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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
A field survey on anthelmintic resistance in equine small strongyles in Norway. A field survey at 17 stables involving 221 horses was performed to evaluate the presence of anthelmintic resistance in the equine small strongyles (cyathostomes). The horses were allocated into treatment groups, and resistance to fenbendazole (FBZ), pyrantel pamoate (PYR) and ivermectin (IVM) was tested by the faecal egg count reduction test (FECR-test). Faecal samples were collected at the time of treatment, 14 days post treatment and 90 days post treatment. Resistance to FBZ, which was defined as a faecal egg count reduction < 95%, was found in 14 out of 17 stables. In 2 of the 14 stables...
Molecular analysis of an XY mare with gonadal dysgenesis. In this study, cytogenetic analysis of an infertile mare revealed a 64, XY karyotype. The XY sex-reversed animal had a female phenotype with gonadal dysgenesis. Using Southern blot analysis, we tested for the presence of two Y-specific genes SRY and ZFY by using DNA isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. The results showed that at least the DNA-binding domain of the SRY gene was deleted from the Y chromosome of the XY mare but that the ZFY gene was present on this chromosome.
Rhodococcal abortion and pneumonia in an equine fetus. No abstract available
Platelet activating factor mimics antigen-induced cutaneous inflammatory responses in sweet itch horses. Hypersensitivity responses to biting flies such as Culicoides are believed to be the cause of sweet itch, a seasonal intensely pruritic skin condition of horses. Little is known about the mediators released by antigen in the skin of affected horses. In the present study the cutaneous vascular and cellular responses to intradermally injected platelet activating factor (PAF) have been characterised in sweet itch cases during the active phase of the disease and compared with those of Culicoides antigen extract. Histamine was used as a positive control in vascular permeability studies. Responses w...
Spermatophagy in the stallion epididymis: a scanning and transmission electron microscopy study. The occurrence of phagocytosis of spermatozoa in the epididymis is a controversial issue in male reproductive biology. In this paper we documented, by scanning and electron microscopy, the presence of spermatophages in the lumen of the proximal region of stallion epididymis. Sperm phagocytosis involving the principal cells that line the cauda epididymidis region was also observed. The possible meaning of this process in the removal of damaged, aged or surplus spermatozoa is discussed. These observations were made in samples obtained from random cases, during the course of research work carried...
A note on the concurrent isolation, from horses and ponies, of influenza A/EQ-1 and A/EQ-2 viruses from an epidemic of equine influenza in India. A/eq-1 and A/eq-2 influenza viruses were isolated simultaneously from an epidemic of equine influenza in north India. Evidently, both types of equine influenza viruses circulated in the equine population at the same time.
Isolation and identification of two potent neurotoxins, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, from yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Horses grazing for prolonged periods on yellow star thistle (YST), a plant which grows wild in western parts of the United States, develop an extrapyramidal disorder known as nigropallidal encephalomalacia (NPE). Attempts have been made to identify, isolate, and characterize the toxins responsible for the disease in animals. Using the organotypic tissue culture system on mouse cortical explants as a specific assay method for neurotoxicological evaluation, it has been possible to isolate and characterize two potent neuroexcitotoxic compounds, aspartic and glutamic acids, the former being the ma...
Fibrosing granulomas in the equine liver and peritoneum: a retrospective morphologic study. Fibrosing granulomas were found in the liver and occasionally on the intestinal and diaphragmatic serosae and in the lung of 11 horses submitted for necropsy. Although these granulomas were considered incidental findings in most of the horses, they had caused liver failure in 1 horse. The granulomas typically were characterized by a dense collagenous core that frequently was mineralized. The periphery contained a rim of inflammatory cells. Only in 1 of the 11 horses was there evidence of an egg shell suggestive of schistosomes. Schistosomal eggs were not detected in the feces of the horses. Th...
A scanning electron-microscopic analysis of the morphology of equine lower lip sinus hair. Sinus hairs, which are tactile organs of most mammals, are differentiated into cavernous and sinus types. The horse has the cavernous type. Horse lower lips were perfused in diluted Karnovsky's fixative and sinus hair processed for scanning electron microscopy. Anastomosing trabeculae of different thickness and shape originate from the internal connective tissue layer and extend to the external layer, thus forming a dense meshwork suspending the hair root like a net. However, many of the distal trabeculae do not reach the external wall of the blood sinus but end in a finger-like knob within th...
