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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Effect of meal frequency on fluid balance and behavior of ponies. Twelve ponies were fed their total daily ration either as one large meal or divided into six small meals. Pre- and post-feeding behavior was recorded six times a day. Blood samples were taken for 30 min before and two hr after the meal. Plasma protein increased from 7.0 to a peak of 7.3 g/dl with small meals and from 7.3 to 8.1 g/dl with large meals, and returned to pre-feeding levels by 90 min post-feeding. Hematocrit rose from 33.3 to 34.1% with small meals and from 33.0 to 36.0% with large meals. These rapid and short-lived increases indicate a decrease in plasma volume. Plasma osmolality r...
[The optimal radiologic presentation of the horse digit under practice conditions]. Requirements for optimal radiography of the horsetoe are described. Examples are given for getting X-rays of high quality under practice conditions, by using special intensifying screens and all the possibilities of radiological technique to guarantee a short exposure time.
Subdivision of equine Tf into H1 and H2. Subdivision of equine TfH into two variants, designated H1 (faster) and H2 (slower), has been accomplished by high voltage, thin layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7.9. Transferrin H1 and H2 have been shown to be controlled by codominant alleles and gene frequencies of the Tf alleles have been determined in the Australian Thoroughbred, Standardbred. Quarter Horse and Arabian Horse breeds.
Comparative immunochemical studies of carbonic anhydrase III in horses and other mammalian species. 1. Carbonic anhydrase III (CA-III) from different mammalian species (horse, cow, dog, cat, rat and rabbit) has been analyzed by the immunodiffusion technique with anti-equine CA-III serum. 2. Immunodiffusion demonstrated the absence of cross-reactivity between isozyme CA-I, CA-II, and CA-III. 3. Cross-reactions were observed between the CA-III from all the species examined except the rabbit. 4. Molecular weights and isoelectric points of CA-III from different species were determined by Western blotting.
Interactions between the predacious fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora and third-stage larvae of a series of animal-parasitic nematodes. Interactions between the predacious hyphomycete Arthrobotrys oligospora and third-stage larvae of nine animal-parasitic nematodes were tested in vitro. The trap-inducing capabilities of the ruminant trichostrongylus Cooperia oncophora, C. curticei, Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia ostertagi and of equine cyathostomes were almost comparable to those of free-living soil nematodes, and significantly higher than those of the porcine Oesophagostomum dentatum and Oe. quadrispinulatum and of the murine Nematospiroides dubius. The trap-forming potential of Dictyocaulus viviparus was poor. All anima...
The A system of horse erythrocyte alloantigens: a new allele and another look at factor Ae. Family data are presented for a new allele (Aabdg) in the A system of horse erythrocyte alloantigens which includes factors Aa and Ab traditionally thought to be products of allelic genes. Evidence for incorrect assignment of the codominant factor Ae in the presence of Ab and Ac and the absence of Aa is discussed.
Chromosomal localization of the major histocompatibility complex of the horse (ELA) by in situ hybridization. The first gene assignment to a horse chromosome is reported for equine leucocyte antigen (ELA), the major histocompatibility complex of the horse. A cloned DNA sequence derived from a class I gene of the porcine major histocompatibility complex was used as a probe for an in situ hybridization experiment. We present the regional localization of ELA, using this sequence, to equine chromosome 20q14-q22.
Purification of brush border membrane vesicles from horse kidney cortex using Percoll. A rapid method for preparation of brush border membrane vesicles from a large amount of horse kidney cortex is described. Self-orienting Percoll-gradient centrifugation minimized contamination by microsomal membranes. The characteristics of this preparation were checked by electron microscopy and measurement of L-alanine uptake.
Effects of castration on peritoneal fluid in the horse. Twenty-four clinically normal horses were castrated by routine methods. Peritoneal fluid was collected prior to castration and at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days postcastration. Peritoneal fluid was collected on days 9 and 11 if nucleated cell (NC) counts were still markedly elevated on day 7. Peritonitis, defined as NC counts greater than 10,000/microliters, was evident in 15 horses following castration. Mean NC counts peaked on day 5 but were less than 10,000/microliters for 74% of the horses by day 7, and 90% of the horses by day 9. One horse had a NC count greater than 60,000/microliters on day 11 whe...
