Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Corveleyn S, Henrist D, Remon JP, Van Der Weken G, Baeyens W, Haustraete J, Aboul-Enein HY, Sustronck B, Deprez P.Ketoprofen (KTP) is a chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the propionic acid class, approved by the FDA for the allevation of pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders in horses. The present study was designed to examine the bioavailability of ketoprofen enantiomers after rectal administration of the racemate to healthy horses. One gram of racemic ketoprofen was injected intravenously and administered rectally as a fat based suppository in a cross-over design study (n = 4). Blood samples were analysed for KTP enantiomers using HPLC. After IV administration, the S(+) ena...
Booth TM.Severe, chronic lameness in the left forelimb of a five-year-old Arab stallion was localised to the bicipital bursa by local anaesthesia and gamma scintigraphy. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations of the proximal humeral tubercles and bicipital bursa revealed new bone production in the region of the intertubercular grooves and irregularities in the density of the soft tissues of the bicipital tendon and bursa. An endoscopic examination of the bicipital bursa with a standard arthroscope under general anaesthesia was a useful diagnostic procedure. The stallion was euthanased, and mark...
Ruitenberg KM, Walker C, Wellington JE, Love DN, Whalley JM.The potential of DNA-mediated immunisation to protect against equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) disease was assessed in a murine model of EHV-1 respiratory infection. Intramuscular injection with DNA encoding the EHV-1 envelope glycoprotein D (gD) in a mammalian expression vector induced a specific antibody response detectable by two weeks and maintained through 23 weeks post injection. Immune responses were proportional to the dose of DNA and a second injection markedly enhanced the antibody response. EHV-1 gD DNA-injected mice developed neutralising antibodies, and a predominance of IgG2a antibod...
Oaks JL, Ulibarri C, Crawford TB.Equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) infection of horses is characterized clinically by recurrent episodes of fever, thrombocytopenia and anaemia. In vivo, the only site of virus replication that has been previously demonstrated for EIAV is the tissue macrophage. In this study, in situ hybridization for EIAV was combined with immunohistochemistry for cell-type-specific markers to identify infected endothelial cells. EIAV-infected endothelial cells and macrophages were detected in horses infected with either virulent wild-type or with weakly virulent tissue culture-adapted strains of EIAV. Th...
Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM, Drummer HE, Studdert MJ, Love DN.Sero-epidemiological studies conducted between 1995 and 1997 on two large Thoroughbred stud farms in the Hunter Valley of NSW showed clear evidence of EHV-1 infection in foals as young as 30 days of age. Similarly, serological evidence suggested that these foals were infected with EHV-1 from their dams or from other lactating mares in the group, with subsequent foal to foal spread of infection prior to weaning. These studies also provided evidence of EHV-1 infection of foals at and subsequent to weaning, with foal to foal spread of EHV-1 amongst the weanlings. These data indicated that the mar...
Walker C, Love DN, Whalley JM.The mouse models of the respiratory and abortion forms of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection have been used to investigate the vaccine potential of various EHV-1 immunogens, the effect of antiviral agents on EHV-1 infection and the pathogenicity of EHV-1 strain variants and deletion or insertional mutants. This review examines the similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of primary EHV-1 infection in the natural host, the horse, and in the mouse by comparing tissue tropism, clinical signs of infection, the effects of EHV-1 on pregnancy, haematological changes following infection, v...
Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM, Drummer HE, Studdert MJ, Love DN.The prevalence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 antibody-positive horses was determined using a type specific ELISA on serum samples collected from 229 mares and their foals resident on a large Thoroughbred stud farm in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales in February 1995. More than 99% of all mares and foals tested were EHV-4 antibody positive, while the prevalence of EHV-1 antibody positive mares and foals were 26.2 and 11.4%, respectively. Examination of the ELISA absorbance data for the individual mares and foals suggested that the EHV-1 antibody positive foals had been infected recently with EHV-1 and...
