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Topic:Disease Prevention
Disease prevention in horses encompasses strategies and practices aimed at minimizing the occurrence and spread of infectious and non-infectious diseases within equine populations. These practices include vaccination programs, biosecurity measures, and regular health monitoring. Vaccination helps to stimulate the horse's immune system to protect against specific pathogens, while biosecurity measures, such as quarantine and sanitation, reduce the risk of disease transmission. Regular health monitoring, including physical examinations and diagnostic testing, aids in early detection and management of potential health issues. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various methods and their effectiveness in preventing diseases in horses, as well as the development and implementation of prevention programs in different equine settings.
Control of Karoo paralysis ticks through vegetation management. Karoo paralysis, caused by feeding Ixodes rubicundus females, is a major disease of small stock in South Africa. Control methods currently practised are almost exclusively chemical based. To limit overdependance on chemicals, vegetation management was investigated as a possible method for control, to be incorporated in an integrated tick management system. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine, firstly, the extent of vertical migration and survival of ticks on long and short copper rods which simulated grasses as questing substrates; secondly, the infestation burdens of ...
Regulatory aspects of fumonisins with respect to animal feed. Animal derived residues in foods. The fumonisins are a recently discovered class of mycotoxins produced primarily by Fusarium (F.) moniliforme and F. proliferatum. Fumonisins present in mycotoxin-contaminated feed have been identified as the causative agent of equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema. To prevent these diseases, FDA has utilized informal guidance levels for fumonisins in feed and initiated a surveillance program for fumonisins in feed corn and corn by-products during FY 93 and 94. Natural contaminants present in animal feed can enter the human food supply as residues present in animal tissues an...
Protection against Ehrlichia equi is conferred by prior infection with the human granulocytotropic Ehrlichia (HGE agent). A Thoroughbred filly that developed clinical signs of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis following inoculation with the human granulocytotropic ehrlichia was shown to be resistant to challenge with Ehrlichia equi, a closely related agent. This result further substantiates the close and potentially conspecific relationship between these two granulocytotropic ehrlichiae.
Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential for repeated oral doses of trimethoprim/sulphachlorpyridazine in horses. The pharmacokinetic parameters of a powder formulation of trimethoprim/sulphachlorpyridazine were studied in eight healthy horses which received 5 mg/kg trimethoprim and 25 mg/kg sulphachlorpyridazine 12-hourly with concentrate for five days. The intake of the medicated concentrate by the horses was variable during the first two days, but after they became accustomed to the taste the intake by all the horses during the last three days was good. Faecal samples taken before and on the last day of the drug administrations were negative when cultured for salmonella. Compared with the results of a ...
Equine colonic lipomatosis. No abstract available
An assessment of mucosal immunisation in protection against Streptococcus equi (‘Strangles’) infections in horses. The ability of mucosally administered antigen to provide protection against Streptococcus equi ('Strangles') infections in horses was examined. First, an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect the immune status of horses to S. equi. This assay was used to select Strangles-naive horses for the study and also to monitor their response to immunisation. Potential vaccine candidates were: (a) orally administered paraformaldehyde killed S. equi; (b) intraperitoneally (IP) administered paraformaldehyde killed S. equi in a non-inflammatory adjuvant; (c) orally administered l...
Prophylactic efficacy of phenytoin, acetazolamide and hydrochlorothiazide in horses with hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis. Horses with hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis were challenged with an oral dose of potassium chloride, and the prophylactic efficacy of phenytoin, acetazolamide and hydrochlorothiazide was evaluated, with at least three weeks separating the trials of each drug. After the administration of potassium chloride without prophylactic medication the horses' clinical signs ranged from generalised fine muscle fasciculations to gross tremors, and weakness with occassional prolapse of the nictitating membrane; plasma potassium concentration increased significantly (P < 0.01) from 4.0 +/- 0.2 to 6.0 +/-...
Value of skin testing for predicting reactions to equine rabies immune globulin.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
The high cost of postexposure prophylaxis for rabies is one reason that treatment is inadequate in developing countries. This problem has kindled interest in the use of equine rabies immune globulin, which is a less expensive, yet effective, substitute for human rabies immune globulin. Fatal anaphylaxis is a feared complication of the administration of heterologous serum; therefore, authoritative sources recommend prior skin testing. However, recommendations for methods of administering such a skin test and for its interpretation vary greatly. We embarked on a long-term study to develop guidel... Application of an equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) type-specific ELISA to the management of an outbreak of EHV1 abortion. Sera from 33 Australian thoroughbred mares were tested during an outbreak of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) abortion with an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) for the presence of EHV1-specific antibodies. The ELISA used a recombinant EHV1 antigen derived from glycoprotein G (gG) and distinguished antibodies to EHV1 from those of the antigenically related and widespread herpesvirus EHV4. Sera were obtained from most of the mares on three occasions, three, 13 and 67 days after the first abortion. Mares which were negative in the ELISA were kept separate from mares which were positive. A sec...
