Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Immunogenicity and allergenicity of Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) extracts. Summer seasonal recurrent dermatitis (SSRD) or "sweet itch" is a seasonally occurring allergic dermatitis of horses provoked by biting midges. The allergic skin reactions have been attributed to allergens present in various Culicoides species. C. imicola is the suspected etiological agent of SSRD in Israel. Whole body extracts of this midge induced hypersensitivity reactions upon injection into susceptible horses and in this study attempts were made to define components of C. imicola which have immunogenic and allergenic properties. Immunogenic potency was evaluated by raising antisera to whol...
Equine rabies immune globulin: a product with an undeserved poor reputation. Four hundred nineteen patients exposed to rabies in Thailand were treated with equine rabies immune globulin (ERIG) manufactured by Sclavo of Italy, a product also licensed in the United States of America. They were followed for a minimum of 1 month after ERIG injection and rabies vaccine administration. Adverse serum sickness-like reactions were noted in 15 patients (3.58%). These were clinically acceptable and only 1 of these patients required corticosteroid therapy and short term hospitalization for serum sickness. ERIG is approximately 1/10 of the cost of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG...
Probable paratuberculosis in a Sicilian ass. A presumptive diagnosis of paratuberculosis was made in a Sicilian ass on the basis of a history of chronic diarrhea and weight loss, pasture exposure to a heifer with paratuberculosis confirmed by bacterial culture of feces, postmortem identification of granulomatous inflammation of the intestine containing acid-fast organisms, the absence of acid-fast organisms in extraenteric tissues, and the absence of exposure to tuberculosis. The literature on paratuberculosis in equids is reviewed. The potential for cross-species transmission is emphasized. Justification for consideration of Mycobacteri...
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in eight horses. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia was diagnosed in eight horses on the basis of a positive Coomb's test. The disease was considered to be idiopathic in three cases and secondary to another condition in five. The clinical signs included dullness and depression, pyrexia, jaundice and haemoglobinuria. In addition to anaemia, haematological evaluation commonly revealed auto-agglutination of red cells and anisocytosis; reticulocytosis and an increased mean corpuscular volume were less commonly observed. Four horses were successfully treated with dexamethasone, but the other four were destroyed or died ...
Systemic amyloidosis in a mare. A mare with chronic cachexia had multiple skin nodules, abdominal masses (attached and free floating), and large lymph nodes. Fine-needle aspiration cytologic evaluation of a skin mass revealed multinucleated giant cells surrounding eosinophilic material. Histologic evaluation revealed extensive amyloid deposits within the masses, lymph nodes, and the interstitium of many organs. The presence of systemic (visceral) and organ-limited (cutaneous) forms of amyloid is rare in horses. Amyloid congophilia was retained after potassium permanganate oxidation. The fibrils were thus distinct from the AA...
Gastric rupture in horses: 50 cases (1979-1987). A computer-based search was conducted of medical and necropsy records of horses admitted to the teaching hospital from Jan 1, 1979, to Dec 31, 1987, to obtain the records of all horses admitted to the hospital for colic and subsequently found to have gastric rupture. Fifty cases of gastric rupture were found. The records were reviewed to obtain data regarding peritoneal fluid analysis. Cell counts of these samples were often erroneous because debris and clumps of bacteria were counted when most WBC were lysed. A cross-sectional study of gastric rupture cases versus all other colic cases regard...
Diagnostic ultrasonography for evaluation of cryptorchidism in horses. The location and size of 11 retained testes were accurately determined ultrasonographically. There was 100% correlation between the location of the testis determined by ultrasound vs that determined by surgery. Testicular size determined presurgically in all cases closely approximated the actual size obtained by gross measurement of the excised testis. The cryptorchid testicular echotexture was less dense than that of the normal descended testicles, but was easily identified. Ultrasonographic evaluations were completed by use of an ultrasound base unit with attached 5-MHz transrectal transduce...
Pasture-associated seasonal respiratory disease in two horses. Two horses on separate farms developed severe obstructive pulmonary disease in successive years during the early summer months. In both cases clinical remission of the respiratory distress was achieved by moving the animals to different environments. The suggested aetiology for this outdoor chronic respiratory disease is a pulmonary allergy to pollen. Both animals were also shown to suffer from classical chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, i.e., obstructive pulmonary disease in the presence of hay and, or, straw.
