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Topic:Disease Treatment
Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
Pharmacokinetics of topically applied ciprofloxacin in equine tears. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of topically applied ciprofloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solution in tears of healthy horses. Methods: Twenty healthy, adult, mixed-breed horses. Methods: Twenty study horses were confirmed free of ophthalmic disease by complete ophthalmic examination. Seventy microliters of 0.3% ciprofloxacin (Ciloxan) was placed in the ventral cul-de-sac of each eye using a microliter syringe and 19-g cannula. Population kinetics were carried out by sampling the tear film from the lower cul-de-sac of each eye with tear test strips at 5, 10, 15 and 30 min and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h post ad...
Neuropathic changes in equine laminitis pain. Laminitis is a common debilitating disease in horses that involves painful disruption of the lamellar dermo-epidermal junction within the hoof. This condition is often refractory to conventional anti-inflammatory analgesia and results in unremitting pain, which in severe cases requires euthanasia. The mechanisms underlying pain in laminitis were investigated using quantification of behavioural pain indicators in conjunction with histological studies of peripheral nerves innervating the hoof. Laminitic horses displayed consistently altered or abnormal behaviours such as increased forelimb lifti...
Retrobulbar dermoid cyst in a horse: a case report. A 4-year-old Andalusian horse was presented for examination following a 3-month history of exophthalmos of the right eye and a soft swelling of the right supraorbital fossa noted after blunt head trauma. Ultrasonographic examination of the swelling showed an anecogenic mass of 5 cm in diameter involving the retrobulbar space. Centesis of the mass through the supraorbital fossa was performed and yielded a serous fluid with 7.2 g/dL of total protein and density of 1040. No cells were seen in the sample. A tentative diagnosis of cyst was made. The cyst was surgically removed and the definitive hi...
Parascaris equorum in foals and in their environment on a Swedish stud farm, with notes on treatment failure of ivermectin. Environmental contamination and the egg excretion pattern of the ascarid Parascaris equorum (Nematoda) was investigated in relation to anthelmintic treatment on a Swedish stud farm. Faecal samples from 15 foals, dewormed every 8th-week with a paste formulation of ivermectin at the standard dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg bodyweight, were collected at five sampling occasions between August and November 2006. In addition, soil samples were obtained from four paddocks used by these foals in November 2006. The number of eggs per gram (epg) was counted in both faeces and soil. Egg excretion started when the...
Calcified tumours of the paranasal sinuses in three horses. Three horses, a 10-year-old Thoroughbred mare, a 9-year-old Thoroughbred gelding and a 6-year-old Arab gelding, with calcified tumours of the paranasal sinuses, are described. All horses presented with purulent nasal discharges and facial distortion. Exophthalmos, blepharospasm and ocular discharge were also a feature in individual horses. A presumptive diagnosis of a calcified tumour was made on the basis of clinical signs and radiographic and endoscopic findings. The tumours ranged from 15 to 25 cm in diameter. A large frontonasal bone flap was used to expose the tumours, which were cleaved ...
Retinal detachment in horses: 40 cases (1998-2005). To determine clinical features, ophthalmic examination findings, etiology, treatment, and outcome of horses diagnosed with retinal detachment (RD). Methods: Forty horses, presented to the North Carolina State University and The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospitals from 1998 to 2005 that were diagnosed with RD. PROCEDURE(S): Horses with documented RD, confirmed either on ophthalmic examination or by ultrasonography, and with a complete medical record were included. Information retrieved from the medical records included signalment, presenting complaint, duration of clinical signs...
Primary intraocular primitive neuroectodermal tumor (retinoblastoma) causing unilateral blindness in a gelding. A 14-year-old gray gelding was presented for investigation of a visible, pale-colored ocular mass in the right eye. An intraocular mass was identified clinically and ultrasonographically as originating from the superior nasal quadrant of the ciliary body and retina. The mass occupied the majority of the vitreous chamber and some of the superior anterior chamber of the eye. The affected eye was blind. Following exenteration, a primary intraocular primitive neuroectodermal tumor (i.e. a retinoblastoma/medulloepithelioma), a rarely described intraocular mass in adult horses, was identified by pat...
An outbreak of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in a standardbred herd in Ontario. An outbreak of protein-losing enteropathy associated with Lawsonia intracelluaris infection was diagnosed in 6 standardbred foals from a farm in Ontario. Wildlife exposure may have been involved in the perpetuation of disease in this outbreak. The clinical presentation, treatment, outcomes, and pathological findings are described. Éclosion d’infections à Lawsonia intracellularis dans un troupeau de Standardbred en Ontario. Une éclosion d’entéropathies exsudatives associée à une infection à Lawsonia intracellularis a été diagnostiquée chez 6 poulains Standardbred d’une ferme de ...
