Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Bowker RM, Abhold RH, Caron JP, Sonea IM, Vex KB, Kotyk R.Immunocytochemical analysis of equine synovial membranes revealed presence of several neuropeptides, including substance P (SP), neurokinin A, and neuropeptide Y, in nerves of the radiocarpal, middle carpal, and metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joints. Within the subsynovium, these neuropeptides were located perivascularly, whereas in the fronds, only neuropeptide Y was restricted to the vessels of the synovial membrane. Only SP and neurokinin A were found in the intimal layer. The intimal layer of the metacarpophalangeal joint contained more SP-immunoreactive fibers than were observed in the int...
Wright IM.Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique, lateromedial and palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique radiographic projections were used with standard techniques to examine 118 horses with clinical signs of navicular disease. All radiological features which have previously been reported as significant changes in the navicular bones of horses with navicular disease were recorded. Comparisons were made between these features in lame limbs and sound limbs in unilaterally lame horses and most lame limbs and least lame limbs in bilateral but asymmetrically lame animals. Their relationship to the degree of la...
Seay SS, Aucoin DP, Tyczkowska KL.A simple, rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the determination of ketamine and dehydronorketamine in equine serum. Sample preparation consisted of mixing equal volumes of serum and acetonitrile-phosphoric acid (85%)-water (20:2:78, v/v/v), followed by ultrafiltration through a 10,000 molecular mass cut-off filter. Separation of these two analytes in the ultrafiltrate was accomplished on a reversed-phase phenyl column eluted with methanol-acetonitrile-phosphate buffer solution. Ketamine and dehydronorketamine were detected by a variable ...
Dirscherl P, Grabner A, Buschmann H.As basophils are the major effector cells of allergic reactions, confirmation of the allergic etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was sought by the demonstration of a specific in vitro response of equine basophilic blood cells to some potential allergens (Aspergillus, Cladosporidium, Mucor, Penicillium, extracts of dust particles of hay and straw). The allergen induced degranulation of basophils and the histamine and protease release from basophils during incubation with the allergens were tested. By evaluating the results obtained from 14 COPD horses and eight controls it...
Wijers ER, Zijlstra C, Lenstra JA.The major satellite of the horse genome consists of about 1 million copies of a 221-bp tandem repeat unit. By fluorescence in situ hybridization it has been localized in the centromeres of 58 of the 64 horse chromosomes. The donkey genome contains a similar but not identical satellite. Strikingly, the equine repeat did not hybridize to DNA of the Grevy zebra, despite the divergence of the horse and zebra only 3 to 5 million years ago and the ability of these species to crossbreed. The evolution of satellite DNA in the Equidae is more rapid than that in other mammalian families, which may be ex...
Hooper RN, Taylor TS, Varner DD, Blanchard TL.Postoperative performance and behavioral patterns were investigated retrospectively in 23 client-owned mares after bilateral ovariectomy via colpotomy. The interval from surgery to postoperative inquiries ranged from 9 to 67 months. Information obtained from review of the medical record and client interviews included the reason for ovariectomy, postoperative complications, problems identified by owners after discharge of the mare from the hospital, postoperative level of athletic performance, postoperative signs of estrus, and overall owner satisfaction. Reasons given by owners for having mare...
Kaji Y, Taniyama H, Matsukawa K, Okada H, Tsunoda S, Tagami M, Akita H.Nodular hepatic lesions caused by larval Echinococcus multilocularis were found in a four-year-old female thoroughbred race horse born and raised in Hokkaido. Before detection of the infection, the infected animal was transported around Honshu for racing. The present disclosure of hydatidosis in a race horse raises concern over the potential danger of spreading the infection throughout Japan by horses possibly infected in Hokkaido.
Aguilera-Tejéro E, Pascoe JR, Amis TC, Kurpershoek CJ, Woliner MJ.A rebreathing method for measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and functional residual capacity (FRC) was evaluated in conscious horses. Horses were manually ventilated through an endotracheal tube, using a custom-made syringe filled with a gas mixture containing 18-carbon monoxide (18CO) and helium (He). The 18CO and He concentrations were continuously monitored by use of a mass spectrometer connected to the rebreathing circuit. Values for DLCO and FRC were calculated from changes in the concentration of these 2 gases. In 11 Thoroughbreds, mean (+/- SD) DLCO w...