Jaraiz V, Rodriguez C, San Andres MD, Gonzalez F, San Andres MI.A disposition and bioequivalence study with a suxibuzone granulated and a suxibuzone paste oral formulation was performed in horses. Suxibuzone (SBZ) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which was administered to horses (n = 6) at a dosage of 19 mg/kg bwt by the oral route (p.o.) in a two period cross-over design. Suxibuzone is very rapidly transformed into its main active metabolites, phenylbutazone (PBZ) and oxyphenbutazone (OPBZ). Therefore plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of SBZ, PBZ and OPBZ were simultaneously measured by a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chro...
Barton MH, Collatos C.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) activities and endotoxin concentration in blood and peritoneal fluid of 155 adult horses with acute abdominal disease (colic). Samples also were obtained from 20 healthy adult horses. Blood and peritoneal fluid supernatant TNF and IL-6 activities and endotoxin concentration were significantly greater in horses with colic, compared with healthy horses. In horses with colic, the peritoneal fluid endotoxin concentration and TNF and IL-6 activities were...
Giguère S, Wilkie BN, Prescott JF.The ability of Rhodococcus equi to induce pneumonia in foals depends on the presence of an 85- to 90-kb plasmid. In this study, we evaluated whether plasmid-encoded products mediate virulence by modulating the cytokine response of foals. Foals infected intrabronchially with a virulence plasmid-containing strain of R. equi had similar gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) p35 but significantly higher IL-1beta, IL-10, IL-12 p40, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA expression in lung tissue compared to foals infected with the plasmid-cured derivative. IFN-gamma mRNA...
Hélie P, Ammann VJ, Kervern I.A 6-year-old, standardbred mare was presented for colic of 12 h duration. Transrectal palpation revealed intestinal distension of unknown cause. The mare was euthanized. At necropsy, segmental jejunoileal incarceration and strangulation through an opening in the spleen was observed. This opening was considered to be a congenital defect.
Cogley TP, Cogley MC.The degree of penetration into the stomach and duodenum of the horse by bot fly larvae, Gasterophilus intestinalis (De Geer) and G. nasalis (Linnaeus) (Diptera : Gasterophilidae) was evaluated. Evidence of larval perforation of the stomach or duodenum was not found on gross inspection. Palpation of the intact stomach and duodenum was not effective in establishing the existence of Gasterophilus larvae within the organs. Findings suggest that larvae of both species produce an ulcer of similar depth within the gastrointestinal wall. The ulcer depth produced by larvae did not correlate with the no...
Zhang W, Auyong DB, Oaks JL, McGuire TC.Two defined cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes from equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)-infected horses, equine leukocyte alloantigen (ELA)-A5.1-restricted epitope 18a, and ELA-A9-restricted epitope 28b-1 were evaluated for conservation among three wild-type EIAV strains. Epitope 18a variation occurred in all three wild-type EIAV strains, while epitope 28b-1 varied in one strain. Further, 12% amino acid changes occurred in the Gag proteins of a recently isolated wild-type strain, documenting a much greater Gag protein variation than previously reported. Evaluation of epitope 18a among two...
Carmalt JL, Baptiste KE, Chirino-Trejo JM.A 10-year-old pregnant Norwegian Fjord horse was examined for gross swelling of the muzzle of 2 years' duration. Examination of biopsy specimens revealed diffuse dermal fibrosis, micropustule formation, and vascular thrombosis; large numbers of Actinobacillus lignieresii were isolated in pure culture. Prolonged treatment with i.v. administration of sodium iodide and oral administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole caused regression of the swelling and did not induce abortion. A 5-month-old American Paint filly was examined for swelling in the udder region. Bacteriologic culture of purulent...