Analysis of a horse family with a crossing-over between the ELA complex and the A blood group system. A horse family in which a recombination occurred in the chromosome region coding for the serological specificities of the ELA complex and those of the A blood group system of a mare was further analysed by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and Southern blot hybridization. This family consisted of a stallion, a mare and five full sibs. The stallion and the mare were heterozygous for internationally recognized ELA specificities while only the mare was heterozygous for the A blood group system. MLR between all members of the family confirmed that the stallion possessed two different ELA haplotypes ...
Morphologic effects of experimental distention of equine small intestine. The morphologic effects of induced intraluminal hydrostatic pressures (IHPs) of 0, 9, and 18 cm H2O were evaluated in 33 isolated equine jejunal segments. Fifteen segments were distended with Tyrode's solution for 1 hour and nine segments for 4 hours. Tyrode's solution was added as needed to maintain the prescribed pressures. Nine other segments were left undisturbed for 4 hours after the initial distention period. On decompression of the intestinal segments, progressive peristaltic contractions resumed in all segments. Evaluation of intestinal sections by light microscopy and transmission ele...
[Spinal lymphosarcoma in a foal]. The present report describes the clinical and pathological findings of a one year old foal presented with paralysis of the hind legs. Macroscopically and histologically, a lymphosarcoma in the vertebral body and the adjacent epidural space of T 16, in the spleen and the mesenterial lymph nodes was observed. The adjacent spinal cord showed focal degenerative changes characterized by dilatation of myelin sheaths, swollen axons and few macrophages.
Propagation and quantitation of animal herpesviruses in eight cell culture systems. A comparative study was carried out to determine the relative sensitivities of eight different cell culture systems to six different herpesviruses of animals. The cells used were: OFL (ovine fetal lung), ML (mink lung), FK (ferret kidney), PTK-2 (potoroo kidney), TEK (turkey embryo kidney), ED (equine dermal), BT (bovine turbinate), and PK15 (porcine kidney). The viruses tested were: PRV (pseudorabies) of swine, CPHV (caprine herpesvirus), IBRV (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus), DN-599 strain of bovine herpesvirus type 4, EHV-1 (equine herpesvirus), and CHV (canine herpesvirus). On the...
Circulatory, respiratory and metabolic responses in Thoroughbred horses during the first 400 meters of exercise. These studies investigated circulatory, respiratory and metabolic responses in four Thoroughbred geldings during the first 400 metres of galloping (mean speed 14.4 +/- 0.38 m.s-1), cantering (mean speed 10.0 +/- 0.61 m.s-1) and walking (mean speed 1.58 +/- 0.05 m.s-1) from a standing start. A radio-controlled device which collected blood samples anaerobically during each 100 m section of the exercise track allowed analyses of changes in and functional relationships of the variables measured. During the 400 m gallop, the mean heart rate (HR) increased from 125 to 201 beats.min-1 and the haemato...
Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and intramuscularly administered ticarcillin and clavulanic acid in foals. Serum concentrations of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid were measured in healthy foals (2 to 6 months old) given the drugs in combination by intravenous and intramuscular routes of administration. Five foals were administered 50 mg of ticarcillin/kg of body weight and 1.67 mg of clavulanic acid/kg, IV. Five foals were administered 100 mg of ticarcillin/kg and 3.33 mg of clavulanic acid/kg, IV, and 4 of those 5 were given the same combined dose IM. The elimination half-life of ticarcillin for intravenous administration was 0.83 hour for the low dosage and 0.96 hour for the high dosage. After in...
The use of urea as a marker of body water in the nursing foal. Urea, compared with deuterium oxide (D2O) as a reference, was used as a body marker to estimate body water volume in ten 2-month old nursing foals. Plasma urea clearance was regular over 10 h and the R2 of the disappearance curve was between 0.93 and 0.98. Mean urea space was about 4% lower than D2O space, but the standard deviation of the proportion of water in body weight was higher with urea (3.8%) than with D2O (1.6%). Calculated urea entry rate was 49 mg/h/kg LW0.75.
Evaluation of the presence of a specific histocompatibility protein on equine embryonic cells. An indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the presence of H-Y antigen on equine blastocysts. A total of 33 blastocyst stage horse embryos were collected 6 to 7 days post-ovulation by trans-cervical flush and were immediately evaluated for the presence of H-Y antigen. Additionally, 17 embryos, were collected and cultured for 72 h to the expanded blastocyst stage and similarly evaluated. Embryos were placed in medium containing monoclonal antibodies to H-Y antigen followed by incubation in medium containing 1/10 (v/v) fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated goat anti-mouse IgM Fc spe...