Behrens E, Poteet B, Cohen N.The density of the cricoid cartilage from 29 equine larynges collected from an abattoir was determined by dual photon absorptiometry (DPA). Densities of the right and left cricoid cartilages were highly correlated. No correlation was found between age of the horse and the density of the cricoid cartilage.
Weber JA, Woods GL, Freeman DA, Vanderwall DK.The objective of this experiment was to contrast the influence of the oviductal and uterine environments on development of Day-2 embryos. Embryos were transferred to oviducts or uteri of synchronous recipient mares, or were incubated in oviductal co-culture, in uterine co-culture or in defined culture medium. Significantly more (P < 0.02) embryos transferred to the oviduct versus the uterus survived until Day 11 after ovulation (5 7 vs 0 7 , respectively). Significantly more (P 0.1) in oviductal co-culture versus uterine co-culture (3 7 vs 6 7 , respectively), or in oviductal co-culture ve...
Dabareiner RM, Sullins KE, Snyder JR, White NA, Gardner IA.Effects of intraluminal distention (25 cm of H2O, 120 minutes) and subsequent decompression (60 minutes) on intramural vascular patterns of the small intestine was evaluated in 7 anesthetized horses. Intraluminal distention (25 cm of H2O, 120 minutes) was created in 2 jejunal segments in each horse. Experimental and control segments were removed either immediately after the experimental period or after 60 minutes of decompression. The vascular system of experimental and control jejunal segments was lavaged with NaCl, then was injected with a blue-colored radiopaque medium for microangiography ...
Holyoak GR, Giles RC, McCollum WH, Little TV, Timoney PJ.The nature and extent of changes associated with equine arteritis virus (EAV) infection of the reproductive tract was documented in 21 prepubertal and 15 peripubertal colts. This study was part of an investigation into the relationship between stage of reproductive tract maturity and susceptibility to the experimental establishment of persistent infection with EAV. After intranasal challenge with a field isolate of EAV, all colts developed clinical signs of equine viral arteritis (EVA) from which they recovered rapidly. Clinical signs during the acute phase consisted of fever, serous to mucopu...
Lyons ET, Tolliver SC, Drudge JH, Granstrom DE, Collins SS.During the period 28 February-1 July 1992, fecal samples were collected and examined for eggs of Strongyloides westeri once from each of 382 horse foals (364 Thoroughbreds, 16 Standardbreds, one Lippizaner, and one draft-type horse) in central Kentucky. Ages of the foals at the time of sampling ranged from 7 to 63 days (mean 22 days). The nine farms in the study were considered to have overall excellent deworming programs. None of the foals had been treated with an antiparasitic compound before the study. Eggs of S. westeri were found in 6% (22 of 382) of the foals on 78% (7 of 9) of the farms...
Baker SJ, Gerring EL.Intragastric pH monitoring was investigated in ponies. In cadaver stomachs, close contact with the mucosa led to high pH readings if nonweighted electrodes were used. However, pH recorded by weighted electrodes was markedly less affected by mucosal contact (P < 0.001). The latter were used for subsequent trials. In vivo, high correlations were found between pH recorded by weighted electrodes with or without a wire guard to prevent mucosal contact (correlation, r = 0.866; P < 0.001). Readings from each correlated well with those from simultaneous gastric aspirates (r = 0.774 and r = 0.807...
Dabareiner RM, Snyder JR, Sullins KE, White NA, Gardner IA.Intramural vascular patterns of the jejunum and colon were evaluated during ischemic strangulation obstruction (ISO, 70 minutes) and subsequent reperfusion (60 minutes) in 7 adult anesthetized horses. Microvasculature of experimental and control segments was described by comparison of results from microangiography, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy of vascular replicas. Experimental and control segments with isolated vascular arcades were removed either immediately after the experimental period or after 60 minutes of reperfusion. Blood was flushed from the vascular system by u...