Gayle JM, Redding WR, Vacek JR, Bowman KF.Diagnosis and treatment of periapical infection of the third mandibular molar in 5 horses was assessed. In 4 of 5 horses, there was a recent history of dental work performed. Diagnosis required multiple imaging techniques. Radiography revealed evidence of periapical bone lysis or tooth root lysis of the third mandibular molar in 3 of 5 horses. Sonographic examination was effective in identifying abscesses within the masseter muscle and defects of the lateral cortex of the mandible in 4 of 5 horses. Nuclear scintigraphy was diagnostic in 1 of 2 horses examined. All horses were treated by repuls...
Shikichi M, Kitamura HP, Yanase H, Konno A, Takahashi-Iwanaga H, Iwanaga T.The synovial membrane displays a superficial cellular lining composed of two types of synoviocytes: "absorptive" macrophages (type A cells) and "secretory" fibroblast-like cells (type B cells). The types are intermingled and extend a variety of processes, rendering the cellular architecture of the synovial membrane difficult to visualize. Previous electron microscopic and histochemical studies failed to demonstrate the entire shape of synoviocytes, except our immunohistochemical study for protein gene product 9.5 in the horse joint. The present SEM study is the first to demonstrate the three-d...
Moll HD, Howard RD, May KA, Cheramie HS.Two adult Quarter Horse geldings were evaluated for signs of abdominal pain. Both horses had signs of depression and distended small intestines on abdominal palpation per rectum. Abdominal exploratory surgery was performed on both horses. In each instance, small intestine was found to be strangulated by components of the spermatic cord. Both horses were euthanatized because of a poor prognosis. Although not commonly observed, incarceration of intestine by components of the spermatic cord should be considered as a cause of small intestine strangulation in male horses. Early recognition of this ...
Lopez MJ, Wilson DG, Vanderby R, Markel MD.To compare the mechanical properties of two stabilization methods for ostectomized equine third metacarpi (MC3): (1) an interlocking nail system and (2) two dynamic compression plates. Animal or Sample Population-Ten pairs of adult equine forelimbs intact from the midradius distally. Methods: Ten pairs of equine MC3 were divided into two test groups (five pairs each): caudocranial four-point bending and torsion. Interlocking nails (6 hole, 13-mm diameter, 230-mm length) were placed in one randomly selected bone from each pair. Two dynamic compression plates one dorsally (12 hole, 4.5-mm broad)...
O'Sullivan CB, Dart AJ, Malikides N, Rawlinson RJ, Hutchins DR, Hodgson DR.To evaluate nonsurgical management of type II fractures of the distal phalanx in Standardbred horses. Methods: Retrospective study of 48 affected horses. Results: Most fractures occurred on the lateral palmar process of the left forelimb or the medial palmar process of the right forelimb; 81% of horses were considered sound enough to return to training and 63% raced. Of those returning to racing, 41% competed in > 10 races, 37% in 2 to 10 races and 22% in only 1 race. There was no difference in performance before and after fracture. Twenty-four of 25 horses had a bar shoe fitted for > 50...
Hudson NP, Church DB, Trevena J, Nielsen IL, Major D, Hodgson DR.Two Thoroughbred horses were presented with various clinical signs which included sweating, agitation, muscle twitching and synchronous diaphragmatic flutter. These signs were associated with profound hypocalcaemia. A diagnosis of primary hypoparathyroidism was made on the basis of low serum ionised calcium concentration, hyperphosphataemia and markedly reduced serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentrations in the presence of normal renal function. Treatment with a combination of intravenous calcium and subsequently oral calcium, magnesium and a vitamin D analogue (dihydrotachysterol)...
Johnson CB, Bloomfield M, Taylor PM.To investigate the effects of ketamine on the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the horse. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: Eight Welsh mountain pony geldings weighing between 280 and 330 kg, 5 to 9 years old. Methods: During halothane anesthesia at an end-tidal halothane concentration between 0.75 and 0.85%, the EEG frequency power spectrum and the auditory evoked potential were recorded while an infusion of ketamine was given. Ketamine 200 mg was infused over 5 minutes in 8 ponies. The effects of ketamine on the EEG were recorded continuously during the infusion and for a furthe...
