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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease in a horse: attempted treatment with hydroxyurea and dexamethasone. Equine multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease is rare in horses. The clinical signs vary according to the organs affected, the skin and gastrointestinal tract being most commonly involved. This paper gives the first reported description of a horse with multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease in the United Kingdom and the attempts to treat it. The horse showed dermatological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, pulmonary and pancreatic involvement. Some improvement was seen when the horse was treated with corticosteroid and hydroxyurea.
Comparison of endometrium before and after repair of third-degree rectovestibular lacerations in mares. The endometrial response of mares to repair of third-degree rectovestibular lacerations was evaluated. Endometrial biopsy specimens from 8 mares with third-degree rectovestibular laceration were obtained immediately before surgery and from 9 to 15 days after repair. Presurgical endometrial biopsy specimens were classified as category I for 2 mares; category II, attributable to slight endometritis, for 5 mares; and category III, attributable to moderate-to-severe endometritis, for 1 mare. Within 15 days after rectovestibular repair, all endometrial biopsy specimens were classified as category I...
Pharmacologic evaluation of factor XIIIa*-like enzyme activity in equine plasma as a potential therapeutic avenue for the inhibition of fibrinous tissue. Several pharmaceutical compounds were evaluated for their ability to selectively inhibit activated coagulation factor-XIII-like enzyme activity (eg, XIIIa*) in pooled equine plasma. Presence of coagulation factor-XIIIa*-like enzyme activity in plasma was established by assay procedures involving incorporation of the fluorescent amine compound, monodansylcadaverine, into purified casein, which served as a protein substrate. Pharmaceuticals inhibitory to coagulation factor-XIIIa*-like enzyme activity were recognized by plasma gel formation of high spectrophotometric transmittance (transparency),...
Loss of absorptive capacity for sodium and chloride in the colon causes diarrhoea in Potomac horse fever. Ehrlichia risticii, an obligate intracellular bacterium in the family Rickettsiaceae, causes Potomac horse fever which is often associated with severe watery diarrhoea. The mechanism of the diarrhoea is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether sodium and chloride transport, morphology and cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) content of colonic mucosa was altered in E risticii-infected horses. Mucosa-submucosa sheets from the large and small colon of nine infected and seven to nine uninfected horses were set up in Ussing chambers for measurement of short-circuit cur...
Arrhythmias in newborn thoroughbred foals. Foetal electrocardiograms (ECG) were obtained from 39 of 50 Thoroughbred foaling mares close to delivery. The 50 newborn foals were studied electrocardiographically during their adaptive period, immediately after birth. In 48 foals there were paroxysmal arrhythmias or mixed arrhythmias. The most common arrhythmias were sinus arrhythmias including wandering pacemaker (32/50) and atrial premature contraction (30/50). The others observed were atrial fibrillation (15/50), ventricular premature contraction (10/50), partial atrioventricular block (7/50), ventricular tachycardia (4/50), atrial tachyc...
Pulmonary artery and aortic pressure changes during high intensity treadmill exercise in the horse: effect of frusemide and phentolamine. Intravenous frusemide (1.0 mg/kg bwt) or phentolamine (0.33 mg/kg bwt) was given to 7 horses 1 h before exercise and their effects on pulmonary artery and aortic pressure changes during strenuous exercise were examined. Short-term near-maximal treadmill exercise (10 m/sec, 3 degrees incline) produced increases in heart rate, mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), mean aortic pressure (AP), and packed cell volume (PCV). Frusemide did not affect heart rate, PAP or PCV during exercise. Frusemide significantly decreased mean AP by 10 to 15 mmHg during exercise. Phentolamine produced an increase in ...
Influence of furosemide on hemodynamic responses during exercise in horses. Four hours prior to exercise on a high-speed treadmill, 4 dosages of furosemide (0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg of body weight) and a control treatment (10 ml of 0.9% NaCl) were administered IV to 6 horses. Carotid arterial pressure (CAP), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), and heart rate were not different in resting horses before and 4 hours after furosemide administration. Furosemide at dosage of 2 mg/kg reduced resting right atrial pressure (RAP) 4 hours after furosemide injection. During exercise, increases in treadmill speed were associated with increases in RAP, CAP, PAP, and heart rate...
Relationships of age to uterine function and reproductive efficiency in mares. The uterine function and reproductive efficiency of 31 nonlactating pony mares were compared for two age groups: young (5 to 7 years, n=9) and old (>/=15 years, n=22). For pregnant mares, differences between age groups were not significant for the diameter of the largest follicle, cross-sectional area of the corpus luteum, growth profile of the embryonic vesicle or embryo mobility characteristics. Uterine contractility scores were lower (P<0.05), day of fixation of the embryonic vesicle was later (P<0.05), and uterine tone tended (P<0.10) to be lower in the old than the young mares...