Whitehair KJ, Steffey EP, Willits NH, Woliner MJ.To study behavioral and cardiopulmonary characteristics of horses recovering from inhalation anesthesia, 6 nonmedicated horses were anesthetized under laboratory conditions on 3 different days, with either halothane or isoflurane in O2. Anesthesia was maintained at constant dose (1.5 times the minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]) of halothane in O2 for 1 hour (H1), halothane in O2 for 3 hours (H3), or isoflurane in O2 for 3 hours (I3). The order of exposure was set up as a pair of Latin squares to account for horse and trial effects. Circulatory (arterial blood pressure and heart rate) and re...
Sellers RF, Maarouf AR.Cases of western equine encephalitis in horses in 1987 in western USA and Manitoba, Canada were examined by backward trajectory analysis of winds. Culex tarsalis mosquitoes infected with western equine encephalitis virus could have been carried on southerly winds from Texas and Oklahoma to northern USA and from there to Manitoba. The presence of the Polar front over North Dakota and Minnesota at the end of July would have led to the landing of Cx. tarsalis in Montana and Wisconsin and prevented further carriage into Manitoba. Temperatures in southern Texas during the winter months (average dai...
Waelchli RO, Känzig M, Gygax A, Corboz L, Rüsch P.A total of 368 uterine swabs were taken from mares in heat (n = 202) and from mares that were not in heat (n = 166). From 72 of the mares, two swabs were taken; one during either seasonal anoestrus or dioestrus, and one during oestrus. Swabs were taken during anoestrus/dioestrus in 94 other mares and during oestrus in the remaining 130 mares. Bacteriological cultures were done aerobically and classified as negative, insignificant or significant. There was a trend for more positive cytological specimens during oestrus than during anoestrus/dioestrus. The proportions of significant cultures were...
Watson TD, Packard CJ, Shepherd J.1. Equine plasma contains lipoproteins corresponding to very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL). 2. HDL accounts for approximately 60% of plasma lipoprotein mass and consists of a single population of particles. 3. LDL is heterogeneous comprising three discrete subfractions. 4. Two proteins are found in the region of apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 in VLDL and LDL and a third similar to apoB-48 is in VLDL. 5. Lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase is active in plasma and hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase are evident in post-heparin plasma. 6. There is no si...
Denac M, Bebié P, Scharrer E.The effects of various neurotransmitters and electrical field stimulation on muscle strips from the distal equine esophagus were studied. Acetylcholine (ACH) caused concentration dependent (1.1-55 x 10(-6) mol/l) contractions of the longitudinal and circular muscle strips from the distal esophagus as well as from the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Atropine (10(-5) mol/l) blocked these contractions. Noradrenaline (NA) induced concentration related (1.1-55 x 10(-6) mol/l) contractions of the muscle strips from the LES. This excitatory effect of noradrenaline was antagonized by the alpha 1-rec...
Johnson PJ, Lin TL, Jennings DP.Cholesterinic granulomas, commonly found at necropsy in aged horses, may cause neurologic signs by obstructing the interventricular foramina, resulting in hydrocephalus. Diffuse cerebral disease in horses may not always result in rapid progression of clinical signs. Intermittency of neurologic signs may be associated with intermittent increases in CSF pressure.
Lauteri E, Mariella J, Beccati F, De Graaf-Roelfsema E, Castagnetti C, Pepe M, Peric T, Barbato O, Montillo M, Rouge S, Freccero F.Adrenal gland ultrasonographic measurements are useful in clinical evaluation of patients with adrenal dysfunction in several species. In human healthy neonates, the ultrasonographic size of the adrenal glands decreases during the first days of life. Ultrasonography of adrenal glands was demonstrated to be feasible in neonatal foals. The aims of this study were to describe a technique for ultrasonographic measurement of adrenal gland size to test its reliability in neonatal foals, and to assess any variation of ultrasonographic measurements during the first five days of life in healthy foals. ...