Wilson DA, Keegan KG, Carson WL.This study compared the mechanical properties of the normal intact suspensory apparatus and two methods of fixation for repair of transverse, midbody fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones of adult horses: transfixation wiring (TW) and screws placed in lag fashion (LS). Methods: An in vitro, paired study using equine cadaver limbs mounted in a loading apparatus was used to test the mechanical properties of TW and LS. Methods: Seventeen paired (13 repaired, 4 normal) equine cadaver limbs consisting of the suspensory apparatus third metacarpal bone, and first and second phalanges. Methods: The...
Doherty TJ, Andrews FM, Provenza MK, Frazier DL.The effect of sedation on gastric emptying was evaluated in six ponies by monitoring serum concentrations of acetaminophen (AP) after intragastric administration. Methods: Prospective randomized experimental study. Methods: Six adult ponies, 135 to 275 kg. Methods: Fifteen minutes after the intravenous administration of xylazine (1 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) or saline, ponies were given AP (20 mg/kg in 350 mL water) by stomach tube. Blood for AP analysis was collected at baseline and 15, 30, 45, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes after AP administration. The time (Tm...
Loubière L, Tiraby M, Cazaux C, Brisson E, Grisoni M, Zhao-Emonet J, Tiraby G, Klatzmann D.The herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase suicide gene (HSV1tk) together with ganciclovir (GCV) have been successfully used for in vivo treatment of various experimental tumors, and many clinical trials using this system have been launched. With the aim to improve this therapeutic system, we compared the potential efficacy of different herpes virus derived thymidine kinases (HSV1, varicella-zoster virus, equine herpes virus type-4 and Epstein-Barr virus) as suicide genes in association with the nucleoside analogs acyclovir, ganciclovir and bromovinyldeoxyur- idine. Using various murine ...
Wiśniewski E, Kuźma K.The normal level of plasma lysozyme of 9 Tarpane-like horses was 0.922pg/ml. This was
calculated from determinations performed 5 times in a period of 14 months. Observations on the
normal plasma level of lysozyme in the horse revealed marked variations in individual animals, as well
as in the whole group and in the mean values calculated for individual horses. The model for the
subsequent studies was an experimental fever evoked by the administration of E. colz LPS in a dose of
0.1 pg/kg body weight. Blood samples from the jugular vein were taken just before LPS injection, and
then for 8...
Eustace RA, Caldwell MN.This paper describes a method of fabricating and fitting heart bar shoes and a technique of dorsal hoof wall resection. The rationale behind the treatments and criteria for their use are described. Radiographic technique is also discussed. This article reports the treatment of a series of clinical cases described in an accompanying article (p370).
Genton M, Robert C, Jerbi H, Huet H, Cordonnier N, Vitte-Rossignol A, Perkins JD, Rossignol F.To describe the innervation of the thyrohyoideus (TH) muscle and to confirm our findings with stimulation of first cervical (C1) nerve branches. Methods: Ex vivo phase 1 and clinical phase 2. Methods: Fourteen head and neck specimens and 17 client-owned horses. Methods: In phase 1, the cranial nerve (CN) XII and the C1 nerve were dissected with their branches in 20 dissections were performed on 14 specimens (6 left and right side and 8 only left or right) Anatomy was noted. Samples of nerve bifurcations were collected for histological confirmation of anatomical findings. First cervical nerve b...
Herholz CP, Gerber V, Tschudi P, Straub R, Imhof A, Busato A.To investigate whether volumetric capnography indices could be used to differentiate between horses without recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and horses with RAO that were in clinical remission or that had clinically apparent RAO. Methods: 70 adult Swiss Warmblood horses (20 used for pleasure riding and 50 used for dressage or show jumping). Methods: Horses were allocated to 4 groups on the basis of history, clinical signs, results of endoscopy, and cytologic findings (group 1, 21 healthy horses; group 2, 22 horses with RAO that were in remission; group 3, 16 horses with mild RAO; group 4, 11...
