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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Encephalitozoon cuniculi placentitis and abortion in a quarterhorse mare. Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidial parasite, which has rarely been reported to cause placentitis in animals. A late-term aborted fetus and placenta from a Quarterhorse were presented to the Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, University of Kentucky, for diagnostic examination. There was a necrotizing placentitis, with distension of many chorionic epithelial cells by intracytoplasmic vacuoles containing 1-2-microm-diameter, elongated, gram-positive organisms. The organisms were identified as E. cuniculi by electron microscopy and by polymerase chain reaction using primers to microspo...
Angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the equine corpus luteum. Precise pharmacological control of the corpus luteum is important in the manipulation of the oestrous cycle in mares. Angiogenesis plays a key role in the growth and regression of the corpus luteum; therefore, influencing the vasculature of the corpus luteum may offer a novel method for controlling its lifespan. In the present study, changes in angiogenesis and vascular expression of endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were evaluated throughout the luteal phase and after PGF(2alpha)-induced luteolysis. Corpora lutea were collected from mares in the early luteal phase (days 3-4), mid-luteal phase ...
Structure of the community of the Strongylidae nematodes in the dorsal colon of Equus caballus from Rio de Janeiro state–Brazil. The structure of the community of Strongylidae nematodes in the dorsal colon of naturally infected horses from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro State was evaluated in 33 samples. Twenty-three species were found: Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cyathostomum tetracanthum were the central ones; Cylicostephanus minutus, Cylicostephanus calicatus, Cylicocyclus leptostomus, Cylicodontophorus bicoronatus and Parapoteriostomum euproctus were secondary, and there were 14 satellite species. The community was considered stable, with positive associ...
Genetic relationship between Mongolian and Norwegian horses? Human populations of Central Asian origin have contributed genetic material to northern European populations. It is likely that migrating humans carried livestock to ensure food and ease transportation. Thus, eastern genes could also have dispersed to northern European livestock populations. Using microsatellite data, we here report that the essentially different genetic distances DA and (deltamu)2 and their corresponding phylogenetic trees show close associations between the Mongolian native horse and northern European horse breeds. The genetic distances between the northern European breeds a...
Hemolytic activity of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens strains: influence of abiotic factors in solid and liquid assays. The influence of growth medium, hemin and menadione, blood source and atmosphere of incubation on the expression of hemolytic activity of 25 strains of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens was evaluated. The best hemolytic activity was observed for samples of both species growing in brain heart infusion agar and incubated in Brewer-like anaerobic jars for 48 h. Hemolysis was less intense and occurred later in the presence of hemin and menadione in solid media. beta-Hemolysis was detected for medium supplemented with horse or human blood and alpha-hemolysis was observed when sheep bl...
Occurrence of Malassezia spp. in horses and domestic ruminants. During a study on the occurrence of Malassezia spp. in 112 animals (50 horses, 25 goats, 25 sheep and 12 cows), Malassezia spp. were isolated from 60% of horses, 28% of sheep, 44% of goats and 58% of cows. In these animals, the occurrence of lipid-dependent species (42%) was much greater than the occurrence observed for M. pachydermatis (3%). Among the results obtained, we point out the first isolation of M. sympodialis, M. globosa and M. restricta from sheep, M. pachydermatis, M. furfur, M. sympodialis, M. obtusa, M. globosa and M. restricta from goats and M. furfur, M. slooffiae, M. obtusa, ...
Four cases of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy in the United Kingdom. This paper describes four cases of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy which were confirmed by histological examination of muscle biopsy specimens. The horses were of mixed breeding, with warmblood and thoroughbred dominating. They all had recurrent episodes of rhabdomyolysis, indicated by clinical signs and increased plasma levels of muscle enzymes. They were managed conservatively and have continued athletic careers despite their disease.
Identification of a specific antigenic region of the P82 protein of Babesia equi and its potential use in serodiagnosis. The efficacy of the Be82 gene product fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST/Be82) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of Babesia equi infection was reported previously (H. Hirata et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:1470-1474, 2002). However, the ELISA with the GST/Be82 antigen cross-reacted with Babesia caballi-infected horse sera, despite the high rate of detection of B. equi. These results suggested that GST/Be82 has an antigen in common with B. caballi or antigenicity similar to that of B. caballi. In the present study, we constructed a series of five clones wit...
Behavior of various mammalian albumins towards bilirubin binding and photochemical properties of different bilirubin-albumin complexes. Bilirubin (BR) binding properties of serum albumins from different mammalian species viz. human (HSA), equine (ESA), dog (DSA) and guinea pig (GPSA) were studied by absorption, fluorescence and CD spectroscopy. Whereas, a complex of BR with ESA produced maximum change, GPSA-BR complex showed weaker interaction as reflected from absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic data. Conformational analysis of these albumins by near- and far-UV CD spectra suggested similar structural characteristics (both secondary and tertiary structures) for ESA and HSA, whereas, DSA and GPSA had lower amounts of sec...