Gordon E, Stang BV, Heidel J, Poulsen KP, Cebra CK, Schlipf JW.To determine if corneal epithelial cell integrity is detrimentally affected by short-term administration of 1.0% morphine sulfate. Additionally, we sought to determine if topical 1.0% morphine applied to the equine cornea would result in ocular or systemic absorption. Methods: Six healthy horses. Methods: Morphine sulfate (1.0%) was applied topically to one eye every four hours for 72 h before horses were euthanized. Serum samples were collected at varying time points during the study and aqueous and vitreous humor were collected immediately after euthanasia. Morphine quantification in serum, ...
Maia L, Dias MC, de Moraes CN, de Paula Freitas-Dell'Aqua C, da Mota LS, Santiloni V, da Cruz Landim-Alvarenga F.Cryopreservation is a feasible alternative to maintaining several cell lines, particularly for immediate therapeutic use, transportation of samples, and implementation of new in vitro studies. This work parts from the hypothesis that the medium of cryopreservation composed by 90% of conditioned medium (CM) supports cryopreservation of equine umbilical cord intervascular matrix mesenchymal stem cells (UCIM-MSCs), allowing the maintenance of the biological properties for the establishment of cell banks intended for therapeutic use and in vitro studies. Thus, we evaluated the viability, apoptosis...
de Jong EG, Kiffers J, Maes RA.Results are given for a more sensitive screening procedure for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using GC-MS-MS. By monitoring a selected characteristic reaction for each drug very low detection limits are reached even in a difficult biological matrix such as equine urine. Detection down to 5 ng ml-1 for ibuprofen, ibufenac, alclofenac, fenoprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen and diclofenac is possible in contrast to the 0.5 microgram ml-1 limit for normal GC-MS detection. Examples are given of real positive cases for diclofenac and ibuprofen.
Brewer K, Dirikolu L, Hughes CG, Tobin T.Scopolamine (L-hyoscine) identifications, often in small-number clusters, have been reported worldwide in performance horses over the last 30 years. Scopolamine is an Association of Racing Commissioners International (ARCI) class 3, penalty class B, substance with potential to affect performance. As such, scopolamine identification(s) in race or performance horses can result in significant penalties for the connections of the horse(s). Reviewed here is the worldwide distribution of scopolamine containing plants (primarily Datura spp.), with estimates of their potential toxicity to horses throu...
Graham S, Freeman D.The widespread use of laparoscopy in equine surgery has increased interest in the standing approach to a wide range of procedures typically regarded as feasible only through a ventral midline incision. Although a commonly cited benefit of standing surgery relates to avoiding costs of general anesthesia and risks associated with it, some procedures and horses are not suitable candidates for standing abdominal procedures. Some procedures, such as nephrectomy, colostomy, and closure of the nephrosplenic space, are not only suitable for standing surgery but are performed more easily and more safel...
Sano Y, Matsuda K, Okamoto M, Takehana K, Hirayama K, Taniyama H.Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the uveal tract participate in ocular immunity including immune homeostasis and the pathogenesis of uveitis. In horses, although uveitis is the most common ocular disorder, little is known about ocular immunity, such as the distribution of APCs. In this study, we investigated the distribution of CD163-positive and MHC II-positive cells in the normal equine uveal tract using an immunofluorescence technique. Eleven eyes from 10 Thoroughbred horses aged 1 to 24 years old were used. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed using the primary antibodies CD163, MHC...
Owens SD, Burges J, Johns JL, Carrade DD, Galuppo LD, Librach F, Borjesson DL.The therapeutic use of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (MNCs) and mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of soft tissue and orthopedic injuries in equine patients is expanding. After collection, bone marrow must be reduced in volume and depleted of RBCs for immediate therapeutic use or to prepare cells for culture or cryopreservation and storage. The MarrowXpress (MXP) System is an automated, closed, sterile system designed to process human bone marrow samples. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of the MXP System to process equine bone marrow to reduce vo...