Naylor JM, Robinson JA, Crichlow EC, Steiss JE.Electromyography (EMG) was used to detect myotonic discharges in Quarter Horse breeding stock and to follow the results of mating horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HPP). The studies were performed on two brood mare farms. A total of six breeding stock showed myotonic discharges and 15 were nonmyotonic. Myotonic discharges were seen in five of six horses belonging to the blood line previously implicated as being predisposed to HPP. Two of these horses had shown clinical signs of HPP. Only one of 15 breeding horses unrelated to the HPP predisposed blood line showed myotonic discharges...
Gomez DE, Valberg SJ, Magdesian KG, Hanna PE, Lofstedt J.This report describes a case of severe rhabdomyolysis in a pregnant mare associated with histopathologic and biochemical features of both selenium deficiency and acquired multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) due to seasonal pasture myopathy (SPM). This case highlights the importance of assessing plasma selenium levels in horses with clinical signs of pasture myopathy as this deficiency may be a contributing or exacerbating factor. Déficience multiple acquise de déshydrogénase acyl-CoA et carence en sélénium marquée causant une rhabdomyolyse grave chez un cheval. Ce rapport d...
Javed R, Taku AK, Sharma RK, Badroo GA.The aim was to determine the occurrence of in equines and their environment in Jammu (R.S. Pura, Katra), molecular characterization and to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of . Methods: A total of 96 nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from equines. The organism was isolated on Columbia nalidixic acid agar containing 5% sheep blood as well as on sheep blood agar and was later confirmed by cultural characteristics and biochemical tests. Molecular detection of isolates was done by gene amplification followed by virulence associated protein A () gene amplification. Antibiogra...
Irvine DS, Downey BR, Parker WG, Sullivan JJ.Synthetic Gn-RH, administered during oestrus, stimulates the release of pituitary LH in the cyclic mare. Duration of oestrus was significantly reduced by 1 mg Gn-RH given on Day 2 of oestrus; the time of ovulation, measured in days from the onset of oestrus, also tended to be reduced. An injection of 2 mg Gn-RH had nor further effect, but daily injections from Day 2 until ovulation significantly shortened the duration of oestrus and the time to ovulation. The profiles of LH were found to be variable from mare to mare, but in all mares, treated and control, elevation of LH was detected close to...
Kay AT, Spirito MA, Rodgerson DH, Brown SE.To describe a surgical technique for repair of grade IV rectal tears after parturition in mares and to report outcome. Methods: Clinical report. Methods: Horses (n=6) with grade IV rectal tears. Methods: Mares were sedated and restrained in standing stocks. After caudal anesthesia and evacuation of feces from the rectum, the perineal region was aseptically prepared. Four stay sutures were placed through the external anal sphincter before vertical transection (12 o'clock). Caudal retraction of the tear was performed using Allis tissue forceps (5 mares) or stay sutures before accurate apposition...
Christensen P, Whitfield CH, Parkinson TJ.The ability of the glycosaminoglycan, heparin, and the calcium ionophore, A23187, to induce acrosome reaction in equine spermatozoa was assessed using semen from 3 warmblood stallions of known high fertility. After collection of semen, the spermatozoa were washed and incubated in vitro with heparin or A23187. Incubation periods were 0, 4, 6 or 8 h with 0, 1, 10 or 100 microg/ml heparin or 0, 10, 30 or 60 min with 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 microM A23187, respectively. Acrosome reactions were determined by staining the spermatozoa with naphthol yellow S plus erythrosin B, and sperm viability was ass...
