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Topic:Disease
The study of diseases in horses encompasses a wide range of conditions affecting equine health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic abnormalities. These diseases can impact various systems within the horse, such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems, and can lead to significant health challenges. Research in this area focuses on understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of equine diseases. Common diseases studied include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, and laminitis. This page provides access to peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies of diseases in horses, contributing to the advancement of equine veterinary medicine.
Case control and historical cohort study of diarrhea associated with administration of trimethoprim-potentiated sulphonamides to horses and ponies. Trimethoprim-potentiated sulphonamides (TPS) are among the most frequently administered antimicrobials in equine medicine. Anecdotally, TPS has been implicated as a cause of mild to moderate diarrhea in horses. The purpose of this study was to document the prevalence of diarrhea in horses receiving TPS, to characterize the severity of the diarrhea, and to identify any other factors associated with the development of diarrhea. A 2-part study was designed to identify the prevalence of diarrhea associated with TPS in our clinic population. Part I was a case-control retrospective study of 135 reco...
[Detection of chlamydiae in animal and human semen using direct immunofluorescence]. Frequency of elementary and reticular chlamydial bodies was investigated by direct immunofluorescence tests in ejaculates collected from 52 men, 60 stallions, 42 bulls, and 66 boars using the kits of Progen Biotechnic GmbH and the microscope Labophot-2 Nikon. At the same time, qualitative semen tests, including ejaculate volume, sperm motility, percentage of live and dead sperms and morphological' analyses (Vĕzník and Svecová, 1992) were done. Repeatability of the findings was checked in a group of nine bulls housed at the institute and sampled at weekly intervals for 3 to 4 months (Tab. 1)...
In vitro cytotoxic activity of equine lymphocytes on equine herpesvirus-1 infected allogenic fibroblasts. The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a technique to analyze the in vitro cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes from adult horses against equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infected allogenic equine dermal fibroblasts (EDF); (2) evaluate the ability of a 72-h in vitro incubation with interleukin-2 (IL-2) to enhance the lymphocytic cytolytic activity against EHV-1 infected EDF; (3) compare the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes isolated from pregnant mares and non-pregnant mares against EHV-1 infected EDF; (4) ascertain if any correlations existed between the percent cytotoxicity and percentag...
Clinical presentation of experimentally induced rabies in horses. Twelve naive and nine test-vaccinated horses which developed clinical signs of rabies as a result of the required protocol of a vaccine trial were prospectively observed. Nineteen of the 21 cases were confirmed positive for rabies infection of the brain by fluorescent antibody test. The two horses with negative results had ganglioneuritis of the trigeminal ganglion or lymphocytic perivascular cuffing in the brain stem in addition to clinical signs. Average incubation period was 12.3 days and average morbidity was 5.5 days. Naive animals had significantly shorter incubation and morbidity period...
Induction of early-phase endotoxin tolerance in horses. Six, clinically healthy horses, of mixed age and sex, were infused via a jugular venous catheter with 100 ml of pyrogenfree sterile saline (PFSS; 0.9% NaCl). Animals were infused with Escherichia coli O55:B5 endotoxin (total dose = 50 ng/kg bwt), 24 (LPS-1) and 48 h (LPS-2) after PFSS infusion. Blood was collected before, and every 15 min after, each infusion for the first 8 h and then every 2 h for the following 14 h. Clinical responses (rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate and blood pressure) were determined before and every 4 h after each infusion for 20 h. Geometric mean anti-e...
Generation of in vitro natural cytotoxicity of horse lymphocytes against sarcoid-derived tumor cells not expressing major histocompatibility complex antigens. To analyze in vitro lymphocyte-mediated immune responses of horses with sarcoids against allogeneic sarcoid cells containing endogenous retrovirus but not expressing major histocompatibility complex antigens. Methods: Lymphocyte-mediated immune reactions were assessed by means of proliferative responses in mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture (MLTC) assay and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against various equine target cells. Methods: 12 horses with sarcoid tumors and 15 control horses. Methods: Blood lymphocytes were cocultured in MLTC with allogeneic sarcoid cells (Mc-1, BayMc-1), equine te...
Sequence analysis and polymerase chain reaction amplification of small subunit ribosomal DNA from Sarcocystis neurona. To identify Sarcocystis neurona-specific DNA sequences in the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (nss-rRNA) gene that could be used to distinguish S neurona from other closely related protozoal parasites, and to evaluate a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, using broad based primers and a unique species-specific probe on CSF for detection of S neurona in equids. Methods: Sequencing of the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA gene from a new S neurona isolate (UCD 1) was performed. The sequence was compared with that of other closely related Sarcocystidae parasites. From this sequence, conse...
Comparison of the deduced matrix and fusion protein sequences of equine morbillivirus with cognate genes of the Paramyxoviridae. The nucleotide sequence of the matrix protein of equine morbillivirus (EMV) was determined to be 1062 nucleotides and coded for a deduced protein of M(r) 40148 having a net charge of + 19 at neutral pH. The matrix protein gene was separated from the P and F genes by intercistronic regions of 546 and 469 nucleotides, respectively. The nucleotide sequence which coded for the F protein was 1641 nucleotides and coded for a deduced protein of 546 amino acids having an M(r) of 60,447 and a charge + 4 at neutral pH. Partial sequence information was also determined for the P/V proteins. M, P and F pro...
Residence and recruitment of leucocytes to the equine lung after EHV-1 infection. This study characterised bronchoalveolar leucocytes collected by lavage from five susceptible and two immune ponies before and after nebulised aerosol infection with equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). Leucocyte counts and lymphocyte phenotypic analyses were performed using either differential staining or an indirect immunofluorescence assay with monoclonal antibodies specific for equine (Eq) CD4, CD5, CD8 and B lymphocytes. After EHV-1 infection, significant changes developed: a transient neutrophilia occurred on Day 2, coincident with a reduction in macrophage numbers and an EqCD5+, EqCD4+ and EqCD...