Feedtrough dirt as a source of Clostridium botulinum type C intoxication in a group of farm horses. Four horses from the same farm developed clinical signs of botulism during the winter months; three of these horses died. One horse survived an initial attack and recovered over a three-week period, but died during a second attack. The horse that survived took six weeks to recover. Clinical and postmortem examination ruled out other causes of disease. Confirmation of the diagnosis was made by isolation of Clostridium botulinum type C toxin from the dirt in the bottom of an oak feedtrough used by all horses, and from the colonic contents of one of the horses that died. To our knowledge, this is...
Visceral prolapse after castration in the horse: a review of 18 cases. During a 10 year period, 18 horses were treated surgically because of visceral prolapse after castration. Surgery was successful in six cases of omental prolapse and in eight out of 12 cases of intestinal prolapse. To minimise the risk of visceral prolapse, the authors prefer half-closed castration, with proper ligation of the parietal vaginal tunic, to open castration. If adequate treatment is started promptly, prognosis in cases of visceral prolapse is favourable.
Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in two-day-old foals after a single intravenous injection. Six healthy two-day-old foals (3 pony foals and 3 horse foals) were given a single intravenous (iv) injection of trimethoprim (TMP)--sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) at a dosage of 2.5 mg of TMP/kg bodyweight (bwt) and 12.5 mg of SMZ/kg bwt. Serum TMP and SMZ concentrations were measured serially during a 24 hour period. The overall elimination rate constant (K) for TMP in the pony and horse foals was 0.45/h, whereas the K values for SMZ for the pony and horse foals were 0.12/h and 0.07/h, respectively (no significant difference; P greater than 0.05). Based on published minimum inhibitory concentration...
Plasma [H+] regulation and whole blood [CO2] in exercising ponies. The major objective was to determine in ponies whether factors in addition to changes in blood PCO2 contribute to changes in plasma [H+] during submaximal exercise. Measurements were made to establish in vivo plasma [H+] at rest and during submaximal exercise, and CO2 titration of blood was completed for both in vitro and acute in vivo conditions. In 19 ponies arterial plasma [H+] was decreased from rest 4.5 neq/l (P less than 0.05) during the 7th min of treadmill running at 6 mph, 5% grade (P less than 0.5). A 5.6-Torr exercise hypocapnia accounted for approximately 2.9 neq/l of this reduced ...
Femoral capital physeal fractures in 25 foals. The medical records of 25 horses 1 year of age or younger affected with femoral head and neck fractures during an 18 year period were reviewed. Each fracture involved the capital physis. The foals were 11 days to 12 months of age (mean, 5 months). No femoral capital physeal fractures occurred in horses older than 1 year of age during the same period. The history in each case included acute onset of severe unilateral hindlimb lameness, 3 hours to 2 months (mean, 12 days) before presentation. Injuries observed were violent falls, struggles, and kicks. Crepitation, swelling, pain with manipulatio...
In vivo regulation of plasma [H+] in ponies during acute changes in PCO2. The major objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that in ponies the change in plasma [H+] resulting from a change in PCO2 (delta H+/delta PCO2) is less under acute in vivo conditions than under in vitro conditions. Elevation of inspired CO2 and lowering of inspired O2 (causing hyperventilation) were used to respectively increase and decrease arterial PCO2 (Paco2) by 5-8 Torr from normal. Arterial and mixed venous blood were simultaneously sampled in 12 ponies during eucapnia and 5-60 min after Paco2 had changed. In vitro data were obtained by equilibrating blood in a tonometer at f...
Veterinary use of ivermectin. Following the development of a unique claim structure encompassing both nematode and arthropod species, ivermectin was first introduced as a veterinary parasiticide in 1981. For cattle(c), sheep(s), horses(h) and pigs(p) injectable(c,s,p), oral(c,s,h) and topical(c) products are available delivering ivermectin at 200 to 500 micrograms/kg. Efficacy extends to nematodes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, conjunctival sac and soft tissues. Among the arthropod parasites claims have been established for the biting fly Haematobia irritans(c), the screw-worm Chrysomyia bezziana(c), larva...
Effect of strenuous exercise stress on chemiluminescence response of equine alveolar macrophages. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected using a fibreoptic endoscope from horses at specified times before and after single bouts of exercise. Lucigenin-dependent phagocytic chemiluminescence was used to assess the effect of exercise on the alveolar macrophage metabolic activity in response to stimulation by opsonised zymosan. A profound suppressive effect on the chemiluminescence production was present throughout the first three days after exercise. However, the cellular composition of lavage fluids was not altered by the exercise. It is suggested that strenuous exercise may jeopardize ...