Doyle LK, Hogg CO, Watson ED, Donadeu FX.The response of follicles to IGF1 was compared between the transition into the ovulatory season (transitional period) and the ovulatory season (ovulatory period) in eight mares using a cross-over experimental design within periods. Granulosa cells were collected from follicles 15-24 or 25-34 mm and expression of IGF1R, IGF2R, FSHR, LHCGR and PAPPA was determined by qPCR. In addition, 10 mg IGF1 or vehicle were injected into the largest follicle (transitional period) or the second largest follicle (ovulatory period) of a follicular wave before the beginning of diameter deviation between the two...
Fadok VA.Abstract- Urticarial eruptions, with or without pruritus, are common lesions in horses. The pathogenesis of these lesions can include immunological and other mechanisms. Research in the human field suggests that the mast cell co-ordinates the urticarial response by releasing a complex array of inflammatory mediators. Other cells, including the neutrophil, the eosinophil and the macrophage, may also play a role in the development of wheals. Elucidation of the role of many of these cells and mediators in the evolution of urticaria is only just beginning. Successful treatment of this dermatologic...
Swierstra EE, Gebauer MR, Pickett BW.The relationship between daily sperm productions (DSP) and daily sperm output (DSO) was determined in eleven stallions. The DSO was determined by collecting single ejaculates, with an artificial vagina, at 24-hr intervals. The stallions were killed 24 hr after the last collection and the DSP was determined by quantitative testicular histology. The mean DSP was 8-0 X 10(9) (S.E. +/- 0-4 X 10(9), and the mean DSO was 7-0 X 10(9) (S.E. +/- 0-4 X 10(9)). It was estimated that 87% of the spermatozoa produced by the testes were harvested. The correlation between DSP and DSO was 0-80 (P less than 0-0...
de la Rúa-Doménech R, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF, Divers TJ, de Lahunta A, Valentine B, Summers BA, Jackson CA.We have conducted an ambidirectional study to estimate the incidence of equine motor neuron disease (EMND) in the northeastern US. The clinical and pathological features of EMND are similar to those described in human motor neuron disease. We have also collected data on all EMND cases reported in the US and described the geographic distribution of the disease. To identify factors associated with the risk of EMND, the authors assembled 163 control horses from the population in which cases were identified. The significance of association between the hypothesized factors and the risk of EMND was ...
McKibbin LS, Paraschak D.The final and last-quarter race times and racing classes for a group of Standardbreds were analyzed before and after infrared laser light treatment. These horses had either check ligament injuries, plantar desmitis or pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia. A 904-nm infrared laser was used to treat check ligaments at 146 Hz for 26 sec/cm2 of affected area, acute plantar desmitis at 73 Hz and chronic plantar desmitis at 292 Hz for 26 sec/cm2 of affected area, and pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia at 146 Hz for 5 minutes. Of 35 horses treated for check ligament injuries, 80% had similar or faster final r...
Murray MJ.Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in a neonatal Thoroughbred foal that was weak, hypothermic, and septicemic. Administration of thyroid-releasing hormone elicited attenuated increases in concentrations of free and total triiodothyronine and thyroxine, as compared with a clinically normal, age-matched foal. The foal died of apparent respiratory insufficiency, pre- and postmortem findings compatible with hypothyroidism included hypothermia, large thyroid glands with distended, colloid-filled follicles, and severe, diffuse atelectasis, with thickened alveolar septae and degenerating alveolar squamous ...
Murray JK, Senior JM, Singer ER.Short format 3-day events were introduced in 2004. Anecdotal reports suggested that horses were more tired on completion of the cross-country phase of short format events when compared with horses completing the cross-country phase of long format competitions, despite the absence of Phases A, B and C. Objective: To compare the physiological parameters and haematological parameters of horses that had completed the cross-country phase of a short format (SF) and a long format (LF) CCI 2* competition. Methods: During a CCI 2* competition 69 competitors took part in the short format and 74 in the l...