Fjordbakk CT, Strand E, Milde AK, Ihler CF, Rorvik AM.To determine clinical and diagnostic imaging findings in young horses with osteochondral fragments involving the dorsomedial aspect of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 6 horses. Methods: Medical records were reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained through telephone conversations with owners or trainers or by examining race records. Results: Horses were between 1 and 4 years old. Three had bilateral osteochondral fragments in the forelimbs (n = 2 horses) or hind limbs (1). Radiographically, all but 1 fragment seemed to originate from th...
Hamada M, Takechi M, Itakura C.Langerhans' cells (LC) were investigated immunohistochemically and electron microscopically in normal equine epidermis and 133 equine cutaneous papillomas experimentally induced in five 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses. Class II major histocompatibility complex antigen-positive dendritic LC were found in the normal epidermis and ultrastructurally had the characteristic Birbeck's granules. In the developing phase of the papillomas, LC were significantly decreased in number and size, indicative of a hypofunctional state. In the regressing phase of the papillomas, LC were markedly increased in numb...
Trachsel DS, Schwarzwald CC, Grenacher B, Weishaupt MA.Measurement of atrial/A-type natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations may be of use for assessment of cardiac disease, and reliable data on the analytic performance of available assays are needed. To assess the suitability for clinical use of commercially available ANP assays, intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variation and dilution parallelism were calculated for three immunoassays (RIAPen, RIAPhoen, and an ELISAPen) using blood samples from healthy and diseased horses to cover a wide range of ANP concentrations. Further, agreement between assays was assessed using linear regression ...
Kondo T, Sato F, Tsuzuki N, Yamada K.Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM), a common cause of cervical spinal cord compression, is a neurological disease characterized by general proprioceptive ataxia and weakness of hindlimbs that tends to develop in young adult Thoroughbred horses. Although male horses seem to be at increased risk for CVSM, the mechanism for the occurrence of sex differences in the prevalence of CVSM is still poorly understood. Hence, we hypothesized that sex differences in the development of cervical spinal cord and spinal canal would affect the development of CVSM. This study aimed to evaluate sex dif...
Sahu SP, Pierson RE, Dardiri AH.Actively growing culture of contagious equine metritis (CEM) bacteria or infective exudate (or both) were inoculated intrauterine in pony mares. A direct relationship was observed between (i) appearance and duration of cervicitis and vaginitis and (ii) vaginal exudate. Clinical signs appeared 1 to 3 days after mares were inoculated and lasted 7 to 23 days. In the acute phase of infection, all uterine and cervical samples yielded CEM bacteria. In the asymptomatic stage of infection, CEM bacteria were not isolated from uterine and cervical samples; however, in 33%, 28%, and 20% of the pony mares...
Rungsipipat A, Tateyama S, Yamaguchi R, Uchida K, Miyoshi N.An immunohistochemical study of various visceral organs of normal adult dogs, cats, pigs, horses, cows, and chickens (five of each species) and of 185 spontaneous canine tumours was carried out using paraffin wax sections and a commercially available antibody to the human c- yes oncogene product. Among the adult normal tissues of six animal species, epithelial cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules, the myocardium, hepatocytes, cerebellar Purkinje cells and adrenal cortical cells were positive for c- yes product. Among the foetal tissues of dogs and chickens, a positive reaction was ob...
Bayly WM, Duvivier DH, Votion D, Vandenput S, Art T, Lekeux P.Six Warmblood horses suffering an acute exacerbation of COPD were tested to investigate whether inhalation of ipratropium bromide (IB) dry powder (2,400 microg) 30 min preexercise would improve their exercise capacity. A cross-over protocol with an inert powder placebo (P) was used. Mechanics of breathing and arterial blood gases were determined before treatment, after treatment but pre-exercise, and during an incremental exercise test. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was also measured before and during exercise, and the time to fatigue recorded. Inhalation of IB reduced total pulmonary resistance (R...
Back W, Smit LD, Schamhardt HC, Barneveld A.To study the influence of different exercise regimens on the development of locomotion, 40 Warmblood foals aged 1 week were subdivided into 3 groups: box-rest, training and pasture exercise. The box-rest group remained for 24 h a day in a box stall while the training group was housed similarly, but additionally received a 30 min workout with gallop sprints 6 times a week. The pasture group served as a control group and was kept at pasture for 24 h a day. After 5 months, the locomotion pattern at the trot of every foal was recorded overground with a 2-D MacReflex gait analysis system. A randoml...