Evaluation of outbreaks of disease attributable to eastern equine encephalitis virus in horses. To evaluate outbreaks of disease attributable to eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) in horses in Michigan, and the associated environmental patterns and weather conditions, so that factors could be identified that may have predisposed horses in specific areas of the state to infections with EEEV. Methods: Epidemiologic retrospective records analysis. Methods: Data on EEEV vectors, wild-bird reservoir hosts, and incidental hosts, including horses and human beings, obtained from census reports and medical records compiled between 1942 and 1991. Methods: Patterns detected during outbreaks o...
Nasal obstruction caused by nutritional osteodystrophia fibrosa in a group of Ethiopian horses. A severe, advanced case of nutritional osteodystrophia fibrosa is described in a 10-year-old gelding with primary upper respiratory obstruction and chronic weight loss, which was one of a group of similarly affected horses in Ethiopia. The diagnosis was based on the clinical signs, gross lesions, histopathology and management history. The affected bones had suffered severe mineral depletion.
A mare with colic caused by an ovarian tumour. An 11-year-old Arabian mare had sudden signs of colic 10 days post partum. Rectal examination revealed a large mass in the abdomen. The mare was successfully operated on for a granulosa cell tumour of 31.5 kg. The large abdominal wound healed by primary intention.
Full protection against African horsesickness (AHS) in horses induced by baculovirus-derived AHS virus serotype 4 VP2, VP5 and VP7. African horsesickness virus serotype 4 (AHSV-4) outer capsid protein VP2, or VP2 and VP5 plus inner capsid protein VP7, derived from single or dual recombinant baculovirus expression vectors were used in different combinations to immunize horses. When the proteins were purified by affinity chromatography, the combination of all three proteins induced low levels of neutralizing antibodies and conferred protection against virulent virus challenge. However, purified VP2 or VP2 and VP5 in the absence of VP7 failed to induce neutralizing antibodies and protection. Immunization with non-purified pro...
[Paramphostomid infestation in equids in Egypt]. The investigation of 156 donkeys in the area of the veterinary faculty of the Tanta University in Kafr el-Sheikh showed that 49 animals (31.41%) were infected with trematodes, 34 donkeys (21.80%) served as hosts for Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus, 22 (14.10%) were infected with Fasciola gigantica und 7 (4.49%) with both trematodes. 6 of 40 examined horses (15.0%) showed monoinfections with G. aegyptiacus only. Because of the fragmentary knowledge on these paramphistomides of equids, some aspects concerning the morphology, pathology and clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, occurrence, host spec...
Genomic quasispecies associated with the initiation of infection and disease in ponies experimentally infected with equine infectious anemia virus. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) provides a uniquely dynamic system in which to study the mechanism and role of genomic variation in lentiviral persistence and pathogenesis. We have used a Shetland pony model of infection to investigate the association of specific long terminal repeat (LTR) and env gene genomic sequences with the initiation of infection and the onset of disease. We analyzed viral RNA isolated from a pathogenic stock of virus (EIAV PV) and from plasma taken during the first disease episode from two ponies infected with EIAV PV. Overall sequence variation within gp90 was lo...
[Polydactyly in a foal–a case report]. Polydactylism, an excess deformity in a foal is described. The hereditary pathology and etiopathogenesis are discussed. A method of surgical correction of the deformed extremity is introduced. Indication and prognosis of the surgical correction of polydactylism and aspects concerning the breeding management are discussed.
Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and microbiological culture for detection of salmonellae in equine feces and environmental samples. To compare the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with microbiological culture for detecting salmonellae in equine fecal samples and equine environmental swab specimens. Methods: Samples and specimens were tested by PCR and microbiological culture. Methods: A fecal sample from each of 152 horses admitted consecutively to the clinic for evaluation by the outpatient service, 282 fecal samples from 110 hospitalized horses that had been submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory, and 313 environmental swab specimens were examined. Methods: Each sample and specimen in the study w...
Elevation of serum G-CSF level in horses with transportation-induced fever. Levels of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the blood of horses were measured before and after a long-distance transportation to clarify the pathogenesis of transportation-induced fever. The serum G-CSF level was measured by its ability to stimulate growth in a mouse myeloblastic cell line, NFS-60. Of 26 horses transported for a long distance, 9 had fever more than 39.0 degrees C during or after transportation. After transportation, the serum G-CSF level significantly increased in horses with transportation-induced fever but not in those without fever, and the serum G-CSF level ...
Detection of equine infectious anemia viral RNA in plasma samples from recently infected and long-term inapparent carrier animals by PCR. Control of equine infectious anemia (EIA) is currently based on detection of anti-EIA virus (EIAV) antibodies. However, serologic diagnostic methods may give false-negative results in infected horses that fail to respond adequately or are in the early stages of infection. We developed a reverse transcriptase nested PCR (RT-nPCR) assay for the detection of viral gag gene sequences in plasma from EIAV-infected horses. The ability of RT-nPCR to detect field strains of EIAV was investigated by assaying plasma samples from 71 horses stabled on EIA quarantine ranches. Positive PCR signals were detec...
Control of Babesia equi parasitemia. Infection of horses with the hemoprotozoan Babesia equi has been reported in southern Florida, US Virgin Islands, part of Asia, Russia, India, the Middle East, Europe, Africa, Australia, South America, Central America, Mexico, Philippine Islands and some Caribbean islands. The restrictions placed on the international movement of infected horses has refocused attention on potential methods to control or eliminate infection. Don Knowles here discusses the primary chemotherapeutic compounds that have been used; the current knowledge concerning immune responses that potentially contribute to contr...