Johnson PE, Maister SG, Knowles JR.Phosphoglycerate kinase has been isolated in crystalline form from horse muscle. A convenient isolation procedure is described that yields homogeneous enzyme of specific activity 700 units/mg (30 degrees C). The enzyme is monomeric, and has a molecular weight 47 000. Of the eight cysteine residues in the protein, two react rapidly with Nbs21 with the concomitant loss of the catalytic activity. Since the isolation of phosphoglycerate kinase from yeast (Bücher, 1955) there have been several reports of purification methods yielding enzyme approaching molecular homogeneity, from rabbit muscle (Be...
Allen DA, Schertel ER.Shock has been described and defined by the inciting cause. This method of categorization does little to clarify common pathophysiologic changes known to occur regardless of the etiology. Each type of shock involves different stages that are determined by the inciting cause, its duration, severity of the initial result, susceptibility of the patient, and adequacy of treatment.
Macleod AJ, Drummond O.Foetal and new born bovine sera, horse serum, human serum and human plasma, and protein solutions prepared from the by-products of human plasma fractionation have been analysed. Foetal bovine sera were found to have lower total protein (g/l) and % of gamma-globulin than the other sera studied while the potassium (mmol/1) was higher. Protease inhibitors could be detected in all specimens tested.
Becsek A, Tzanidakis N, Blanco M, Schmicke M, Bollwein H.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal, hormonal, and fetal factors on early fetal volume (FV) measurements in mares obtained by three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound. Furthermore, postpartum parameters were explored in regard to their association with early FV. For this purpose, 149 German warmblood mares that were artificially inseminated and confirmed to be pregnant between days 14-16 of gestation, were examined transrectally at day 45 ± 1 of gestation with the portable 3D ultrasound device Voluson® i (GE, Zipf, Austria). FV was calculated by using the extension so...
Xue C, Davis J, Berghaus LJ, Hanafi A, Vaughn SA, Hart KA.Donkeys with clinical signs of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction are treated with oral pergolide mesylate despite the lack of species-specific pharmacokinetic data. Objective: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of intragastric and oral pergolide mesylate in healthy donkeys (Equus asinus). Methods: Pharmacokinetic study. Methods: Six healthy donkeys were administered pergolide mesylate (Prascend®) at 2 μg/kg bodyweight (bwt) intragastrically once, then once daily per os (PO) for 5 days. Blood samples were collected at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 45 min and 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 and ...
Wawrzykowski J, Rapacz-Leonard A, Wiącek D, Kankofer M, Janowski T.Protein profile of the placenta expresses its function and maintenance. Any alterations can be reflected in qualitative and quantitative changes in this profile. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of protein profile in the placenta of mares suffering from the retention of foetal membranes (FMR) by two separation methods and the comparison with physiologically released tissues. Placentas from 14 healthy, heavy draft mares were collected immediately after the expulsion of newborn. Tissues after homogenization and staining with fluorescent dyes were subjected to electrophoretic as we...
Salas-Romero J, Gomez-Cabrera K, Molento MB, Lyons ET, Delgado A, González L, Arenal A, Nielsen MK.Equine cyathostomin parasites are ubiquitous in grazing horses and have been shown to cause severe inflammatory disease in the large intestine of horses. Decades of intensive anthelmintic therapy have led to widespread anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomins across the world. In Cuba, no anthelmintic products are formulated and sold for equine usage and little is known about anthelmintic efficacy of ruminant and swine formulations used. A strongyle fecal egg count reduction test was used to assess the efficacy of a liquid formulation of ivermectin labelled for use in swine, ruminants and carn...
Greene HJ, O'Connor JP.A 16-year old thoroughbred mare was presented with dysphagia and food being ejected from the mouth and nostrils. Clinical signs were exhibited for three weeks before it was euthanased on humanitarian grounds. Post mortem examination revealed a soft haemangioma measuring 7 cm X 5 cm suspended from the roof of the medial compartment of the left guttural pouch.
