone production. Equine MRP occurs prior to day 14 to halt PGF production. Studies have failed to identify a gene candidate for MRP, so attention has turned to small, non-coding RNAs. The objective of this study was to evaluate small RNA (<200 nucleotides) content in endometrium during MRP. Mares were used in a cross-over design with each having a pregnant and non-mated cycle. Ea...
Characterization of Equine Parvovirus in Thoroughbred Breeding Horses from Germany. An equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has been recently identified in association with equine serum hepatitis, also known as Theiler's disease. The disease was first described by Arnold Theiler in 1918 and is often observed with parenteral use of blood products in equines. However, natural ways of viral circulation and potential risk factors for transmission still remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of EqPV-H infections in Thoroughbred horses in northern and western Germany and aimed to identify potential risk factors associated with viral infections. A total of 392...
Piroplasmosis in Italian Standardbred Horses: 15 Years of Surveillance Data. This study aimed to document the prevalence of chronic equine piroplasmosis (EP) in poorly performing Standardbred racehorses and to explore associations between the disease and sex, age, and hematological parameters. Blood was collected between 2004 and 2018; blood cell counts were performed using a cell counter analyzer, biochemical parameters using a photometer, and serum proteins using agarose gel electrophoresis. Blood smears were prepared, colored with a modified Giemsa, and an experienced technician identified the presence of protozoa. The horses were categorized into piroplasmosis posi...
Outcome and complications in horses administered sterile or non-sterile fluids intravenously. Obtaining commercial fluids for intravenous administration (IVF) was challenging during a recent shortage. This necessitated use of custom-made non-sterile fluids for intravenous administration (JUGs) in some hospitals. There are no studies comparing outcome of horses treated with JUG versus IVF and limited information is available about adverse effects of JUGs. Objective: To evaluate death, complications, blood pH, and plasma electrolyte concentrations of horses that received JUG versus IVFs. Methods: One hundred eighty-six horses that received IVFs and 37 that received JUGs. Methods: A retro...
The First Detection of Equine Coronavirus in Adult Horses and Foals in Ireland. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of equine coronavirus (ECoV) in clinical samples submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Ireland. A total of 424 clinical samples were examined from equids with enteric disease in 24 Irish counties between 2011 and 2015. A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect ECoV RNA. Nucleocapsid, spike and the region from the p4.7 to p12.7 genes of positive samples were sequenced, and sequence and phylogenetic analyses were conducted. Five samples (1.2%) collected in 2011 and 2013 tested positive for ECoV. Po...
Thermal, mechanical and electrical stimuli in antinociceptive studies in standing horses: an update. To perform a literature review of the thermal and mechanical antinociceptive devices used in pharmacological studies in standing horses published after 2011 (2012-2019). To complete a full literature review about electrical stimulation used for evaluation in similar studies. Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Conclusions: A high level of standardization has been reached in antinociceptive studies in standing horses using thermal and mechanical stimuli in most recent years. Commercially available testing devices to deliver thermal, mechanical and electrical stimuli, with observ...
Multiple excisions of an equine sarcoid and the repercussions. A 13-year-old Morgan crossbred mare was presented in May 2018 with a 10-cm mass on the medial aspect of the left hind fetlock. In September and November 2018 and June 2019 the mass was incompletely excised and continued to grow. A diagnosis of spindle cell tumor, consistent with equine sarcoid, was made based on histopathology from the last excision. . Une jument Morgan croisée âgée de 13 ans a été présentée en mai 2018 avec une masse de 10 cm sur l’aspect médial du boulet arrière gauche. En septembre et novembre 2018 ainsi qu’en juin 2019, la masse avait été excisée de manièr...
Clinical aspects and diagnosis of leishmaniasis in equids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Leishmaniases are a group of diseases of zoonotic importance caused by over 20 species of protozoa of the genus Leishmania, in which domestic dogs are considered to be the main reservoir for the disease. However, the involvement of other vertebrates as reservoirs for these parasites has also been investigated. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to carry out a systematic review with meta-analysis on occurrences of leishmaniasis in equids. The case reports described animals with cutaneous symptoms of leishmaniasis (papules, nodules, ulcers or crusts) that regressed spontaneously, ...
Intrabladder pressure as predictor of intra-abdominal pressure in horses. To investigate effects of postural changes and bladder distention on intrabladder pressure whilst estimating intra-abdominal pressure in horses. Two-year cohort study. Patients admitted for elective surgical procedures unrelated to gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract. School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. 20 adult horses, 11 males (stallions and geldings) and 9 females; between 3.5 and 12 years, weighing 350 to 500 kg. Intra-abdominal pressure was directly-recorded through abdominocentesis at the ventral midline with a fluid-filled system. Intrabladder ...
Complete upper airway collapse and apnoea during tethered swimming in horses. There is limited knowledge of the breathing strategy and impact on the patency of the upper respiratory tract (URT) in swimming horses. Objective: To describe the respiratory responses and endoscopic appearance of the URT during tethered swimming in horses. Methods: Prospective descriptive study. Methods: Ten race-fit horses, with no history of URT obstruction, were examined during tethered swimming. Endoscopic examination, heart rate, sound recordings and above and below water video recordings were obtained. Plasma lactate concentration was measured before and 5 min after swimming and trache...
Relationships between antral follicle count, blood serum concentration of anti-Müllerian hormone and fertility in mares. The anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plays an inhibitory role during folliculogenesis by regulating the number of follicles entering the growing pool. Antral follicle counts (AFC) are highly correlated with serum AMH concentrations and both appear to be related to the ovarian reserve in several species. Few data on AMH and AFC in mares exist, especially with regard to fertility. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to investigate the interrelationship between antral follicle count, serum AMH concentrations and fertility outcome in mares. One hundred and twenty-seven mares were enroll...
An MRI study of solute transport in the intervertebral disc. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine partition coefficients and characteristic time constants for diffusion of MRI contrast agents in disc tissue. Methods: Twenty-two excised equine intervertebral discs were exposed to a range of contrast agents: six to manganese chloride, eight to Magnevist (gadopentetate dimeglumine) and eight to Gadovist (gadobutrol), and uptake into the disc was quantified in T-weighted images. Results: Diffusion for all contrast agents was approximately 25% faster in the nucleus than in the outer annulus; disc-average time constants ranged from (2...
The Equine Gingiva: A Gross Anatomical Evaluation. Equine periodontal disease (ePD) usually starts with food impaction, formation of diastemata, gingival inflammation and formation of periodontal pockets. This process proceeds toward the dentoalveolar space, causing detachment of tooth supporting periodontal fibers. Although several therapeutical procedures have been proposed, ePD is often only diagnosed in advanced stages, requiring dental extraction. A similar dilemma has been observed in small animal medicine, but has been overcome by the introduction of reliable examination protocols for the early diagnosis of periodontal diseases (PD). Th...
Pregnancy obtained in a late gestational mare by in vitro embryo production. Recently, the demand for invitro embryo production in the horse has increased worldwide. Most clinical transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovum pick-up (OPU) procedures are performed in non-pregnant donor mares, and few experimental studies have described invitro embryo production from oocytes of pregnant donors 21-150 days in gestation. This report discusses OPU, follicular growth and invitro embryo production in a pregnant mare during late gestation.