Stasiak K, Rola J, Zmudzinski JF.A highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay was used for detection and quantitation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in the different internal organs of aborted fetuses. Tissue samples from 23 aborted fetuses submitted to the Department of Virology of the National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy between 2012 and 2013 were used for testing. Total DNA was extracted using a phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol standard protocol. A real-time PCR with forward and reverse primers encompassing a highly conserved region encoding viral glycoprotein B was adapted for diagnosis of EHV-1 ...
Overesch G, Wagner B, Radbruch A, Leibold W.The number of immunoglobulin G constant heavy chain genes (cgamma genes) varies broadly among mammalian species, reflecting structural and functional differences between expressed immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotypes and allotypes. Up to now equine IgG isotypes have been defined only at the biochemical and serological level. It is still not clear how many IgG isotypes exist in horses and whether there are any allotypes. Here, we describe the isolation and characterisation of equine cgamma genes. An equine genomic lambda phage library was screened with a human cgamma4 probe. Cross-hybridising equine...
Otzen H, Sieme H, Oldenhof H, Kassens A, Ertmer F, Rode K, Müller K, Klose K, Rohn K, Schoon HA, Meinecke B.The aim of this study was to evaluate the uterine blood supply and endometrial vessel architecture, during the equine estrous cycle. Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) hysteroscopy was used for evaluating changes in the endometrial vasculature during the estrous cycle [six mares, d 0 (representing the day of ovulation), d 6 and 11 in four locations]. In addition, endometrial biopsy samples were used for immunodetection of markers for angiogenesis (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, its receptor 2, as well as angiopoietin-2 and its receptor-tyrosine-kinase Tie2) during the estrous cycle (three mares,...
Wattanapornpilom T, Pornprasitroj P, Thongsri K, Iamprapai S, Suan-Aoy P, Chanda M.Chronic laminitis is a late stage of laminitis in horses characterised by distal phalangeal rotation and foot pain. Various trimming and shoeing methods have been implemented; however, they sometimes aggravate lameness, particularly in laminitic horses with poor hoof quality. Sand bedding confinement has alternatively been employed to relieve foot pain in laminitic horses; however, the impact of long-term confined sand bed accommodation on hoof conditions is unknown. Moreover, the time course of sand bedding housing for managing chronic laminitis has yet to be described. We report the outcome ...
Lin YZ, Deng XL, Shen N, Lü XL, Zhao LP, Kong XG, Shao YM, Zhou JH.To develop a flow cytometry using (5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinmidyl ester, CFSE) to detect the proliferation of specific T lymphocytes from equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated, stained with CFSE and incubated with EIAV for 5 days. After interacted with either CD4(+) or CD8(+) antibody, the cells were detected for proliferated population, which contained serially 2-fold reduced CFSE in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Results: The concentration of CFSE, and the type, concentration and reaction time of EIAV-specific an...
Rossi TM, Smith SA, McMichael MA, Wilkins PA.To evaluate the degree of activation of the contact pathway in citrated equine whole blood over holding times ≤ 30 minutes and assess effects of contact activation on recalcification-initiated thromboelastometry. Methods: 11 healthy adult mixed-breed horses. Methods: Blood was collected by atraumatic jugular venipuncture into prewarmed evacuated siliconized glass tubes containing citrate anticoagulant and held at 37°C for ≤ 30 minutes. Thromboelastometry was performed with an in vitro viscoelasticity (thromboelastometry) monitoring system. Factor XII and factor XI procoagulant activities ...
Manso-Díaz G, Jiménez Martínez MLÁ, García-Fernández RA, Herrán R, Santiago I.A 30-year-old Standardbred gelding was referred for chronic pleural effusion. Thoracic ultrasound revealed marked bilateral pleural effusion and a large heterogeneous mass within the cranial mediastinum, which extended from the right 5th to the 11th intercostal space. Subsequently, on thoracic radiographs, the cranial mediastinal mass was confirmed, and a nodular interstitial pattern was identified in the lungs. Because of progressive clinical deterioration of the patient, the owners elected humane euthanasia and necropsy was performed. The mediastinal mass was consistent with an ectopic thyro...