The equine TLR4/MD-2 complex mediates recognition of lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides as an agonist. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antagonists inhibit the response of inflammatory cells to LPS, presumably by competitive inhibition, and may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of endotoxemia and sepsis. The inhibitory effects of some LPS antagonists are restricted to certain host species, however, as the same molecules can have significant endotoxic activity in other species. This species-specific recognition appears to be mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and/or MD-2. We have shown previously that LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides ( RsLPS) is an LPS antagonist in human cells but an agonis...
Transvenous electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in six horses using custom made cardioversion catheters. Pharmacological conversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm in horses can be difficult. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of transvenous electrical cardioversion with custom made catheters in eight horses, of which three had failed cardioversion using quinidine sulfate. Two cardioversion catheters and one pacing/sensing electrode were inserted via the right jugular vein and placed using ultrasound guidance into the left pulmonary artery, the right atrium and the right ventricle, respectively. Because immediate recurrence of AF was encountered in the seco...
Use of free text clinical records in identifying syndromes and analysing health data. The analysis of data in clinical records could be useful to epidemiologists in planning analytical studies and identifying new research initiatives. This paper describes the method used to develop a systematic, replicable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories on the basis of explicit rules of user-defined coding, and systematically sorting a large volume of records accurately and reliably. The method was used to categorise the reasons for retirement from racing in Hong Kong of 3727 thoroughbred racehorses between the 1992/93 and 2003/04 racing seasons into ...
The efficacy of different hCG dose rates and the effect of hCG treatment on ovarian activity: ovulation, multiple ovulation, pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, synchrony of multiple ovulation; in the mare. Despite the widespread use of hCG to advance ovulation in the mare there is little information on efficacy of dose rates and any contraindications of its use. This study aims to investigate the effect of dose of hCG on ovulation within 48h and the effect of hCG on: ovulation, multiple ovulation (MO), pregnancy, multiple pregnancy (MP) rates and synchrony of MO; additionally whether any seasonal effect is evident. Sequential ultrasonic scanning was used to monitor the occurrence of ovulation, within 48h of treatment, in 1291 Thoroughbred mares treated with either 750iu hCG or 1500iu hCG s.c. Ov...
The use of age-clustered pooled faecal samples for monitoring worm control in horses. A study was performed on two horse farms to evaluate the use of age-clustered pooled faecal samples for monitoring worm control in horses. In total 109 horses, 57 on farm A and 52 on farm B, were monitored at weekly intervals between 6 and 14 weeks after ivermectin treatment. This was performed through pooled faecal samples of pools of up to 10 horses of the groups 'yearlings' (both farms), '2-year-old' (two pools in farm A), '3-year-old' (farm A) and adult horses (four pools on farm A and five pools on farm B), which were compared with the mean individual faecal egg counts of the same pools. ...
Chronic granulocytic leukemia in a horse. A nine year old quarter horse exhibited progressive weight loss and inappetance over a 47 day period. There was clinical evidence of pleuritis and pneumonia substantiated by leukocytosis and elevated protein in pleural fluid. Over the entire period the horse was neutropenic and had circulating abnormal immature granulocytes and low numbers of blast cells. Anemia and thrombocytopenia progressively worsened. Bone marrow examination revealed very few mature granulocytes but large numbers of immature cells of the granulocytic series and marked megaloblastic transformation of erythroid cells. These...
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli from swine, horses, dogs and cats as determined in the BfT-GermVet monitoring program 2004-2006. A total of 417 isolates of Escherichia coli collected from five animal species/organ system combinations from swine [urinary/genital tract (UGT) incl. mastitis metritis agalactia syndrome], horses [genital tract (GT)] and dogs/cats [respiratory tract (RT), UGT and gastrointestinal tract (GIT)] were analysed quantitatively for their susceptibility against different antimicrobial agents by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Regardless of which animal species the strains originated from, resistance appeared most frequently against sulfamethoxazole (18-59%), tetracycline (14-54 %)...
Management and complications of anesthesia for transvenous electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in horses: 62 cases (2002-2006). To describe management of anesthesia for transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) in horses and report perianesthetic complications. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 62 horses with atrial fibrillation and without underlying cardiac disease and 60 horses without atrial fibrillation. Methods: Medical records of horses with atrial fibrillation anesthetized for TVEC were reviewed, as were records of horses without atrial fibrillation anesthetized for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The TVEC group horses were compared with MRI group horses for incidence of intraoperative bradycardi...