Emergence of a new epidemic/epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in South America. One of the most important questions in arbovirology concerns the origin of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses; these viruses caused periodic, extensive epidemics/epizootics in the Americas from 1938-1973 (reaching the United States in 1971) but had recently been presumed extinct. We have documented the 1992 emergence of a new epidemic/epizootic VEE virus in Venezuela. Phylogenetic analysis of strains isolated during two outbreaks indicated that the new epidemic/epizootic virus(es) evolved recently from an enzootic VEE virus in northern South America. These results suggest co...
Disinfecting equine facilities. Disinfection of equine premises provides a challenge to farm managers, in view of the variety of surfaces which may be contaminated and the wide variety of horse pathogens. Of the commonly occurring infectious diseases for which disinfection and disease control are especially important, rotavirus diarrhoea, salmonellosis and strangles are the most difficult to control. Phenolic disinfectants have been scientifically demonstrated to be effective in the presence of organic matter and are also virucidal. When used after thorough cleaning and rinsing of stall surfaces, phenolics have proved effect...
Outbreak of equine influenza among horses in Hong Kong during 1992. Equine-2 influenza virus A (H3N8) infection occurred among vaccinated thoroughbred horses in Hong Kong during November and December 1992. The outbreak was unique in that it occurred among a large population stabled under intensive conditions. It resulted in the postponement of seven race meetings over a period of 32 days. The outbreak originated after the importation of horses 25 to 32 days before any clinical signs were reported. Vaccination did not prevent 75 per cent of the population from becoming infected, and half the infected horses developed clinical signs. Vaccination did, however, co...
Slowing the spread of anthelmintic resistant nematodes of horses in the United Kingdom. The growing importance of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomes (small strongyles) of horses poses a threat to the health and welfare of all types of horses. On the basis of published information on cyathostomes of horses, six recommendations are made for reducing the development and spread of anthelmintic resistant nematodes. The need for restraint in the use of anthelmintics, the application of epidemiological principles of worm control and a greater emphasis on pasture management are the principal recommendations.
Clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of flood plain staggers, a corynetoxicosis of livestock grazing Agrostis avenacea. Flood plain staggers, a corynetoxicosis of grazing livestock, occurred on flood plains of the Darling river in northern New South Wales between spring 1990 and autumn 1991, associated with the grazing of Agrostis avenacea with diseased inflorescences. Over this period 1722 cattle, 2466 sheep and 11 horses died on 31 farms. Clinical signs were similar in sheep and cattle, being characterised by intermittent episodes of cerebral convulsion superimposed on varying degrees of cerebellar dysfunction. Pathological changes were variable and non-specific, principally reflecting trauma and the generali...
First recorded outbreak of equine viral arteritis in the United Kingdom. Equine viral arteritis was diagnosed for the first time in the United Kingdom in 1993. The outbreak began on a non-thoroughbred stud in south Nottinghamshire and spread to five other premises through chilled semen used for artificial insemination and from acutely and subclinically infected mares returning home. The outbreak was contained on these six premises by means of voluntary movement restrictions. The most commonly observed clinical signs were typical: pyrexia with depression, and conjunctivitis with periorbital oedema; nasal discharge, and oedema of the distal limbs, prepuce and mammary...
Parasitic dermatoses that cause pruritus in horses. Insect hypersensitivity is the most common cause of equine pruritus. It is a seasonal, highly pruritic dermatosis that is caused by the salivary antigens of biting insects. The most common insects are discussed in terms of the area of the horse affected, clinical signs, therapy, and preventative strategies.
Cellular and antibody responses to equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 following vaccination of horses with modified-live and inactivated viruses. The ability of monovalent and bivalent equine herpesvirus (EHV) vaccines to stimulate cellular and antibody responses to EHV-1 and EHV-4 was compared in healthy horses. Comparison of data from lymphocyte blastogenesis tests in which live viruses were used as antigens and that were conducted prior to vaccination and after 2 vaccinations revealed that horses given modified-live EHV-1 had significant increases in proliferative responses to EHV-1 (P = 0.03) and EHV-4 (P = 0.04). Responses to EHV-1 and EHV-4 in horses given the inactivated-virus bivalent vaccine were less; however, significant diff...