Relationship of the livestock trade to schistosomiasis transmission in mountainous area. To study the relationship between the livestock trade and schistosomiasis transmission and to provide an evidence for making a strategy of schistosomiasis control in mountainous areas. Methods: A retrospective survey and analysis was conducted to investigate the prevalence of schistosomiasis in both humans and livestock (cattle, horses, mules, donkeys and pigs), and the number and migration of livestock in Weishan County, Yunnan Province in 1980-1991. Results: A positive correlation was found between the infection rate of residents and the numbers of livestock migration (R = 0.9151, P < 0.0...
In vivo biotransformation of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone in the horse revisited: identification of 17-hydroxymethyl metabolites in equine urine by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The in vivo phase I biotransformation of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone in the horse leads to the formation of a complex mixture of regio- and stereoisomeric C(20)O(2), C(20)O(3) and C(20)O(4) metabolites, excreted in urine as glucuronide and sulphate phase II conjugates. The major pathways of in vivo metabolism are the reduction of the A-ring (di- and tetrahydro), epimerisation at C-17 and oxidations mainly at C-6 and C-16. Some phase I metabolites have been identified previously by positive ion electron ionisation capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/EI + MS) mainly from the chara...
The role of apoptotic regulators in metaplastic mucous cells. Exposure of airways to environmental toxins or allergens induces proliferation of epithelial cells. Depending on the type of exposure, existing and newly formed cells can differentiate into mucus-producing cells resulting in mucous cell metaplasia (MCM). During recovery, the epithelium reduces the number of epithelial cells to return to the original state. Understanding the mechanisms involved in this resolution could be useful in deleting mucous cells and, thereby, mucous secretions. We have found that metaplastic mucous cells induced by exposure to ozone, endotoxin, cigarette smoke or allerg...
Use of a hydroxyapatite orbital implant in a cosmetic corneoscleral prosthesis after enucleation in a horse. A hydroxyapatite orbital implant was used after enucleation of an eye from a 5-year-old performance horse. A custom-made corneoscleral prosthesis was made and fitted over the hydroxyapatite implant. The implant and surgery were well tolerated. Placement of a cosmetic prosthesis is desired after enucleation of equine eyes to allow horses to return to competition. Synthetic spheres consisting of methylmethacrylate or silicone have been used, although reported complications have included extrusion, infection, and poor cosmetic results. Hydroxyapatite orbital implants made from marine coral allow ...
A comparison of dobutamine infusion to exercise as a cardiac stress test in healthy horses. This study was done to determine whether administration of dobutamine would produce echocardiographic and electrocardiographic alterations comparable to those induced by treadmill exercise in healthy horses. Fourteen horses received maximal treadmill exercise and, separately, intravenous dobutamine infusion up to a maximum rate of 50 microg/kg/min. Ten of the 14 horses were euthanized, and the myocardial tissues were examined grossly and histopathologically. No significant differences were found in the chronotropic effects of dobutamine and exercise (P = .905). Dobutamine induced greater inter...
Membrane changes during different stages of a freeze-thaw protocol for equine semen cryopreservation. Many theories have been postulated concerning the possible effects of cryopreservation on spermatozoa, including suggestions the freeze-thawing process produces membranes that have greater fluidity and are more fusogenic, thus inducing changes similar to those of capacitation. The main objectives of this study were to determine at what stage of the freeze-thaw process membrane changes occur and whether evaluation with chlortetracycline (CTC) stain could predict the freezability of stallion sperm. Sperm viability and state of capacitation were simultaneously evaluated using CTC and Hoechst 3325...
Early events in cartilage repair after subchondral bone microfracture. The current study investigated healing of large full-thickness articular cartilage defects during the first 8 weeks with and without penetration of the subchondral bone using microfracture in an established equine model of cartilage healing. Chondral defects in the weightbearing portion of the medial femoral condyle were made bilaterally; one defect in each horse was microfractured whereas the contralateral leg served as the control. The expression of cartilage extracellular matrix components (Types I and II collagen and aggrecan) was evaluated using histologic techniques, reverse transcriptio...
Intraosseous regional perfusion for treatment of septic physitis in a two-week-old foal. A 2-week-old Morgan filly examined because of lameness of 5 days' duration was found, on the basis of clinical and radiographic findings, to have septic physitis of the distal end of the radius. The foal was treated by means of intraosseous regional perfusion with penicillin and amikacin and systemic administration of antimicrobials. Intraosseous regional perfusion was performed 3 times. The foal was anesthetized for the first episode of intraosseous regional perfusion, but was only sedated for the subsequent 2 episodes. Antimicrobials were administered systemically for 22 days. Foals with sep...