Osseous sequestration in the horse. A review of 68 cases. Sixty-eight cases of cortical bone sequestration in 67 equine patients were reviewed with regard to the clinical presentation, method of treatment, and outcome. All lesions were located in skeletal areas with minimal soft tissue coverage, with 53% of them in the metatarsal and metacarpal bones. At the time of admission, 60% of the patients with limb lesions were lame; the majority improved with therapy. After sequestrectomy, there was a trend for surgical wounds which could be managed by primary closure to heal more rapidly (3.8 weeks) than wounds which required second intention healing (6.4 w...
Aromatization of testosterone and 19-nortestosterone by a single enzyme from equine testicular microsomes. Differences from human placental aromatase. A single enzyme in the stallion testis was able to aromatize both testosterone and nortestosterone. This enzyme had a much lower affinity for nortestosterone than for testosterone. In contrast to human placental estrogen synthetase, this enzyme aromatized testosterone and 19-nortestosterone with similar efficiency. The differences observed (effects of monovalent cations, inhibition of androstenedione aromatization by testosterone and 19-nortestosterone and, above all, rate of norandrogen aromatization) suggest that the aromatase in the horse testis is not the same as that in the human placenta...
[The diagnosis of morbus maculosus in horses]. This is a review on Morbus maculosus equorum (purpura haemorrhagica) on the base of literature data and of a case report on 13 own patients. It is shown, that the clinical picture of this disease has not changed within the last 150 years. Clinical main symptoms are haemorrhagic diathesis (petechiae, ecchymosis, suggillations) as well as peripheral edema and fever. The main haematological findings are neutrophilia, mostly going along with shift to the left and lymphopenia. In the last few years thrombocytopenia was also described in some cases. Basic therapeutics are glucocorticoids and penicil...
[Infection with equine herpesvirus and its manifestation in the central nervous system of the horse]. Infections with EHV1 can lead to manifestation at the CNS of horses followed by encephalomyelitis and "equine stroke". Horse experiments could confirm the clinical picture and gave links to the potential pathogenesis of the disease. We also have been in the position to isolate and characterize an EHV4 virus out of the brain of a horse with CNS disorders. The two viruses carry different biological properties which obviously dominate the pathogenesis. These properties as well as experimental and field cases are described and different diagnostic tests are discussed.
Chronic flunixin meglumine therapy in foals. Effects of a therapeutic dose of flunixin meglumine on gastric mucosa of horse foals were determined by endoscopy, double-contrast radiography, and gross and histologic examinations. Foals were administered 1.1 mg of flunixin meglumine/kg of body weight, PO/day for 30 days in an encapsulated form that was divided into 2 doses/day (group 1; n = 3) or by IM injection once a day (group 2; n = 7). Three control foals (group 3; n = 3) were administered capsules (n = 1) containing dextrose powder or IM injections (n = 2) of vehicle solution without flunixin meglumine. All 3 groups-1 foals given flun...
[Changes in several blood and urine parameters during combined hyperfluid therapy for the treatment of chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB) in the horse]. During the combination of oral and intravenous application of saline solution for treatment of the COPD of horses the level of hydraemia basing on the total protein concentration in the serum, the urine production and the specific weight of urine was determined. Additionally the development of serum concentration and of renal excretion rates of potassium, calcium and magnesium were ascertained. The level of hydraemia resulting from the combined method is almost identical with the solely intravenous performed hyperinfusion therapy. Due to the excessive application of fluid an extremely high lev...
Methods for collecting follicular oocytes from mares. A series of experiments was conducted to develop a procedure for consistent, repeatable collection of oocytes from the preovulatory follicle of the mare. In one experiment, in situ follicular aspiration with a needle and syringe was performed on 19 mares. From 37 aspirations, four oocytes were recovered (10% recovery rate). In a second experiment, ovaries were visualized via standing flank laparotomy during which two different aspiration techniques were used. Use of a needle and syringe as in the first experiment resulted in successful oocyte recovery in one of seven (14%) attempts. Aspiration...