Binding of estrogen-3-sulfates to stallion plasma and equine serum albumin. The binding of estrone-3-sulfate (E1-3-S) and estradiol-3-sulfate (E2-3-S) to adult stallion plasma was determined and compared with the binding to equine serum albumin (ESA). On the ESA molecule, two binding sites for E1-3-S with an association constant of 1.3 x 10(5) M-1 and several sites of weaker affinity were found; the data for E2-3-S showed the existence of four binding sites of moderate affinity (1 x 10(5) M-1) and several sites of weaker affinity. The removal of albumin from the stallion plasma resulted in the absence of binding of E1-3-S or E2-3-S, whereas the removal of glycoprotein...
The synchronization of ventilation and locomotion in horses (Equus caballus). Ciné film and synchronized records of respiratory flow were obtained from Thoroughbred racehorses cantering on a treadmill at speeds of 9 and 11 m s-1. Horses and some other galloping and hopping mammals link their breathing and locomotion, taking exactly one breath per stride. Three theoretical mechanisms by which the movements of locomotion might drive ventilation are considered. (i) Flexion of the lumbosacral joint and the resulting forward sweep of the pelvis pushes the viscera against the diaphragm. However, back flexion lags behind ventilation at 11 m s-1 and could not exclusively drive...
Immunocytochemistry of paraneurons in the female urethra of the horse, cattle, sheep, and pig. The aim of this study is to describe the presence of neuroendocrine (NE) cells (paraneurons), producing biogenic amines and/or peptidergic hormones, in the female urethra of cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses, by means of histochemical and double labeling immunofluorescent techniques. 5-Hydroxy-tryptamine-, chromogranin A-, cholecystokinin- and somatostatin-containing NE cells are present in the urethral epithelium of all the species studied, with the unique exception of the lack of somatostatin cells in the horse. Paraneurons containing 5-hydroxytryptamine colocalized with chromogranin A or chol...
Equine arteritis virus: an overview. The causative agent of the respiratory disease equine viral arteritis is a small, single-stranded RNA virus with a genome organization and replication strategy related to that of coronaviruses and toroviruses. Clinical signs of infection in horses vary widely and severe infection can lead to pregnant mares aborting. Infected horses generally make good recoveries but stallions may become semen shedders of equine arteritis virus (EAV). These carrier stallions play an important role in the dissemination and perpetuation of EAV. Laboratory tests exist to detect virus and the equine immune response...
Pulsed spectral Doppler evaluation of a peripheral arteriovenous fistula in a horse. Pulsed spectral Doppler ultrasonography was used to characterize the vascular involvement and anatomic boundaries of a peripheral arteriovenous fistula on the hemithorax of a horse. This information facilitated surgical removal of the fistula. Pulsed spectral Doppler evaluation of suspected peripheral vascular anomalies should be considered for the diagnosis of similar lesions, in which contrast angiography is not possible.
A five year (1985-1989) retrospective study of equine neurological diseases with special reference to rabies. A retrospective study of horses necropsied between 1985 and 1989 at a diagnostic laboratory of a veterinary school in North America is documented. In this investigation over 20 per cent of the horses had clinical neurological signs. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (caused by Sarcocystis neurona) and cervical stenotic myelopathy (wobbler syndrome) were the most common of these disorders. The veterinary school is located in the midst of a raccoon rabies enzootic area. However, only four cases of equine rabies were diagnosed during the 5-year study. The gross microscopical and immunohistochemi...
Effect of experimentally induced endotoxemia on serum interleukin-6 activity in horses. A study was conducted to determine whether serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) activity increased in horses during experimentally induced endotoxemia and whether serum IL-6 activity correlated to changes in clinical or laboratory data. Six clinically normal horses were given endotoxin IV (30 ng/kg of body weight) in 0.9% NaCl solution over 1 hour. Five of these and 1 additional horse served as controls and were given only 0.9% NaCl solution. Venous blood, for determination of serum IL-6 activity and WBC count, was collected before and at various times through 8 hours after the start of endotoxin or NaC...
Gastric leiomyosarcoma in a horse. Gastric leiomyosarcoma was diagnosed in a 12-year-old Thoroughbred gelding. The horse was examined because of anorexia, weight loss, and intermittent fever of 1.5 months' duration. Antemortem diagnostic testing was extensive, but a definitive diagnosis could not be reached with noninvasive methods. Exploratory celiotomy confirmed an intra-abdominal mass, and the horse was euthanatized. Necropsy revealed a firm mass associated with the distal portion of the esophagus, cranial two thirds of the stomach, and visceral surface of the liver. The histopathologic diagnosis was leiomyosarcoma.