Incidence and risk factors of equine motor neuron disease: an ambidirectional study. We have conducted an ambidirectional study to estimate the incidence of equine motor neuron disease (EMND) in the northeastern US. The clinical and pathological features of EMND are similar to those described in human motor neuron disease. We have also collected data on all EMND cases reported in the US and described the geographic distribution of the disease. To identify factors associated with the risk of EMND, the authors assembled 163 control horses from the population in which cases were identified. The significance of association between the hypothesized factors and the risk of EMND was ...
Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi causing ringworm of horses. From 60 horses showing skin lesions, 42% were positive for fungal infection. Horses less than 2-year old were more susceptible to this infection. Fourteen species belonging to nine genera of keratinophilic and cycloheximide-resistant fungi were recovered from collected specimens. Trichophyton was the dominant genus of which T. equinum was the most common. This species proved to be the main causative agent of ringworm in horses. In addition to dermatophytes, many species of the isolated fungi were keratinophilic. The presence of such fungi on hairs and skin of horses may create an opportunity f...
Continuous in vitro cultivation of erythrocytic stages of Babesia equi. The protozoan parasite Babesia equi, a causative agent of equine piroplasmosis, was continuously cultivated in horse erythrocytes. The parasites were isolated from a carrier horse at a time when no parasite was detected in a thin blood smear. The culture medium consisted of modified medium 199 supplemented with 40% non-heat-inactivated horse serum in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2, 2% O2, and 93% N2 at 37 degrees C. Parasites were detected after 2 days in culture. When the percentage of parasitized erythrocytes (PPE) reached 1%, the cultures were transferred into a humidified atmosp...
Autologous blood instillation alters respiratory mechanics in horses. To investigate physiological consequences of autologous blood instillation in the lungs of healthy horses, respiratory mechanics and bronchial response to histamine were studied in 8 Thoroughbreds before and after introducing autologous blood (n = 5) and sterile saline solution (n = 3) into their lungs. Blood instillation resulted in a decrease in dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and increased respiratory resistance (R). Bronchial sensitivity and reactivity were unchanged after blood introduction. There were no significant changes in pulmonary mechanics or bronchial response after saline instillation...
Equine parafilariosis in Iran. From March to September 1991, horses (n = 1567), donkeys (n = 112) and mules (n = 96) were examined for equine parafilariosis by random sampling from different areas of Iran. The clinical signs of equine parafilariosis were observed in 136 cases of two northern areas (1.4% and 41.3% infection rate) and one northeastern area (6.3% infection rate). Most of the infected cases were confirmed by laboratory findings. All infected cases were followed up to establish the epidemiological features. The results suggest that there is one enzootic area in Iran, the Caspian coast and Persian Turkman steppes...
The equine enteric nervous system–neuron characterization and distribution in adults and juveniles. A study of myenteric and submucosal plexuses was undertaken in the jejunum and ileum of horses and ponies in which no clinical or pathological evidence of intestinal abnormality was apparent. Complete transverse sections of the intestine, stained by a modified haematoxylin and eosin method, were examined using up to 20 sequential sections per animal. Information was gathered from adult, juvenile and fetal equidae. In adults, the longitudinal muscle layers were thinner than the circular muscle layers and the ileum had thicker layers compared to the jejunum. In adults, the submucosal plexus had ...
Effect of exercise intensity on plasma prostaglandin concentrations in horses. Exertion has an effect on plasma, serum, and/or urine prostanoid concentrations in many species. We investigated the effect of exercise intensity on plasma prostaglandin concentrations during and after exercise in horses. Six Thoroughbreds completed 4 trials: 3 exercise trials (low-, medium-, and high-speed) and 1 nonexercise (control) trial on a high-speed treadmill. Blood samples were collected from a jugular catheter before, during, and after exercise. The PCV and blood lactate, plasma protein, plasma prostacyclin (6-keto-PGF1 alpha), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) conce...