Comparison of the efficacy of local treatment of equine sarcoids with IL-2 or cisplatin/IL-2. Local interleukin-2 (IL-2) is effective in a number of experimental animal models and in veterinary and human cancer patients without discomforting side effects. The primary goal of this study was to compare the therapeutic effects and side effects of the local intratumoral administration of five or ten low doses of IL-2 with those of a combination of cisplatin and a single high dose of IL-2 in the treatment of equine sarcoids. The therapeutic effect (complete and partial regression) of local cisplatin together with a single high dose of IL-2 was significantly better than the combined effect o...
Diagnosis of a uterine leiomyoma using hysteroscopy and a partial ovariohysterectomy in a mare. A 14-year-old quarter horse mare had a 2-year history of infertility and the presence of a mass in the right uterine horn. Prior to surgery, the mass was determined to be invasive by using ultrasonography and hysteroscopy. A partial ovariohysterectomy was performed. The mass was diagnosed histologically as a uterine leiomyoma.
Down-regulation of MHC class I expression by equine herpesvirus-1. There is good evidence that cytotoxic T lymphocytes play an important role in the clearance of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV1) in horses. We have demonstrated that, in common with other alphaherpesviruses, EHV1 infection can lead to dramatic down-regulation of MHC class I expression at the cell surface, a common strategy for pathogen evasion of the host immune response. This down-regulation is specific for MHC class I and does not reflect a general shut-off of host-cell protein synthesis. The use of monoclonal antibodies that recognize different MHC class I epitopes has demonstrated that the effec...
In vitro and in vivo comparison of Ham’s F-10, Emcare holding solution and ViGro holding plus for the cooled storage of equine embryos. Equine embryos have been successfully transferred after 24h cooled storage in Ham's F-10. The aim of this study was to compare the viability of equine embryos in vitro and in vivo after 6 and 24h cooled storage using three media and to examine the relationship between embryo size and viability after 24h cooled storage. In Experiment 1, the viability of embryos was evaluated using DAPI-staining after 0, 6 or 24h in Ham's F-10, 24h in Emcare embryo holding solution (EHS) or 24h in ViGro holding plus (VHP) (n=10/group). The mean number of dead cells was similar for embryos stored in Ham's F-10, E...
A sporadic case of the sex-reversed mare (64,XY; SRY-negative): molecular and cytogenetic studies of the Y chromosome. A sex-reversal syndrome appears frequently in the horse. The mare carriers of this syndrome lack of SRY gene. It is suggested that sex-reversal syndrome is probably caused by transfer of the SRY gene from Y to the X chromosome, due to abnormal meiotic exchange. The aim of the study was molecular analysis of the Y-linked genes in a case of the sex-reversed infertile mare with 64,XY karyotype. The karyotype was established on the basis of analysis of 350 metaphase spreads stained by CBG banding. Molecular analysis of the loci assigned to the Y chromosome revealed absence of the SRY gene and pres...
Relationship between intrafollicular concentrations of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and steroid hormones in oestrogenic and non-oestrogenic ovarian follicles in the mare. The objective of the present study was to determine whether parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is present in the equine follicular fluid and if so, how it is related to the follicular development in the horse. For this purpose, ovaries were collected from 40 Thoroughbred and Thoroughbred Cross mares at slaughter during the period from February to May. Normal growing follicles were dissected from the ovaries of each mare and their diameters measured. A total of 174 follicles was used in this study. The follicular fluid was aspirated from each follicle and assayed for PTHrP, oestradiol ...
Case-control study of early-term abortions (early fetal losses) associated with mare reproductive loss syndrome in central Kentucky. To identify factors associated with abortions during early gestation classified as mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS). Methods: Case-control study. Methods: 324 broodmares from 43 farms in central Kentucky, including 121 mares from 25 farms that had early-term abortions (ETAs) associated with MRLS (case horses), 120 mares from the same farms but that did not abort, and 83 mares from 18 farms that were not severely Impacted by MRLS. Methods: Farm managers were interviewed to obtain data on various management practices and environmental exposures for the mares. Data for case and control hors...
Preexercise hypervolemia does not affect arterial hypoxemia in Thoroughbreds performing short-term high-intensity exercise. It is reported that preexercise hyperhydration caused arterial O(2) tension of horses performing submaximal exercise to decrease further by 15 Torr (Sosa-Leon L, Hodgson DR, Evans DL, Ray SP, Carlson GP, and Rose RJ. Equine Vet J Suppl 34: 425-429, 2002). Because hydration status is important to optimal athletic performance and thermoregulation during exercise, the present study examined whether preexercise induction of hypervolemia would similarly accentuate the arterial hypoxemia in Thoroughbreds performing short-term high-intensity exercise. Two sets of experiments (namely, control and hype...