Ultrasound speed in the metacarpal cortex–a survey of 347 thoroughbreds in training. Transmission ultrasound speed was determined in the third metacarpal bone of 347 Thoroughbred racehorses in training. In addition to direct measurement of apparent ultrasound speed and lateral bone diameter, several derived parameters were estimated (cortical ultrasound speed, corticomedullary ratio and cortical cross-sectional area). Multiple regression equations were developed for each ultrasound measurement using the explanatory variables: sex, age, duration and intensity of training, preparation number and previous shin soreness. The horses (114 females, 82 entire males and 151 geldings ra...
Isolation and culture of glandular epithelial and stromal cells from the endometrium of mares. Glandular epithelial and stromal cells were isolated from the endometrium of mares by collagenase digestion and were incubated on plastic for 7-9 days until the cells formed confluent monolayers. The cells differed in morphology: epithelial cells appeared polyhedral and stromal cells were spindle like. The monolayers were incubated in the presence and absence of oxytocin. Medium was removed from wells after 2, 8 and 24 h of incubation. Concentrations of prostaglandin F (PGF) in the medium increased significantly during this time. Glandular epithelial cells produced significantly more PGF than ...
Factors associated with the risk of developing sarcoid tumours in horses. A retrospective case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors in horses associated with the development of the common skin tumours known as sarcoids. The study involved 503 sarcoid cases diagnosed (January 1980-December 1989) at New York State College of Veterinary Medicine and a similar number of controls (non-sarcoid cases). Data on age, breed and sex of cases and controls were obtained from computerised records. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors. Separate data were obtained for the same 10-year period from the Veterinary Medical Data Program...
Tissue-specific gene expression in the pituitary: the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene is regulated by a gonadotrope-specific protein. The molecular mechanisms for the development of multiple distinct endocrine cell types in the anterior pituitary have been an area of intensive investigation. Though the homeodomain protein Pit-1/GHF-1 is known to be involved in differentiation of the somatotrope and lactotrope lineages, which produce growth hormone and prolactin, respectively, little is known of the transcriptional regulators important for the gonadotrope cell lineage, which produces the glycoprotein hormones luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Using transgenic mice and transfection into a novel gonadotrope ...
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography and myelography in six horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy. The cervical spines of 6 horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy (CSM) were examined using myelography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). Histopathology of the spinal cord of these horses identified 10 neurologically significant compressive lesions. Myelography and CECT were both able to demonstrate all 10 spinal cord compressive lesions, but myelography falsely identified 2 sites and CECT falsely identified 1 site as compressive lesions of the spinal cord which were not supported by histopathology. Additional qualitative information was obtained by CECT regarding the source, s...
Effects of WEB 2086, an antagonist to the receptor for platelet-activating factor (PAF), on PAF-induced responses in the horse. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) causes oedema and neutrophil accumulation when injected into the skin of normal horses. PAF is also known to induce aggregation of horse platelets in vitro. The selective PAF receptor antagonist WEB 2086 has now been used to determine whether these effects are mediated by PAF receptor activation. Addition of WEB 2086 to equine platelets in vitro inhibited PAF-induced aggregation in a competitive reversible manner (pA2 = 7.14). Inhibition of in vivo inflammatory responses to PAF occurred after local administration of WEB 2086: wheal formation induced by 0.1 micr...
Interleukin-1 stimulation of equine articular cells. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and stromelysin are produced by equine chondrocytes and synovial cells in vitro in response to recombinant human (rh) interleukin-1 (IL-1) alpha and beta, and equine mononuclear cell supernatants (MCS) containing IL-1. However, culture conditions are important. PGE2 concentrations increase in proportion to the concentration of fetal calf serum (FCS) in the culture medium, whereas stromelysin concentrations are inversely proportional to the concentration of FCS. Equine MCS, containing a lower concentration of IL-1 than the concentration of rhIL-1 used in these experiment...
Improved insulin sensitivity in hyperinsulinaemic ponies through physical conditioning and controlled feed intake. Ten hyperinsulinaemic ponies divided into conditioned (N = 5) and rested (N = 5) groups were evaluated for their insulin and glucose response following oral glucose administration at Weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6. All ponies received a controlled intake of a pelleted ration during the study. In both groups body weight had decreased from baseline by Week 4 and remained low. After 2 weeks of exercise, ponies in the conditioned group had significantly decreased insulin and glucose indices, including peak insulin response, area under the insulin curve from 0 to 210 min (TIS), and the TIS value: area under ...