Morphologic and morphometric characterization of lung collagen content in clinically normal adult thoroughbreds in race training. Interstitial and bronchointerstitial pulmonary patterns are commonly observed in thoracic radiographs of Thoroughbreds. Prominent interstitial and bronchointerstitial pulmonary patterns are observed in clinically normal horses, and in horses with respiratory tract disease. Until recently, the relevance of these pulmonary patterns was not known. Previous studies indicated that bronchiolitis, bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial metaplasia, and bronchial arteriolar recruitment correlated strongly with the prominence of the interstitial and bronchointerstitial pulmonary patterns observe...
Laboratory diagnosis of equine pituitary pars intermedia adenoma. The objective of the study was to determine the sensitivity with which an adenoma of the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland can be predicted in horses by measuring the basal concentrations of glucose, cortisol, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), and insulin, the urinary concentration of corticoids, the urinary corticoid:creatinine ratio, and the plasma cortisol concentration after the administration of 25 IU of ACTH intravenously. The records of 24 cases of histologically confirmed equine pituitary pars intermedia adenomas were used. An adenoma of the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland in hor...
Prevalence of botfly larvae and lice in studs of North Caucasus (Stawropol County, Russia). From 14 to 17 April 1990 and from 12 to 21 May 1993 a total of 136 Caucasian (Donish, Karabakh, Kabardin, local halfbred) and 26 thoroughbred stud-horses were examined for ectoparasites in studs of Stawropol County, Russia. A total of 4054 botfly larvae were identified from 9700 faecal samples collected during a period of 3-4 days after oral treatment with Eqvalan (MSD), Strongid Plus (Pfizer) and Vermitan Plus (Sanofi-Chinoin). The species distribution was: Gasterophilus intestinalis 84.53%, G. nasalis 10.41%, G. haemorrhoidalis 3.62%, G. inermis 1.41%. Gasterophilus nasalis and G. inermis ha...
Insulin-like growth factor II gene expression in the fetus and placenta of the horse during the first half of gestation. Placentation in equids involves two types of trophoblast: a minor invasive component, the chorionic girdle, that gives rise to transient endocrine structures known as endometrial cups, and a major non-invasive component, the allantochorion, that forms the diffuse, microcotyledonary placenta. Growth factors are likely to be important in controlling these complex events at implantation and this study describes the use of in situ hybridization and northern blotting techniques to monitor expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) in the fetus and placenta of the horse (Equus caballus), u...
Characterization of a density-corrected ultrasonic pneumotachometer for horses. A density-corrected ultrasonic pneumotachometer designed specifically for horses (UF202) was evaluated and characterized with the aid of a custom-built apparatus. UF202 provided voltage outputs for airflow through and gas density within the flowhead. Baseline stability for flow channel output (VUF202) was or = 0.9976). Under optimal conditions, VUF202 accuracy was determined to be +/- 1.00% FS and repeatability was +/- 0.78% FS. VUF202 resolution was 24 ml/s. The rise time for VUF202 was 18 ms, and the -3-dB point was 18 Hz; digital compensation provided a flat frequency response to 32 Hz. VU...
A transtracheal catheter for recording the static tracheal pressure in the exercising horse. After giving an account of the principles of pressure measurement in flowing air and a review of the literature on tracheal catheters, the authors describe the construction, the introduction and the function of their own transtracheal catheter. This is a teflon catheter with several side-ports which is introduced into the cervical trachea by a guide technique. After introduction, the catheter is stiffened by the insertion of 2 steel wires. The catheter was studied in model experiments concerning: a) the ability to measure the static pressure in flowing air, and b) the dynamic accuracy of a rec...
Aggregate risk study of exposure to endophyte-infected (Acremonium coenophialum) tall fescue as a risk factor for laminitis in horses. Loline and ergot alkaloids found in endophyte-infected (Acremonium coenophialum) tall fescue (EITF) cause vasoconstriction of equine vessels in vitro. An aggregate risk study was used to evaluate the association between horses exposed to EITF and development of laminitis. Veterinary teaching hospitals participating in the Veterinary Medical Data Base were grouped by whether equine accessions were likely to have been at high, moderate, or low risk for exposure to EITF. From 1980-1990, there were 185,781 accessions, of which 5,536 had diagnosis of laminitis. Proportion of equine accessions with ...