Storch C, Fuhrmann H, Schoeniger A.Osteoarthritis the quality and span of life in horses. Previous studies focused on nasal cartilage as a possible source for autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) in cartilage defects in humans. "HOX gene-negative" nasal chondrocytes adapted articular HOX patterns after implantation into caprine joint defects and produced cartilage matrix proteins. We compared the HOX gene profile of equine chondrocytes of nasal septum, anterior and posterior fetlock to identify nasal cartilage as a potential source for ACI in horses. Cartilage was harvested from seven horses after death and derived chondro...
Chong YC, Duffus WP, Hannant D.Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from an adult horse and from foals demonstrated natural killer (NK)-type cytotoxicity against a range of xenogeneic and allogeneic cell targets. The human tumour cell line, Chang liver was consistently the most susceptible. Chang liver, rabbit kidney (RK-13), equine sarcoid (ES) and embryonic equine kidney (EEK) cells were more susceptible when presented to horse PBMC than monolayer cultures. Embryonic equine lung (EEL) and murine YAC-1 cells conversely, were more susceptible in a trypsinized state. Horse PBMC demonstrated higher levels of NK-type acti...
Wise LM, Stuart GS, Sriutaisuk K, Adams BR, Riley CB, Theoret CL.Fibroproliferative disorders occur in both humans and horses following skin injury. In horses, wound healing on the limb is often complicated by the formation of fibroproliferative exuberant granulation tissue, characterized by persistent expression of pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and deficient expression of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10). IL-10 has been shown to directly modulate fibrotic gene expression in human fibroblasts, so we hypothesized that equine IL-10 (eIL-10) may exert similar anti-fibrotic effects on equine dermal fibroblasts. Cell-lines were ...
Coté N, Trout DR, Hayes MA.Binding between equine plasma alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) and several cytokines known to participate in inflammatory reactions in other species was initially examined. Plasma was obtained from 5 horses with various abnormalities. Samples, both untreated and after reaction with methylamine, were incubated with exogenous, radiolabeled, porcine-derived transforming growth factor-beta-1 (125I-TGF-beta 1), recombinant human interleukin-1-beta (125I-IL-1 beta), and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (125I-rhTNF-alpha). They were then subjected to nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel elec...
O'Sullivan BM, Goodwin JA.On 6 properties in south-western Queensland an outbreak of nervous disease occurred horses due to ingestion of Swainsonia (Darling pea). Loss of condition, depression, hyperaesthesia and hyperexcitability were seen in affected horses. At autopsy of 2 horses generalised c ytoplasmic vacuolation was seen in the neurones of the central nervous system and in the liver, adrenal and thyroid. The clinical and pathological features were similar to those described in horses suffering from Swainsona poisoning in Australia and Astragalus and Oxytropis in North America.
Benson GJ, Hartsfield SM, Manning JP, Thurmon JC.Succinylcholine chloride administered to horses anesthetized with halothane in oxygen and mechanically ventilated, caused slight but statistically insignificant (P less than 0.01) increases in creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase activity. The increases in these enzymes have been explained on the basis of muscle damage resulting from succinylcholine chloride induced muscle fasciculations and by hypoperfusion of tissues due to depression of the cardiovascular system caused by general anesthesia. These changes were not clinically apparent based upon the ab...
Leach DH.Cells of the intertubular horn of the stratum medium of the equine hoof wall are joined by three types of junctions. Desmosomes and gap junctions were present in all strata. Septate-like junctions and an intercellular line were seen in the distal stratum spinosum subsequent to extrusion of the contents of membrane-coating granules. At a later stage of keratinization, non-membrane-bound acid phosphatase reaction product appeared to leak into the intercellular space except into areas occupied by septate-like junctions and the intercellular line. It is proposed that the formation of septate-like ...