[Anesthesia by injection of xylazine, ketamine and the benzodiazepine derivative climazolam and the use of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-3505]. 25 horses which entered the clinic for minor surgery, received ketamine (2.2 mg/kg i.v.) for induction of anesthesia after previous sedation with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg i.v.). As soon as the horses were in the lateral recumbency, the benzodiazepine derivate climazolam was administered at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. (10 horses) or 0.2 mg/kg i.v. (15 horses). The anesthesia was maintained with repeated injections of ketamine (1.1 mg/kg i.v. every 9-12 minutes). At the end of the surgery, 20 minutes after the last ketamine injection, Ro 15-3505, a benzodiazepine antagonist, was injected at a dose of 0....
Equus przewalskii plasma protease inhibitor (Pi) system. A detailed biochemical characterization of four of the five previously described alleles of the plasma protease inhibitor (Pi) system of Equus przewalskii was performed using both one- and two-dimensional electrophoretic techniques. The proteins have been characterized in terms of isoelectric point, relative molecular mass, inhibitory activity to bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin, immunochemical cross-reactivity, terminal sialic acid content and enzyme:inhibitor complex formation and the oxidation sensitivity of this interaction. Using these functional criteria, only three loci (Spi 1, 2 and 3) ...
Is there a morning-evening difference in egg production of bloodworms, strongyle parasites of equines? To test a claim that counts of the eggs of large strongyles or bloodworms, parasites of equines, are greater in morning fecal samples than in those from later in the day, and therefore, may be indicators of circadian variations in these worms, samples from one pony and nine horses were analyzed for strongyle eggs. Samples were collected twice per day, about 7:30 and again about 19:30, during two, 24-day periods. Individual counts varied from 0 to 1184. The mean of all 7:30 counts was 212.52; that of 19:30 counts was 236.03. The difference is not significant, and does not support the idea of ci...
Architectural and histochemical analysis of the biceps brachii muscle of the horse. The biceps brachii of horses is a complex muscle subdivided into two heads which may subserve distinct functions. The lateral head contains a large percentage of type I myofibers. This region is largely composed of short fibers (5-7 mm long) arranged in a pinnate fashion and heavily invested with connective tissue. The medial head contains fewer type I fibers and is composed of relatively longer myofibers (15-20 mm long), also arranged in a pinnate fashion but less heavily invested with connective tissue. It is hypothesized that the lateral muscle head of biceps brachii contributes to the post...
Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in critically ill neonatal foals treated for presumed or confirmed sepsis. Fourteen foals less than four days of age were treated with the aminoglycoside, amikacin sulphate, and either penicillin or ampicillin for septicaemia, pneumonia, and/or failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer. Serum amikacin concentrations were determined at three times during an 8 or 12 h dosing interval. A 7.0 mg/kg bodyweight dose of amikacin every 8 h was appropriate. Prematurity did not influence mortality. All seven premature foals survived, whereas four of the seven full term foals died. Uraemia in three foals was caused by urinary bladder rupture; amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity wa...
Regression of hypertrophic osteopathy in a filly following successful management of an intrathoracic abscess. The research paper documents a case of Hypertrophic Osteopathy (HO) in a young Arabian horse, where response to treatment and significant regression of the disease following management of an intrathoracic […]
Population data and a fourth allele for equine complement component 3 (C3). The C3 polymorphism of equine serum or plasma revealed by agarose gel electrophoresis can be diagnosed with protein stain following acid protein fixation. In addition to the three alleles previously described (C31, C32, C33), a fourth allele (C34) was found. Population data for 25 domestic breeds and Equus przewalskii are presented.
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) humoral responses of recipient ponies and antigenic variation during persistent infection. Three ponies were inoculated with plasma containing 10(4.8) TCID50 of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and observed for 165 to 440 days. Each pony developed a febrile response within 3 weeks of infection during which a plasma viremia greater than or equal to 10(3.5) TCID50/ml was observed. Analyses of four isolates from sequential febrile episodes in a single pony were conducted by two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps and with monoclonal antibodies in immunoblots. Structural and antigenic alterations were observed in the envelope glycoproteins gp90 and gp45, with greatest variation in gp9...
The pathogenesis and significance of pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane in domestic animals. Histologic examination was made of 1,419 globes from domestic animals (964 dogs, 374 cats, 41 horses, and 40 cattle) with ocular disease; pre-iridal membranes (rubeosis iridis) were found in 98. The membranes originated as endothelial budding from the anterior iridal stroma and seemed to mature into fibrous or fibrovascular membranes that were often followed by hyphema or, occasionally, glaucoma. Pre-existent disease in the 98 affected globes included chronic endophthalmitis (27/98), chronic glaucoma (24/98), anterior uveal melanoma (15/98), ciliary body adenoma (14/98), neoplasms metastatic t...