Safety and efficacy in geese of a PER.C6-based inactivated West Nile virus vaccine. Studies were performed with an inactivated vaccine against the mosquito-borne flavivirus, West Nile virus (WNV). The mammalian cell line, PER.C6, was selected as the platform for WNV growth since both the neurovirulent strains NY99 and ISR98 that cause epidemics in humans and high mortality in geese, respectively, could be propagated to high titers (10(9) to 10(10)TCID(50)/ml) on these cells. Based on the high DNA homology of the WNV envelope (E) protein and non-structural protein 5 (NS5), and identical neurovirulence in mice and geese, we concluded that NY99 and ISR98 viruses are closely rela...
Diagnostic imaging of the equine tarsal region using radiography and ultrasonography. Part 2: bony disorders. This is the second part of a two-part review of the structures and disorders of the equine tarsus. In this part the bones of the tarsal region are considered and the technical aspects of taking radiographic, ultrasonographic and scintigraphic images of the different lesions are addressed. The diagnostic use of arthroscopy, computed tomography and magnetic resonance are discussed. In current clinical practice the most frequently used combination to arrive at a diagnosis is still radiography and ultrasonography.
Surgical management and outcome of a type-III Salter-Harris fracture of the frontal plane of the distal radial physis in a foal. A 4-week-old Thoroughbred filly presented with lameness of acute, severe onset of the left foreleg (LF) of 3 days' duration. Results: Diffuse swelling was present around the distal radius and carpus of the LF. Carpal varus that could be reduced manually was present. Radiographs revealed an intra- articular frontal-plane fracture in the distal radial epiphysis, which continued cranially through the distal radial physis (DRP). The lateral aspect of the DRP was wider than expected. Latero-medial carpal instability was resolved by placement of a lag screw from the dorsal midline through the epiphy...
Incidence of myiasis in Panama during the eradication of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel 1858, Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2002-2005). We present the results of a study on myiasis in Panama during the first years of a Cochliomyia hominivorax eradication program (1998-2005), with the aim of investigating the behavior of the flies that produce myiasis in animals and human beings. The hosts that registered positive for myiasis were cattle (46.4%), dogs (15.3%), humans (14.7%), birds (12%), pigs (6%), horses (4%), and sheep (1%). Six fly species caused myiasis: Dermatobia hominis (58%), Phaenicia spp. (20%), Cochliomyia macellaria (19%), Chrysomya rufifacies (0.4%), and maggots of unidentified species belonging to the Sarcophagid...
In vitro susceptibility patterns of fungi associated with keratomycosis in horses of the northeastern United States: 68 cases (1987-2006). To determine in vitro susceptibility patterns of fungi associated with keratomycosis in horses in the northeastern United States and compare those patterns with results of studies from other geographic regions. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 68 horses with keratomycosis. Methods: Medical records of horses with a clinical diagnosis of keratomycosis, positive results of corneal fungal cultures, and susceptibility data were reviewed from the years 1987 to 2006. Fungal identification and in vitro antifungal susceptibility test results were recorded. The percentage of susceptible isol...
Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole following intravenous and oral administration and body fluid concentrations of voriconazole following repeated oral administration in horses. To determine the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole following IV and PO administration and assess the distribution of voriconazole into body fluids following repeated PO administration in horses. Methods: 6 clinically normal adult horses. Methods: All horses received voriconazole (10 mg/kg) IV and PO (2-week interval between treatments). Plasma voriconazole concentrations were determined prior to and at intervals following administration. Subsequently, voriconazole was administered PO (3 mg/kg) twice daily for 10 days to all horses; plasma, synovial fluid, CSF, urine, and preocular tear film con...
Antibodies to elastin peptides in sera of Warmblood horses at different ages. Early diagnosis and monitoring progression of chronic diseases in elastin-rich tissues, such as chronic progressive lymphoedema in draught horses and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is still a real challenge in the horse. Use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect anti-elastin antibody (AEAb) levels might be useful to assess the status of such diseases. Baseline levels, representing physiological breakdown of elastin in normal horses, are not available at present. Objective: Levels of AEAb in healthy horses are generally low and follow the same age-related patte...
Do subcutaneous sutures increase risk of laparotomy wound suppuration? Incisional drainage and suppuration occurs commonly following exploratory laparotomy; any technique with the potential to reduce the incidence of this complication warrants investigation. Objective: To determine if abandoning the use of subcutaneous sutures in laparotomy wound closure is safe and whether it reduces the risk of suppuration. Methods: A randomised controlled study was carried out at 2 referral hospitals in the UK, involving 309 horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy; 150 horses underwent '2-layer' closure without a subcutaneous suture, while 159 underwent conventional '3-layer'...
